It deals with the explanation of different types of elevators used in the building construction industry.

1. BUILDING
SERVICES III
21ARC55

2. Module’s
Mechanical
Ventilation and Air
Conditioning -
Introduction
1 2
Cooling Systems
3
Mechanical
Transportation
Systems in Buildings
4
Fire Safety in
Buildings & Passive
Fire Protection
5
Active Fire Protection
and Fire Safety in
High Rise Buildings

3. Mechanical
Transportation
Systems in Buildings
Building Services III | Module 3

4. CONTENTS
Elevators
★ Types of Elevator Systems
★ Design Considerations
★ Architectural Requirements
★ Details for Elevator Shaft
★ Location and Arrangement
of Elevators
★ Acts and National Building
Code
★ Applications
★ Calculation of Traffic
Capacity
★ Location and
Arrangements of
Escalators and
Travelators
★ Inclination Factor
Escalators & Travelators

5. LIVE POLL

6. ELEVATOR

7. LIVE SESSION

8. an introduction to ELEVATORS
★ An elevator or a lift is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods
between floors of a building.
★ These are generally powered by electric motors that drive traction cables or counterweight systems
like a host or a hydraulic fluid to raise the cylindrical piston in hydraulic elevator.
★ They were invented for luxury, but today they are used as a necessity because of the comfort and
convenience they provide.
★ Elevators with safety devices did not exist until 1853, when Elisha Graves Otis invented the elevator
safety device.

9. Basic Terminology
The part of the lift
equipment
comprising the
motor and the
control gear
therewith.
An appliance
designed to
transport persons
or materials
between two or
more levels
vertically.
LIFT LIFT MACHINE
The load carrying
unit with its floor or
platform, car frame
and enclosing
body work.
LIFT CAR

10. Basic Terminology
Any structure
which separates
the lift well from its
surroundings.
The space in the
lift well below the
level of the lowest
lift landing level.
LIFT PIT LIFT WELL ENCLOSURE
The unobstructed
space within an
enclosure provided
for the vertical
movement of lift
car.
LIFT WELL

11. Basic Terminology
The mean of the
maximum speed
attained by the lift
car in the upward
and downward
direction with
rated load in the
lift car.
A device which
indicates on the lift
landing or in the lift
car or both, the
position of car in
the lift well or the
direction or both in
which the lift car is
travelling.
POSITION AND/OR
DIRECTION INDICATOR
RATED SPEED
The maximum load
for which the lift
car is designed
and installed to
carry safely at its
rated speed.
RATED LOAD

12. PARTS OF A LIFT

13. DESIGN
PARAMETERS
★ Characteristic of the premises
★ Type and use of building
★ Floor plate size and height of the
building
★ Occupancy and its distribution in
the premises
★ Identifying the lift core with respect
to fire safety and regulations
★ The house keeping of the premises
★ Traffic Analysis
★ Number of stops
★ Travel distance
★ Acceptable waiting time and
occupancy
★ Lift Speed

14. Traction Elevators
TYPES OF ELEVATORS
Geared Traction
Non-Geared Traction
Non-Machine
Hydraulic Elevators
Conventional
Non-hole/shaft Hydraulic
Roped Hydraulic

15. TYPE OF
ELEVATORS
According to Usage
★ Passenger Elevators
★ Express Elevators
★ Urban Transport Elevators
★ Freight Elevators
★ Stage Elevators
★ Vehicle Elevators
★ Residential Elevators
★ Elevators for Handicapped
People
★ Dumb Waiters
★ Scissor Lift
★ Hospital Elevators

16. TYPES OF ELEVATORS

17. TRACTION ELEVATORS
Traction Elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached
to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high
rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators.
A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight
of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn’t have to move as much
weight.

18. TRACTION ELEVATORS
Geared Traction
Have a gearbox that is attached to the
motor, which drives the wheel that
moves the ropes. Geared traction
elevators are capable of travel speeds
up to 500 feet / minute. The maximum
travel distance for a geared traction
elevator is around 250 feet
Gearless Traction
Have the wheel attached directly to the
motor. Gearless traction elevators are
capable of speeds upto2,000 feet per
minute and they have a maximum
travel distance of around 2,000 feet so
they are the only choice for high-rise
applications.

19. Advantages and Disadvantages of Geared and
Gearless Traction Elevators
★ Geared traction elevators are middle of the road in terms of initial cost, ongoing maintenance costs
and energy consumption.
★ Gearless traction elevators have a high initial cost, medium ongoing maintenance costs and use
energy a bit, more efficiently than geared traction elevators.
★ It is important that traction elevator ropes and sheaves are checked for wear on a regular basis. As
they wear, the traction between the sheave and the cables is reduced and slippage becomes more
regular, which reduces the efficiency and can become dangerous if left unchecked.
★ Traction elevators have height restrictions that are governed by the length and weight of the cables
or ropes. New materials that are stronger and lighter, such as carbon fiber will allow traction elevators
to achieve new heights.

20. TRACTION ELEVATORS
Machine Room Less Elevator
They are traction elevators that do not
have a dedicated machine room above the
elevator shaft. The machine sits in the
override space and is accessed from the top
of the elevator cab when maintenance or
repairs are required. The control boxes are
located in a control room that is adjacent to
the elevator shaft on the highest landing and
within around 150 feet of the machine

21. Advantages of Machine Room-less Elevators
★ Machine-room-less elevators have a maximum travel distance of up to 250 feet and can travel at
speeds up to 500 feet/minute.
★ Machine-room-less elevators are comparable to geared traction elevators in terms of initial and
maintenance costs, but they have relatively low energy consumption compared to geared elevators.
★ Machine-room-less elevators are a popular choice for mid-rise buildings where the travel distance is
up to 250 feet.
★ They are energy efficient, require less space and their operation and reliability are on pair with
gearless traction elevators.
★ Machine room less elevators also
○ Creates more usable space
○ Use less energy (70-80% less than hydraulic elevators)
○ Can operate at faster speeds than hydraulics

22. HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
This type of elevator has a slightly slower mechanism, which includes
a piston placed at the bottom of the elevator. This piston is controlled by an
electric motor and its job is to push the elevator car up or down when the
specific floor buttons are pressed. Hydraulic elevators are supported by a
piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an
eclectic motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The
elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. They are
used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed
of 200 ft per min. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at
the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

23. HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
Use a combination of ropes
and a piston to move the elevator.
Maximum travel distance is about 60
feet.
Have a sheave
that extends below the
floor of the elevator pit,
which accepts the
retracting piston as the
elevator descends. Some
configurations have a
telescoping piston that
collapses and requires a
shallower hole below the
pit. Max travel distance is
approximately 60 feet.
Conventional
Roped
Have a piston on either
side of the cab. In this
configuration, the telescoping
pistons are fixed at the base of
the pit and do not require a
sheave or hole below the pit.
Telescoping pistons allow up
to 50 feet of travel distance.
Non-telescoping pistons only
allow about 20 feet of travel
distance.
Hole / Shaft less

25. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic
Elevator
★ Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and their ongoing maintenance costs are lower compared
to the other elevator types.
★ However, hydraulic elevators use more energy than other types of elevators because the electric
motor works against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the piston.
★ A major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic fluid can sometimes leak, which can
cause a serious environmental hazard.
★ The environmental risk and high energy use are two main reasons that hydraulic elevators are not
being installed as often as in the past.

26. CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEVATOR TYPES
★ According to hoist mechanism
★ According to building type, Usage &
Location
★ According to building height
★ According to Special uses

27. According to Hoist
Mechanism
Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4
main types as follows:
➢ Hydraulic Elevators
➢ Traction Elevators
➢ Climbing elevator
➢ Pneumatic Elevators
They hold their own power device on them, mostly electric or
combustion engine. Climbing elevators are often used in work
and construction areas.

28. Pneumatic Elevators
★ Pneumatic elevators are raised and lowered by controlling air pressure in a chamber in
which the elevator sits.
★ By simple principles of physics the difference in air pressure above and beneath the
vacuum elevator cab literally transports cab by air. It is a self-supporting vacuum elevator,
a light and resistant structure built with aluminium and polycarbonate. It is the vacuum
pumps or turbines that pull you up to the next Floor and the slow release of air pressure
that floats you down.
★ Pneumatic Vacuum Elevators are easier to install, maintain, and operate than traditional
elevators.
★ They are especially ideal for existing homes due to their compact design because
excavating a pit, and hoist way are not required.
★ Air pressure above and beneath the elevator cab are the key to transporting.
★ The reliability and safety of these vacuum elevators are unsurpassed due to the physics
behind the design, it is virtually impossible to get stuck between floors or freefall.

31. TYPES OF ELEVATORS ACCORDING TO
BUILDING TYPE AND THEIR USAGE
1. Passenger Lifts - Carry people between floors. Capacity may vary from 5pax – 25pax. The capacity
is determined by the function of the building and the density of people to be transferred.
2. Express Elevators - Do not serve all floors. Mainly serve from the lobby to the top floor/Executive
floors
3. Urban Transport Elevators - Move people between different altitudes mainly in urban open space
e.g. – from the bottom to the top of a hill.
4. Freight Elevators - Intended for transfer of goods. Carrying goods can vary between 1 Ton – 4.5 Ton.
5. Stage Elevators - Used in theaters to lift an entire stage filled with musicians and performers to the
main level. They are powered by hydraulics and their lift distance is limited to one or two building
levels

32. TYPES OF ELEVATORS ACCORDING TO
BUILDING TYPE AND THEIR USAGE
6. Vehicle Elevators - Used in parking garages and manufacturing buildings. Sometimes they rotate
during ascent or descent so that the driver only needs to drive in front while exiting
7. Residential Elevators - Used to transfer people inside one house or multi storey mansion.
8. Elevators for Handicapped people - Specially designed elevators for people in wheelchairs
9. Dumb Waiters - Small elevators that are used to transport food and other kitchen materials between
different building levels. Used mostly in hotels, restaurants & cruise ships.
10. Scissor Lift - Special kind of elevator that is contracted for temporary access of people and materials
to inaccessible work areas (maintenance & construction)
11. Hospital Elevators - These elevators are suitable for moving patients in stretchers or hospital beds.
The speed of these elevators is less.

33. Passenger Lift
★ A passenger elevator is designed to move people between
a building's floors.
★ Passenger elevators capacity - related to the available
floor space.Weight limits – 500 – 2700 kg increments in
230 kg.
★ Generally passenger elevators in buildings of eight floors
or fewer are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds
up to 1 m/s (200 ft/min) hydraulic and up to 152 m/min
(500 ft/min) electric.
★ In buildings up to ten floors, electric and gearless
elevators are likely to have speed up to 3 m/s (500
ft/min), and above ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s
(500–2,000 ft/min).
★ The passenger elevators can have the following finishes SS
finish of various textures on the walls/ Mirror finish/
Wooden Finish
★ The floor can be Vinyl / Carpet or Granite / Marble.
★ In case of stone finish the weight of the same shall be
considered for the total weight of the elevator.
★ Handrail – Wooden or SS

34. Freight Elevators
★ These are for transport of materials.
★ Rugged finishes, scratch and abrasion
resistant surfaces.
★ Floor - SS chequered plates, Granite finish
★ Wall Panels – SS textured surfaces
★ Speed – Slow car speed

35. Stage Elevators
Orchestra & stage lifts –
smooth moving platform to
match exactly with the existing
stage. Can take several tonnes of
weight

36. Vehicle Elevators
★ Vehicle elevators are used where there
are space restrictions that make the use
of ramps impractical.
★ The main features are similar to those of
freight elevators with the additional
option to have a rotating internal floor
that provides easier access for vehicles
during entry and exit.
★ A wide range of vehicle solutions to
accommodate cars and trucks, up to a
load of 30 tones.
★ Vehicle elevators can be hydraulic driven
or geared & gearless, Machine room less
as well depending on the load.

37. Stair Lifts
★ Stairway elevators are generally installed
in homes where someone in the family
has problems with mobility.
★ This type of domestic elevators simply
runs on a rail up and down and existing
staircase.
★ They can run either in a straight line or
around a curved stairway.
★ Stairway elevators can be constructed
both inside and outside the home.

38. Dumb Waiter
★ A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator intended to
carry objects rather than people.
★ Dumbwaiters found within modern structures,
including both commercial, public and private
buildings, are often connected between multiple
floors.
★ When installed in restaurants, schools, kindergartens,
hospitals, retirement homes or in private homes, the
lifts generally terminate in a kitchen.

39. Scissor Lifts
★ The is yet another type of lift. These are usually
mobile work platforms that can be easily
moved to where they are needed, but can also
be installed where space for
counter-counterweights, machine room and
so forth is limited.
★ The mechanism that makes them go up and
down is like that of a Scissor jack.

40. Hospital Bed Elevators
★ They are specifically manufactured to be low noise bed elevators
that smoothly transport patients, doctors, nurses and hospital
staff between floors, allowing them the utmost in comfort.
★ Specialized car design to accommodate the bed and medical
equipment, with wide opening doors and deep car size.
★ SS Finish – easy to clean | Less glaring lights & with a Handrail

41. ASSIGNMENT
Pro’s and Con’s of Mechanical Transportation
1 no of A3 Sheet | Digital File | Submission before 6.30 P.M
(29.09.2023)

42. THANK YOU
Ar. S. Hananeel, M.Arch