Презентація до лекції Ларрі Даймонда "Визначення демократії: виборча, ліберальна демократія, якість демократії", що відбулася в НаУКМА 9 вересня 2013 року у співпраці з Українською школою політичних студій. Ларрі Даймонд розглядає різницю між виборчою та ліберальною демократією та визначає показники оцінки якості демократії. Він також аналізує світові тенденції виборчої і ліберальної демократії та пояснює, чому якість демократії тісно пов'язана зі стабільністю та консолідацією демократії. Ларрі Даймонд є професором Стенфордського університету та старшим науковцем Інституту Гувера. Також він працював в якості радника численних урядових і міжнародних організацій, в тому числі Державного департаменту США, ООН, Світового банку.
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
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Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good GovernanceBilal yousaf
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Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
Liberal DemocracyCH 6 Riemer, Simon, & RomancePolit.docxsmile790243
Liberal Democracy
CH 6: Riemer, Simon, & Romance
Political Ideologies
Political ideologies are the beliefs and practices that guide political actors in political communities;
Ideologies reflect the underlying vision of political actors;
Major ideologies that have traditionally dominated contemporary politics are liberal democracy, democratic socialism, and communism;
Ideologies help explain the purposes, principles, and rules of politics; allow us to examine what political actors say they ought to do and what they actually do;
Central question of Chapter 6 is, “What are the strengths and weaknesses of liberal democracy?”
Definition of Liberal Democracy
Traditional definition of liberal democracy is a constitutional government characterized by popular rule, protection of basic rights, and political and economic competition.
Liberal democracy embodies two ideals:
(1) Liberal parts of definition include constitutionalism, protection of basic rights, political and economic competition, and free choice at the ballot box and the marketplace.
(2) Democratic parts of the definition include popular rule, freedom, and equality.
Liberalism in the United States today is a political ideology that favors government intervention in the interest of public welfare, social justice, and fair play.
Historically, had taken a laissez-faire economic approach which demanded minimal government interference in the economy.
Liberalism has always recognized a common good; what has been at issue is the meaning of that common good and the means to achieve it.
Combining the ideals of liberalism and democracy helps us comprehend the guiding liberal democratic vision which calls for the freest and fullest possible realization of individual freedom within the framework of the common good.
Liberty can be understood as the right of an individual to act uncoerced by government and to be free from government imposed unlawful or arbitrary control.
Liberal democratic vision is a pluralistic approach providing for justice as well as order and for the general welfare as well as liberty; because many persons, groups, and interests seek fulfillment, a balance must be struck in a highly diverse political community;
Most influential school of liberal democratic thought in contemporary America is pluralism; balance can be achieved through a constitutional system of representative democracy, with the help of skillful leaders and resourceful political parties, with the recognition that a rough approximation of the public interest emerges from the clash of contending interests, and in accord with policies that advance the general welfare.
The Ideals of Liberal Democracy
Liberal democrats want their political ideals to be reflected in actual political practice and they endorse pluralism because society includes many interests seeking to protect and advance them.
The struggles of contending issues constitute the raw materials of politics and are inevitabl ...
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Themes
I. Electoral Democracy
II. Liberal Democracy
III. The Quality of Democracy
IV. The Trends in Democracy
V. Why a Recession of Democracy
3. What is
Electoral Democracy?
A system of government at the level of the
nation-state
A means for the people (with equal political
rights as citizens) to choose their political
leaders and (if they wish) to replace their
leaders in regular, meaningful, free, and fair
elections
Sufficient freedom for elections to be
meaningful, free and, fair
4. Liberal (High-Quality) Democracy
1. Democracy: “Majority rule”
Popular sovereignty and control over government
Competition, participation, vertical accountability,
responsiveness
2. Liberal government: “Minority rights”
Freedom, Equality, Civic Culture
3. Republican government: “Good Governance”
Rule of law, horizontal accountability, state
effectiveness
5. Components of
Liberal (or High-Quality) Democracy
1. Liberty: Extensive freedoms of:
• Speech
• Press (print and broadcast)
• Association
• Assembly, and peaceful protest
• Movement
• Thought and belief
• Religion & religious practice
• Language, identity, cultural expression
6. Liberty (Freedom) cont.
and freedoms from:
• Torture
• Warrantless search and seizure
• Corrupt demands and impositions
• Violence and coercion by state and non-state
actors
7. Liberal Democracy 2: Rule of Law
protects rights of citizens, maintains order, & limits
power of government
• All citizens are equal under the law
• No arbitrary arrest, exile, or imprisonment
• No one is above the law
• Government power is limited; no official may
violate these legal and constitutional limits
• The courts are independent in structure and
in fact
8. Rule of Law, cont.
• Right to know the charges against you,
presumption of innocence
• Right to a fair, speedy, and public trial by an
impartial court
• No one may be taxed or prosecuted except by
a law established in advance
• No one may be subjected to torture or cruel
and inhumane treatment
9. Power is separated and dispersed among
multiple, independent branches and
institutions of government (checks &
balances)
• Executive power is limited, constrained and
scrutinized by an independent legislature,
judiciary, and other institutions
Liberal Democracy 3:
Horizontal Accountability
10. Horizontal Accountability, cont.
• Independent institutions to monitor &
control corruption & abuse of power
Counter-corruption commission
Ombudsman (public complaints comm)
Parliamentary investigative committees
Supreme audit agency (GAO)
Prosecutors and courts
National electoral commission
Central Bank
11. Liberal Democracy 4:
Civilian Control of the Military, Police,
and Intelligence
• Armed forces are directed by and
subordinate to civilian elected officials and
their appointees
• Elected, civilian commander in chief
• Top military command appointments are
made or approved by civilians
12. Civilian Control of the Security Sector, cont.
• Budgets of armed forces, intelligence and
other state security agencies are reviewed,
understood, and approved by civilian executive
and legislative authorities
• Professional civilian capacity in defense
ministry, presidential (or PM) office, and
parliamentary committees to supervise
military and security agencies
13. Civilian Control of the Security Sector, cont.
• Armed forces and intelligence agencies may
not operate domestically except under
extraordinary & explicit constitutional
circumstances, with close civilian supervision
• Armed forces are non-partisan, non-political
• Police are professional, depoliticized, and
supervised and monitored by democratic,
civilian authorities
14. Liberal Democracy 5, Competitiveness
• At least two political parties with significant
representation in parliament and a
meaningful chance to win control of national
government
• Low barriers to entry of new political parties
• No gerrymandering of electoral districts
(independent commission)
• Open, fair access to the mass media for all
15. Competitiveness, cont.
• Limited or no use of government resources to
reelect ruling party
• Virtually no vote buying or other electoral
fraud
• Balanced access to party and campaign finance
Public funding of parties and campaigns?
Public guarantees of TV & radio air time?
Limits on campaign expenditures?
• Over time, electoral alternation (ruling parties
lose)
16. Liberal Democracy 6, Civic Pluralism
• Numerous NGOs and interest groups represent a
broad range of interests and values in society
• NGOs and think tanks monitor the political process,
expose abuses, and lobby for political reform
• Alternative sources of information: public has
access to a variety of sources of information in the
mass media, independent of government control.
• Very limited government ownership and regulation
of the mass media
• Independent public broadcasting
17. Liberal Democracy 7,
Vertical Accountability
The people hold their agents (public officials)
accountable to them
Type 1: Electoral Accountability
Party system is sufficiently competitive,
Competition is sufficiently fair,
Voters are sufficiently informed and aware of
their interests,
So that elected officeholders can be
periodically held accountable, and removed
for bad performance
18. Vertical Accountability, cont.
Type 2: Societal Accountability
• Civil society is sufficiently pluralistic, resourceful,
and independent of government,
• Mass media are sufficiently independent and
professional,
• Public is sufficiently vigilant and mobilized,
So that unpopular policies & abuses of power can
be challenged and reversed.
19. Liberal Democracy 8: Participation
Citizens take an active role in politics & the making
of public policies and decisions
• High rates of voter turnout
• Extensive public interest in and awareness of
major issues, government conduct, & party
positions on issues
• High membership rates & active participation in
civil society organizations (CSOs)
• Individuals and CSOs petition and lobby
government
20. Liberal Democracy 9: Equality
• Citizens have relatively equal political resources,
at least in education, organization, and
citizenship rights
• Women have substantial representation (ideally,
one-half) in the cabinet, parliament, and other
representative bodies
• Economic inequalities are not so severe that
they rob large groups of political voice and
power
21. Equality, cont.
• Ethnic minorities have representation in
parliament, & provincial & local legislatures, in
rough proportion to their shares of the
population
• All citizens are treated equally by government
agencies and institutions (including the
judiciary), regardless of their class, region,
religion, ethnicity, gender, party, or beliefs
22. Liberal Democracy 10: Responsiveness
Government Responds to Citizen Demands and
Preferences
• Government changes its policies in response to
clear, consistent, and fairly deliberated
expressions of majority preference
• There is substantial correlation over time between
government policies and citizen preferences and
desires
23. Responsiveness, cont.
• Aggrieved groups of citizens are able to win
redress of wrongs and abuses committed by
government
• Significant manifestations of citizen interest and
protest are able to have access to the public
agenda, and to be heard by legislative and
executive bodies
24. Liberal Democracy 11, Civic Culture
Competing parties and groups are:
• Tolerant of opposing views & groups
• Law-abiding, & respectful of the
constitution
• Peaceful, and rejecting of violence
• Willing to compromise
• Unwilling to coalesce with undemocratic,
anti-system actors
25. Civic Culture, cont.
The vast majority of citizens & groups
• Believe in the legitimacy of democracy
• Are loyal to the constitutional system
• Know their rights & obligations as citizens
• Respect the outcome of elections
• Question but respect authority
• Condemn acts of intolerance and violations of
constitutional norms
26. Liberal Democracy 12,
State Effectiveness
The state has legitimate authority: It is widely
viewed as having the right to make and
enforce laws, exercise a monopoly of force,
and extract and distribute resources
The state has administrative capacity: A
professional, meritocratic, honest, and
politically neutral bureaucracy is able to
regulate, tax, maintain order, and produce
public goods
27. The Dimensions of Democratic Quality
Dimension Type Measures
1. State Effectiveness Good Governance Government Effectiveness (WB)
Regulatory Quality (WB)
2. Rule of Law Good Governance Rule of Law (WB)
3. Horizontal Accountability/
Corruption Control
Good Governance Control of Corruption (WB)
Corruption Perceptions Index (TI)
4. Competition Democratic Procedure Political Rights (FH)
Voice and Accountability (WB)
5. Participation Democratic Procedure Political Rights (FH)
Voter Turnout Rates
6. Vertical Accountability Democratic Procedure Political Rights (FH)
Voice and Accountability (WB)
7. Freedom Democratic Content Political Rights (FH)
Civil Liberties (FH)
Voice and Accountability (WB)
8. Equality Democratic Content Political Rights (FH)
Civil Liberties (FH)
Gini Coefficient
9. Responsiveness Democratic Results Public Opinion Surveys
29. The Democratic Boom—The
Third Wave of Democratization
• In 1974, less than a third of all states were
democracies
• By 1984, there were 59 democracies (36%)
• By 1990 there were 76 (46%)
• Then the Berlin Wall came crashing down:
– 1991: 88 democracies (48%)
– 1995: 112 democracies (58%)
– 1999: 118 democracies (61.5%)
– 2005: 121 democracies (62.5%)
30. The Global Expansion of Democracy, 1974-2012
29.1%
33.5%
37.0%
45.7%
58.1% 59.9%
62.5%
60.0%
20.9%
23.6%
26.1%
30.5%
33.0%
35.9%
41.1%
45.6%
15.0%
25.0%
35.0%
45.0%
55.0%
65.0%
75.0%
Year
Electoral Democracies Liberal Democracies
31. Expansion of Liberal Democracy
About two-thirds of the world’s democracies
(77) are reasonably high-quality or “liberal”:
• electoral competition is
institutionalized, fair, and open,
• civil liberties are better protected,
• there is a rule of law
• there are low levels of political violence and
abuses or impunity by state security services.
32. The Globalization of Democracy
During this period, democracy became a
global phenomenon. Today:
28 of 33 Latin Am states are democracies
(85%)
17 of 29 in Eastern Europe and FSU (59%)
10 of 25 in Asia (40%) +(10 of 12 Pacific Island)
17 of 49 in Sub-Saharan Africa (35%) (or less?)
Only 3 of 19 in the Middle East
33. Democracy by Region, January 2013
100
85
63
38
83
37
21
100
67
43
21
75
22
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Eur/Anglo LAC EE+FSU Asia Pacific Is. SS Africa MENA
%oftotal
Democracy
Liberal
Democracy
34. Global Trends in Freedom, 1974-2012
4.47
4.31
4.24
3.85
3.64 3.48
3.22 3.30 3.31
5.05 4.84 4.76
4.35
4.08 3.89
3.61
3.70 3.69
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Year
World Developing World
36. The Democratic Recession
The expansion of democracy peaked in 2005
at 62.5% of all states. Since then it has
declined from 120 to 117 democracies.
No significant gain in number of democracies
in seven years
Seven consecutive years of declining freedom
scores, losses outpacing gains.
Significant erosion of democracy in Africa.
37. Democratic Recession cont.
The rate of democratic breakdown since 1999
has been nearly twice the pace of the
preceding 12 years.
30 breakdowns or reversals of democracy
since 1999 (More than half of the total during
the third wave).
These have come in some large strategic
states:
• Pakistan, Russia, Nigeria, Venezuela, Thailand, Ban
gladesh, the Philippines, and Kenya.
38. Ratio of Declines to Gains in Freedom, 1991-2012
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Year
39. Breakdowns of Democracy (examples)
Type of Breakdown Number of Such
Breakdowns
Percent of all
Democracies
(171) during
Third Wave
Countries with dates of
democratic breakdown and
renewal
Breakdown
with
subsequent
return to
democracy
29 17.0%
India (1975, 1977)
Turkey (1980, 1983)
Ghana (1981, 2000)
Nigeria (1983, 1999)
Fiji (1987, 1997)
Thailand (1991,1993)
Peru (1992, 2001)
Lesotho (1994, 2002)
Zambia (1996, 2001)
Bangladesh (2007, 2008)
Philippines (2007, 2010)
Thailand (2006, 2011)
Niger (2009, 2011)
Georgia (2008, 2012)
40. Breakdowns of Democracy, examples
Type of
Breakdown
Number of
Such
Break-
downs
Percent of all
Democracies
(171) during
Third Wave
Countries with dates of democratic
breakdown and renewal
Breakdown
with no
return to
democracy
by 2011
27 15.8%
Lebanon (1975) Sudan (1989)
The Gambia (1994) Pakistan (1999)
Fiji (2000) Kyrgyzstan (1998)
Russia (2000) Nepal (2002)
Nigeria (2003) Venezuela (2005)
Kenya (2007) Mauritania (2008)
Honduras (2009) Madagascar (2009)
Mozambique (2009) Haiti (2010)
Burundi (2010) Sri Lanka (2010)
Guinea Bissau (2010) Nicaragua (2011)
Mali (2012) Maldives (2012)
56 32.7%
41. Rate of Democratic Breakdown
1974-2011
16.00%
11.72%
19.86%
31.95%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Time Period
42. Freedom before Democratic Breakdowns 1999-
2011
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Political Rights Civil Liberties
43. Other Worrisome Trends
The authoritarian backlash against civil society
Fiscal disarray (weakening of democracy?) in
the West
44. Why Democracy is in Danger
1. Weak Rule of Law
Corruption, abuse of power
Abuse of ind rights, impunity
Violence, criminality, lawlessness
2. Executive abuse of power;
weak constraints on executives by
constitution, parliament, civil society
45. Why Democracy is in Danger 2
3. Ethnic & religious divisions
4. Weak & Ineffective Political
Institutions
(parties, parliaments, systems of
horizontal accountability)
5. Poor Economic Performance
• Poverty, inequality, injustice
BAD GOVERNANCE
46. Trends In Political Rights, ROL, and Civil Liberties
in Africa, 2005-2011
0.50
0.51 0.50
0.49
0.47
0.46
0.48
0.42
0.41
0.41 0.40
0.39 0.38 0.38
0.54 0.54 0.54
0.53 0.52
0.51 0.51
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Political/Electoral Rights Transparency/Rule of Law Civil Liberties