This document outlines 10 unifying themes in the study of life. It discusses how biological systems function based on interactions between parts. It also explores the cellular basis of life, with cells specializing in different organisms. Structure and function are related, with form following functionality. Reproduction and inheritance allow transmission of genetic information between generations. All organisms interact with their environment to exchange materials and respond to changes. Energy is required for life and is obtained from chemical reactions and sunlight. Regulation allows organisms to maintain stable internal conditions. Evolution leads to diversity as organisms adapt over time. Scientific inquiry uses observation and experimentation to understand nature. Science, technology and society mutually influence each other to solve problems.

1. UNIFYING THEMES IN THE STUDY OF
LIFE

2. THEMES OF LIFE
 Basic ideas that apply to all organisms
 Connects many things in the exploration of life

3. 1. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
 SYSTEM
- Has properties/functions based on the arrangement
and interactions of its parts.
- - Together, the parts of our body enables us to
move.
- Example: Oprgan System
- -Contraction of muscles attached to bones causes
movement.
- -Blood vessels then supply these parts with oxygen
and food.

4. EXAMPLE: ARCHITECTURE OF MUSCLE

5. 1. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
 ECOSYSTEM
-organisms in the ecosystem require a steady supply
of certain chemicals to live.

6. 1. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
 Interaction of organisms with each other and with
the nonliving environment put the system in
ecosystem.
*The biological system theme applies to all level of
life from biosphere all the way to the molecules in
cells

7. 2. THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
 All organisms are made of cells
 Levels of organization
-Cell
-Tissue
-Organ
-System
-Organism

8. 2. THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
 Most multi-cellular organisms Have cells that are
specialized for different functions..

9. 2. THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
 A multiccellular organism’s development and
survival are based on the functions and interactions
of its many celles.
 The cellular basis of life a theme you will encounter
often as you explore the living world.

10. 3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
 The relationship between structure and function is
apparent in the entire organism and the
physiological system that serve them.
 The structure determines functions, function reflects
structure.

11. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
 EXAMPLES

12. 4, REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
 “Like begets like”
The offspring inherits units of informations called
genes from their parents.
 Genes:
Responsible for family resemblance.
Made of information which molecules called DNA.

13. 4. REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
 Each cell in the body contains a copy of all DNA
that were inherited from our mother and father.
- When a cell divides, it copies its DNA and passes
this genetic information on to each of the two cell it
produces.

14. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
 No organism is completely isolated from its
surroundings.
 As part of an ecosystem, each organism interacts
continuously with its environment.
---The plants obtain water and nutrients from the soil,
carbon dioxide from the air and energy from the
sunlight.

15. 4. REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
 In humans , an egg cell from the mother fuses with
a sperm cell from the father.
-This results in a fertilized cell containing a
combination of DNA from both parents.
-The inherited DNA directs the transformation of the
fertilized eggs into a person with his/her own eye
color, facial features and other characteristics,
 *The inherited information in the form of DNA
enables organisms to produce their own hand.

16. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
 The transfer of chemicals between organisms and
their environments is a key process in any
ecosystem.
---Breathing air, drinking water, eating food and
getting rid of wastes are chemical exchanges with the
environment.

17. 5.ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
 There is a constant sensing and responding to
changes in the environment,
 The specialized leaf of the Venus flytrap senses the
light footsteps of a soon-to-be-digested fly.
 The plant responses by the rapidly folding the leaf
together.

18. 5.ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
 There is a constant sensing and responding to
changes in the environment
 The sun may cause organism to squint
 The bark of an approaching dog causes you to turn
your head quickly.

19. 6.ENERGY AND LIFE
 Moving growing and reproducing and other
activities of life require energy
 Energy is obtained from chemical reactions
-Sugars, fats and other fuel-like molecules in the food
produces energy.

20. 6. ENERGY AND LIFE
 Energy enters the ecosystem as sunlight
-Plants are producers that convert light energy to
chemical energy stored in food.
-Animals and other consumers obtain their chemical
form by eating.
-Energy exist in the ecosystem as heat, which all
organisms generate as they perform work.

21. 6. ENERGY AND LIFE
 Because all organisms how energy lose energy in
the form of heat, an ecosystem cannot recycle
energy.
 Life on Earth depends on a continuous supply of
energy from the sun.

22. 7. REGULATION
 Organisms have the ability to regulate their internal
conditions.
-The thermostat of the brain reacts whenever your
body temperature your body temperature varies
slightly from 37-C
-It then sense signals to the skin to produce sweat.
Sweating helps cool the body.
-Panting is another example of cooling mechanism. It
causes moisture from the surface of the lungs to
evaporate.

23. 7. REGULATION
 The ability of mammals and birds to regulate body
temperature is another example of Homeostasis or
steady state.
 Different mechanisms enable organisms to regulate
their internal environment despite changes in their
external environment.

24. 8. EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
 Explains changes in organisms over long periods of
time.
-Adaptation allows life forms to acquire new
characteristics in response to their environment
through process of natural selection.
Some animals make their coats lightened to facilitate
hiding from predators.

25. 8. EVOLUTIONS AND DIVERSITY
 The study of evolution is helping health
professionals understand how disease-causing
bacteria become resistant to antibiotic drugs.
 Environmental issues such as water and iar
pollution are changing how people think about their
relationship with the biosphere.
 The population then evolves with its needs for
survival.

26. 8. EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
 Darker beetles are more likely to survive longer and
reproduce, passing their genes on to more
offspring.

27. 8. EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
 Great diversity exists among the three doamins of
living things:
-bacteria, Archea and Eukarya
 Evolution explains their diversity
 Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
-Worked on the idea of evolution by natural selection

28. 9. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
 Involves asking questions about nature and then
using observations or experiments to find possible
answers to those questions.
-By fitting a radio transmitter onto a atlantic turtle,
researchers caan monitor its movement.
This can help researchers determine how large a
nature preserve must be to support a population.

29. 9. SCIENTIFIC AND INQUIRY
 Modern biology is changing humans’ everyday
lives.
-New findings about about the DNA affect medicine
and agriculture
-Research on the nervous system is improving the
treatment of certain mental illnesses.
-The result of stem cell research, animals cloning,
environmental issues, genetically modified crops or
new ways to treat diseases show the impact of
biology.

30. 10. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
 Technology applies scientifc knowledge in new
ways.
-In 2013, Australia developers created a prototype of
bionic eye.
-It sends an image to a microchip in the barin allowing
users to see the image.

31. 10. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
 Through science, humans learn about the solution
to various problems.
 The scientific method is able to give direction and
pace for every inquiry.
 Technology produced machinery to lengthen the life
of perishable goods.