The document discusses a study on youth attitudes and knowledge towards elections in Pakistan. It used an experimental approach with a sample of 200 students, administering pre- and post-tests before and after providing a 45-minute election training. The training included a mock election. Results showed that prior to training, youth lacked positive attitudes and knowledge about elections. However, after training and the mock election, youth gained insight into the election process and developed more positive attitudes. The study suggests including election topics in curriculums to help shape youth attitudes and build trust in the democratic process.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Sexual Harassment Presentation(ppt). In this Slides, there are many things are described. Cases in Pakistan, Laws and Acts in Pakistan, International Laws and Acts, Organisations that provides Laws against Sexual Harassment and Charts.
Developing Community based Livelihood Support Structures for Rohingyas in Mewat, Haryana is a one year project, US-Embassy-funded that is implemented by Access Development Services. the project began in 1st October 2015 and the baseline study was conducted in December’15-January’16 by means of conducting household survey and covered targeted cluster of refugee i.e. Chandani-I, Chandani-II, Nangali-I, Nangali-II, Ward No.-7 (which is also known as Jogipur Cluster) and Punhana.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Sexual Harassment Presentation(ppt). In this Slides, there are many things are described. Cases in Pakistan, Laws and Acts in Pakistan, International Laws and Acts, Organisations that provides Laws against Sexual Harassment and Charts.
Developing Community based Livelihood Support Structures for Rohingyas in Mewat, Haryana is a one year project, US-Embassy-funded that is implemented by Access Development Services. the project began in 1st October 2015 and the baseline study was conducted in December’15-January’16 by means of conducting household survey and covered targeted cluster of refugee i.e. Chandani-I, Chandani-II, Nangali-I, Nangali-II, Ward No.-7 (which is also known as Jogipur Cluster) and Punhana.
An Empirical Analysis of the Empowerment of Rural Women Through Panchayati Ra...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper has attempted to investigate the political participation of the rural women and their actual condition in the panchayati raj institutions in the Ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh. The study is based on primary data which has been collected from the Elected Women Representatives of various blocks of Ujjain district(as per 2009-10 panchayat elections) and also to explore, whether the women have been empowered after getting a 50% reservation at the grassroots level. This study has also revealed that after connecting with the panchayat whether the level of women’s social status have increased or not and also analyse the impediments factors faced by the women in the working of panchayat.
Bureaucracy and Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Buhari’s Change AgendaAJHSSR Journal
The issue of corruption has taken the front burner in public discourse in Nigeria. This is
particularly because of the leadership that emerged in the country from the 2015 general elections concluded in
April same year. The emergence of President Muhammadu Buhari as the country‘s President has made the issue
of corruption to resonate with a deafening intensity as the fight against corruption became the major item on the
campaign promises of the All Progressive Congress (APC), the current ruling party in the country. This paper
addresses the issue of corruption in Nigeria‘s bureaucracy and its implications for the change mantra of the
Buhari civilian administration. The paper adopts a qualitative method and relied on secondary sources of data. It
also adopted the theory of anomie and the contradictions of bureaucracy as a theoretical framework. It defines
bureaucracy and corruption, gives an overview of bureaucratic corruption and highlights its implications on the
Buhari‘s change agenda. It discusses in great detail the implications of the corruption in the bureaucracy on the
sustenance and consolidation of democracy as well as the change agenda of the Buhari government and
highlights such issues as poverty and underdevelopment, negative impacts on productivity and efficiency, the
deprivation of the citizenry of the benefits of good governance and the much needed dividends of democracy
among others.It argues that if the bureaucracy in Nigeria is not purged of all corrupt tendencies it will be
impossible for it to drive the much needed change necessary for democratic consolidation and recommends the
need to strengthen the anti-corruption agencies, making accountability and transparency an article of faith,
addressing the issues of salaries and wages, thorough investigation and prosecution of corrupt public officials as
well as a reorientation of Nigerians on the need to avoid corrupt practices. It is hopeful that this study will lend a
voice to the current war against corruption and assist the anti corruption agencies in their fight against the
menace in the civil and public service.
RESEARCH ON DECISION MAKING REGARDING IN DATING EVENTS FOR UNMARRIED FEMALE J...ijcseit
This study intends to investigate the mate selection criteria and weights of unmarried female junior high
school teachers in Taiwan. This study used the Delphi method to clarify mate selection criteria. The
primary assessment criteria included 4 items: social condition, personal condition, emotional condition,
and family background. The secondary assessment criteria included 24 items. This study used AHP to
determine that, among the primary assessment criteria, the order of importance is, as follows: emotional
condition, personal condition, social condition, and family background. Among the secondary assessment
criteria, the order of importance of the top 10 is, as follows: carefulness and meticulousness, tenderness
and thoughtfulness, sense of safety, parents are alive and healthy, health status, conviction record, birth
order, monthly income, sense of humor, and value.
Today, voter turnout is one of the crucial signals of how citizens participate in the governance of their country. Higher voter turnout is in most cases a sign of the vitality of democracy, whilst lower turnout is usually associated with voter apathy and mistrust of the political process (Birch, 2010). Voter turnout measures the percentage of voters that have actually taken part in an election; the proportion of eligible voters who actually cast a vote. Votes can be classified into ballot papers which were correctly filled out and those which were incorrectly filled out and therefore counted as invalid. Because of the importance of voter turnout, media and civil society actors, as well as the democracy support community and many other stakeholders are concerned when citizens do not turn out to vote. Such communities are keen to understand the reasons behind low turnouts.
In Ghana, according to all media platforms including Ghana Web, the 2023 District Assembly Elections across the recorded a notably low turnout, with officials expressing concern over the limited number of voters at polling stations. The exercise which was held on Tuesday, December 19th and 21st, 2023 to elect district assembly members and unit committee members for the various constituencies across the country, had few people turning up to vote. The low voter turnout was attributed to a number of factors including lack of civic education, low trust in the local government system, unemployment and also voting on a working day. Poor voter turnout goes out to weaken our democracy and ultimately slow our development as a country. Based on the above concern, it has become very necessary to have a critical study of the impact of unemployment on voter turnout in some selected electoral areas in the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana.
To understand the Voting Behavior of the Urban Youth (India)Arveen Shaheel
With India going into elections in 2014, there’s been a constant buzz and unavoidable conversations about Politics. People have shifted from indifference & resentment towards politics, to talking about the subject & finally finding solutions. With majority of Indians comprising of the Youth, we believed they held the key to unlocking the future of politics; & their thought process is one, that no longer can the Political Parties ignore.
It’s this idea that inspired us to go ahead with our research which is- “To understand the Voting Behavior of the Urban Youth”.
The Vote, Election and Democracy in Southeast Asia : A Case of ThailandAJHSSR Journal
Thailand is located in Southeast Asia. Thailand's democracy was still struggling that is a military coup by the loop 13 times. The last time was on May 22, 2014.Every time a new constitution to allow more democratic and promised to re-election soon. Elections in Thailand are interesting. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that influence the election of political leaders in Thailand then create a mathematical equation to know what the votes are derived from and how important are each of them? A total of 1522 samples from the four constituencies were randomly sampled. In the North, 423 are sampled of member of parliaments(MPs) election, In the Central are 373 sampled of Mayor election, In the Northeastern region, are 322 sampled of village headman election and in the Southern part of the constituency is the Head of the Sub-district Administrative Organization(SAO) are 404 sample. By using “Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis” The research found that the most influential factors in getting the most votes and winning the election are political campaigns and tactics. Second, political affiliations or political parties, grouppolicy (Party, Group).Third,relief aid,kinship and patronage (Patronage) and finally, the distribution of wealth and money (Money) statistically significant at the .05 level. It is considered that these factors are differently down the hierarchy. This can be written as an equation as Obtaining the vote 1 = 33.54 + .37 Campaign +.23 Party, Group - .12 Patronage + .09Money. Factors that did not affect the voting result were statistically significant at the .05 level and not according to hypothesis that was set are Personal Qualification of Candidates (Personal), Donation to the community and the public (Donation) And gambling fraud and bribery (Fraud). The suggestion for this research is the agency responsible for the election should find ways to prevent the distribution of political capital to political people to gain more votes. Politicians and political parties should consider using the campaign strategy. Determine your party's or group's policies and factors. In the equation, what factors will have the effect of making itself and its representative party victorious in elections. Researchers should extend this research to broader scope of research so that they can be used as a new political theory.
Programmatic Politics and Voter Preferences: The 2017 Election in Kulon Progo...UniversitasGadjahMada
Vote buying and patronage distribution have become widespread in Indonesian elections. Yet, it is also evident that some candidates use programmatic strategies to compete. Drawing on the case of the 2017 election in Kulon Progo district, Yogyakarta Special Region, and using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, this article seeks to explain why the incumbent opted out of vote buying and similar clientelistic strategies and why voters supported his programmatic approach. We show that the incumbent prepared vote buying as a fallback strategy but did not activate it. He was able to make this choice because he faced little competition and had invested politically in programmatic policies, though he was also assisted by his ability to manipulate his proximity with the Yogyakarta Sultanate for electoral purposes. This article shows that Indonesian voters can be highly appreciative of programmatic approaches, rather than simply being the “ballot-sellers” they are often assumed to be in the literature on money politics and patronage. In this case, moreover, programmatic success produced a less competitive election that in turn created the possibility for the incumbent candidate to opt out of clientelism.
Report on nepal election 2017 social media survey shreedeep rayamajhiShreedeep Rayamajhi
This research report is a random survey done on social media understanding the user behavior of youth towards the information flow and their understanding regarding Nepal election 2017. It give a clear picture of the democratic practice and values of how democracy is perceived in Nepal and peoples attitude towards the new election in Nepal.
Wasted Votes and Political Representation: Analysis of the Implementation ofP...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :: As a country that adheres to a democratic system, Indonesia is faced with two major
challenges simultaneously. On the one hand, as a nation, Indonesia must be able to act as a comfortable "home"
for all existing diversity. Meanwhile, on the other hand, Indonesia must also be able to manage an effective (as
well as efficient) political system institutionally. One way to ensure that pluralistic values remain but remain
effective and efficient is to implement a parliamentary threshold of 4%. However, like a double-edged sword,
the trend of increasing PT (2.5 to 4 percent) from election to election is feared to threaten the principle of
political representation with high levels of wasted votes. Using qualitative methods, this research calculates the
loss of votes as an impact of the implementation of the parliamentary threshold and also its impact.
KEYWORDS: Parliamentary Threshold; Scorching Voice
GA-CFS APPROACH TO INCREASE THE ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES IN ELECTIONS PARTICIPATIONijfcstjournal
Prediction the main indexes of participation in election and its effective factors are serious challenges for
political and social planners. By respect to abnormal nature of offered analyzes by political scientists, data
searchers tried to solve the problems of other methods by discovering hidden sciences of data. In this
paper, we represent combined method of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Correlation-based feature selection
(CFS) for increasing precision of classifying in methods based on data searching for participation in
election which identifies and removes noised Feature of total set of them. Results of our paper indicated
that our offered method could increase precision of other methods prediction.
An Empirical Analysis of the Empowerment of Rural Women Through Panchayati Ra...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper has attempted to investigate the political participation of the rural women and their actual condition in the panchayati raj institutions in the Ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh. The study is based on primary data which has been collected from the Elected Women Representatives of various blocks of Ujjain district(as per 2009-10 panchayat elections) and also to explore, whether the women have been empowered after getting a 50% reservation at the grassroots level. This study has also revealed that after connecting with the panchayat whether the level of women’s social status have increased or not and also analyse the impediments factors faced by the women in the working of panchayat.
Bureaucracy and Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Buhari’s Change AgendaAJHSSR Journal
The issue of corruption has taken the front burner in public discourse in Nigeria. This is
particularly because of the leadership that emerged in the country from the 2015 general elections concluded in
April same year. The emergence of President Muhammadu Buhari as the country‘s President has made the issue
of corruption to resonate with a deafening intensity as the fight against corruption became the major item on the
campaign promises of the All Progressive Congress (APC), the current ruling party in the country. This paper
addresses the issue of corruption in Nigeria‘s bureaucracy and its implications for the change mantra of the
Buhari civilian administration. The paper adopts a qualitative method and relied on secondary sources of data. It
also adopted the theory of anomie and the contradictions of bureaucracy as a theoretical framework. It defines
bureaucracy and corruption, gives an overview of bureaucratic corruption and highlights its implications on the
Buhari‘s change agenda. It discusses in great detail the implications of the corruption in the bureaucracy on the
sustenance and consolidation of democracy as well as the change agenda of the Buhari government and
highlights such issues as poverty and underdevelopment, negative impacts on productivity and efficiency, the
deprivation of the citizenry of the benefits of good governance and the much needed dividends of democracy
among others.It argues that if the bureaucracy in Nigeria is not purged of all corrupt tendencies it will be
impossible for it to drive the much needed change necessary for democratic consolidation and recommends the
need to strengthen the anti-corruption agencies, making accountability and transparency an article of faith,
addressing the issues of salaries and wages, thorough investigation and prosecution of corrupt public officials as
well as a reorientation of Nigerians on the need to avoid corrupt practices. It is hopeful that this study will lend a
voice to the current war against corruption and assist the anti corruption agencies in their fight against the
menace in the civil and public service.
RESEARCH ON DECISION MAKING REGARDING IN DATING EVENTS FOR UNMARRIED FEMALE J...ijcseit
This study intends to investigate the mate selection criteria and weights of unmarried female junior high
school teachers in Taiwan. This study used the Delphi method to clarify mate selection criteria. The
primary assessment criteria included 4 items: social condition, personal condition, emotional condition,
and family background. The secondary assessment criteria included 24 items. This study used AHP to
determine that, among the primary assessment criteria, the order of importance is, as follows: emotional
condition, personal condition, social condition, and family background. Among the secondary assessment
criteria, the order of importance of the top 10 is, as follows: carefulness and meticulousness, tenderness
and thoughtfulness, sense of safety, parents are alive and healthy, health status, conviction record, birth
order, monthly income, sense of humor, and value.
Today, voter turnout is one of the crucial signals of how citizens participate in the governance of their country. Higher voter turnout is in most cases a sign of the vitality of democracy, whilst lower turnout is usually associated with voter apathy and mistrust of the political process (Birch, 2010). Voter turnout measures the percentage of voters that have actually taken part in an election; the proportion of eligible voters who actually cast a vote. Votes can be classified into ballot papers which were correctly filled out and those which were incorrectly filled out and therefore counted as invalid. Because of the importance of voter turnout, media and civil society actors, as well as the democracy support community and many other stakeholders are concerned when citizens do not turn out to vote. Such communities are keen to understand the reasons behind low turnouts.
In Ghana, according to all media platforms including Ghana Web, the 2023 District Assembly Elections across the recorded a notably low turnout, with officials expressing concern over the limited number of voters at polling stations. The exercise which was held on Tuesday, December 19th and 21st, 2023 to elect district assembly members and unit committee members for the various constituencies across the country, had few people turning up to vote. The low voter turnout was attributed to a number of factors including lack of civic education, low trust in the local government system, unemployment and also voting on a working day. Poor voter turnout goes out to weaken our democracy and ultimately slow our development as a country. Based on the above concern, it has become very necessary to have a critical study of the impact of unemployment on voter turnout in some selected electoral areas in the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana.
To understand the Voting Behavior of the Urban Youth (India)Arveen Shaheel
With India going into elections in 2014, there’s been a constant buzz and unavoidable conversations about Politics. People have shifted from indifference & resentment towards politics, to talking about the subject & finally finding solutions. With majority of Indians comprising of the Youth, we believed they held the key to unlocking the future of politics; & their thought process is one, that no longer can the Political Parties ignore.
It’s this idea that inspired us to go ahead with our research which is- “To understand the Voting Behavior of the Urban Youth”.
The Vote, Election and Democracy in Southeast Asia : A Case of ThailandAJHSSR Journal
Thailand is located in Southeast Asia. Thailand's democracy was still struggling that is a military coup by the loop 13 times. The last time was on May 22, 2014.Every time a new constitution to allow more democratic and promised to re-election soon. Elections in Thailand are interesting. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that influence the election of political leaders in Thailand then create a mathematical equation to know what the votes are derived from and how important are each of them? A total of 1522 samples from the four constituencies were randomly sampled. In the North, 423 are sampled of member of parliaments(MPs) election, In the Central are 373 sampled of Mayor election, In the Northeastern region, are 322 sampled of village headman election and in the Southern part of the constituency is the Head of the Sub-district Administrative Organization(SAO) are 404 sample. By using “Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis” The research found that the most influential factors in getting the most votes and winning the election are political campaigns and tactics. Second, political affiliations or political parties, grouppolicy (Party, Group).Third,relief aid,kinship and patronage (Patronage) and finally, the distribution of wealth and money (Money) statistically significant at the .05 level. It is considered that these factors are differently down the hierarchy. This can be written as an equation as Obtaining the vote 1 = 33.54 + .37 Campaign +.23 Party, Group - .12 Patronage + .09Money. Factors that did not affect the voting result were statistically significant at the .05 level and not according to hypothesis that was set are Personal Qualification of Candidates (Personal), Donation to the community and the public (Donation) And gambling fraud and bribery (Fraud). The suggestion for this research is the agency responsible for the election should find ways to prevent the distribution of political capital to political people to gain more votes. Politicians and political parties should consider using the campaign strategy. Determine your party's or group's policies and factors. In the equation, what factors will have the effect of making itself and its representative party victorious in elections. Researchers should extend this research to broader scope of research so that they can be used as a new political theory.
Programmatic Politics and Voter Preferences: The 2017 Election in Kulon Progo...UniversitasGadjahMada
Vote buying and patronage distribution have become widespread in Indonesian elections. Yet, it is also evident that some candidates use programmatic strategies to compete. Drawing on the case of the 2017 election in Kulon Progo district, Yogyakarta Special Region, and using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, this article seeks to explain why the incumbent opted out of vote buying and similar clientelistic strategies and why voters supported his programmatic approach. We show that the incumbent prepared vote buying as a fallback strategy but did not activate it. He was able to make this choice because he faced little competition and had invested politically in programmatic policies, though he was also assisted by his ability to manipulate his proximity with the Yogyakarta Sultanate for electoral purposes. This article shows that Indonesian voters can be highly appreciative of programmatic approaches, rather than simply being the “ballot-sellers” they are often assumed to be in the literature on money politics and patronage. In this case, moreover, programmatic success produced a less competitive election that in turn created the possibility for the incumbent candidate to opt out of clientelism.
Report on nepal election 2017 social media survey shreedeep rayamajhiShreedeep Rayamajhi
This research report is a random survey done on social media understanding the user behavior of youth towards the information flow and their understanding regarding Nepal election 2017. It give a clear picture of the democratic practice and values of how democracy is perceived in Nepal and peoples attitude towards the new election in Nepal.
Wasted Votes and Political Representation: Analysis of the Implementation ofP...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :: As a country that adheres to a democratic system, Indonesia is faced with two major
challenges simultaneously. On the one hand, as a nation, Indonesia must be able to act as a comfortable "home"
for all existing diversity. Meanwhile, on the other hand, Indonesia must also be able to manage an effective (as
well as efficient) political system institutionally. One way to ensure that pluralistic values remain but remain
effective and efficient is to implement a parliamentary threshold of 4%. However, like a double-edged sword,
the trend of increasing PT (2.5 to 4 percent) from election to election is feared to threaten the principle of
political representation with high levels of wasted votes. Using qualitative methods, this research calculates the
loss of votes as an impact of the implementation of the parliamentary threshold and also its impact.
KEYWORDS: Parliamentary Threshold; Scorching Voice
GA-CFS APPROACH TO INCREASE THE ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES IN ELECTIONS PARTICIPATIONijfcstjournal
Prediction the main indexes of participation in election and its effective factors are serious challenges for
political and social planners. By respect to abnormal nature of offered analyzes by political scientists, data
searchers tried to solve the problems of other methods by discovering hidden sciences of data. In this
paper, we represent combined method of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Correlation-based feature selection
(CFS) for increasing precision of classifying in methods based on data searching for participation in
election which identifies and removes noised Feature of total set of them. Results of our paper indicated
that our offered method could increase precision of other methods prediction.
Voter Education by the Independent National Electoral Commission and Politica...ijtsrd
The research work Investigated Voter education by the Independent National Electoral Commission and Political Participation among residents of South South Nigeria. The objective was to ascertain the extent INEC’s Voter Education strategy has Promoted Political Participation among residents of South South Nigeria. Sunky research method was used for the study while questionnaire was adopted as data collection instrument. The 30.221.345 residents of South South geopolitical Zone was used as the population of the study form were a sample size of 385 was drawn using the Australian National Bureau of Statistics online sample calculator. The multi stage sampling technique was used for the study while simple percentage were deployed in analyzing the calculated data. Based on the analysis of data findings revealed that INEC’s Voter Education messages have not effectively promoted political participation among respondents and this finding is in agreement with Carter Centre for research 2013 revealed that Voter Education has not adequately mobilized the youths for political participation. Based on the findings, the study recommended that INEC Voter Education messages should be well thought out and designed to ensure effective political participation in the electoral process through the use of the combination of traditional, conventional and the social media for optional sensitization. Paleowei Zikena Cletus "Voter Education by the Independent National Electoral Commission and Political Participation among Residents of South-South, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56313.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/56313/voter-education-by-the-independent-national-electoral-commission-and-political-participation-among-residents-of-southsouth-nigeria/paleowei-zikena-cletus
My research topic is “the generational differences in views about the degree of rigging in local and national elections of Bangladesh.” Here the topic actually shows what the people of Bangladesh think about the voting system and also about the election process is fair or not. Vote rigging is common to all the people of Bangladesh. When it’s time for election there were vote rigging, collusion between political parties and violence happened. Two generations has their own different views about the matter. In my study I found the difference. Where my assumption was younger generations are more attached with technology on the other hand older generations are more experience about the matter. This study totally match with my hypothesis.
The Problems Associated with Political Campaign Persuasion through Propaganda...ijtsrd
The research article is based on the problems that are related to psychological facts in political campaigns. It explained the problems and challenges with the political campaign due to the psychological effect on the national election. National elections are not based on democratic principles as some different factors and variables could put influence on the choice of voters and due to which selection of a candidate might not according to the choice of an individual. It could also have to face different kinds of problems that are related to political campaigns. It is psychological fact that voters expect from the political bodies to give better performance and also select the leader according to the abilities but some factors influence their willingness and it could result in different problems therefore propagandas of political campaigns are also considered important to in political campaigns. Prof. Lawrence Lowell "The Problems Associated with Political Campaign Persuasion through Propaganda and its’ Psychological Effects on National Election" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35760.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/35760/the-problems-associated-with-political-campaign-persuasion-through-propaganda-and-its’-psychological-effects-on-national-election/prof-lawrence-lowell
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OFWOMEN PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: THE CASE OF BUNGOMA COUNTY 2017-2021
BY
NAME:ISABEL ADISA
REG.NO.:MA/HIS/008/18
A CONCEPT PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF AWARD OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN HISTORY OF KIBABII UNIVERSITY.
DECEMBER 2022
1. Study on the Attitude and Knowledge of Youth towards Election through the lens of
Election Advocacy in Pakistan – An Experimental Approach
Dr. Anjum Bano Kazimi
Professor, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi
abkazimi@smiu.edu.pk
Amatul Zehra
Faculty of Computer Systems and Software Engineering, University of Malaysia, Pahang
m_r_kazimi@hotmail.com
Munir Moosa Sadruddin
Lecturer, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi
mmsadruddin@smiu.edu.pk
Abstract
The current study evaluates the general trend of youth towards the forth coming election (May
11, 2013) through the lens of their knowledge and attitude towards election advocacy. The study
adopts experimental approach to find, how training impact knowledge and attitude of youth. The
treatment group also received 45 minutes of training related to election before post test was
conducted with mock election demo to share practical knowledge related to concepts,
procedures and application of election. The population for the study consists of all the students
studying at secondary to higher secondary level in Sindh, Pakistan. The total sample size for this
study n=200 is selected through random sampling. The tool was developed and passed for
internal consistency. The results disclose that training does play a crucial role in enhancing
knowledge and shaping attitude towards democratic process. Before training, there was a lack of
positive attitude and lack of knowledge towards election however, after the training and mock
elections, youth gained insight knowledge which helped them to adopt positive attitude. The
study suggests inclusion of topics related to need, importance and to build trust for election
procedure of democracy. The study also suggests holding mock elections in all the provinces to
give practical training to the youth for shaping their attitude towards election and its process to
leads towards democracy. The study also suggests developing trust in the election process related to
transparency through the inclusion of such topics in the curriculum(Kuhne, 2010).
Key Words: Attitude, knowledge, Youth, Election Advocacy, Pakistan
2. Introduction
Our struggle for democracy has been harder than our struggle for freedom. Pakistan has
faced political turmoil and instability and has suffered from disillusion because it did not have a
global democratic image. Election is considered as the primary democratic process to elect a
leader to lead the nation. It is a major source of stabilization and democratization. It is a tightrope
walk between war and peace, stability and instability in the third world countries (Kuhne, 2010).
For the very first time, the Provincial elections were held in Pakistan in the year 1951 and 1954,
but national elections were not held till December 1970. In addition to the constricted nature of
democracy, the Constitutions of Pakistan (Govt of Pakistan, 1956, 1962, 1973) underwent crisis which
did not give clear image to the citizens about democracy. Pakistan experienced imbalanced forms of
government which has shaped negative attitude of general public towards election. The civilian regime
was overthrown in a coup in 1977, when opponents alleged that the elections had been rigged. In
between, there has been military rule; from 1958 to 1971, 1977 to 1988 and 1999 to 2008. Four
governments and parliaments were dismissed and dissolved within 11 years. This is a major reason why
voters’ participation has become lack-luster, because voters realized that their representatives shall never
be allowed to complete their term.
Democracy in Pakistan is not an issue confined to civic rights; it also aims and has
concerns towards security. After the 1999 military coup, Pakistan suffered democracy related
sanctions. It is again necessary in this context to learn and exercise democratic rights. We may
have the right man in a wrong system or a wrong man in a right system, but that can only be
remedied over time, after a number of regular elections.
It is not however a question of principle alone. For a citizen to be aware of his or her
rights and responsibility she or he must know the structure of government and the procedures of
democracy. Pakistan is a federation that is a state where there is more than one government.
These are at the central, provincial and local levels. Citizens have to vote for local bodies,
provincial assemblies and the national assembly. This is a parliamentary form of government in
which the speakers, the prime minister and president are elected by our direct representatives. In
the present constitutional scheme the voting age has been reduced from 21 to 18 years.
3. As such it is all the more imperative that the youth, which now includes the students,
should be made aware of democratic values and democratic procedure. Whenever an election
schedule is announced, the Election Commission appoints and trains for every polling station and
polling booth, presiding officers, assistant presiding officers down to polling officer, but not the
voters.
The current elections will be taking place on 11th May 2013. This election is influenced
by feudals, pirs and mirs but violence and current terrorism has also influenced the attitude
towards current election (Khan, 2013). Unfortunately, women are not given much priority in the
current election which means the violation of human rights (Waseem, 2013).
Democracy shall function more smoothly if the voters are also trained. One aspect of
early dissolutions of assemblies has been that elections have been held sooner than scheduled. As
such the adult population may be practiced, if not trained. It is the youth, the people who shall be
voting for the first time, who are required to be trained. The best method is to hold mock
elections so that the students become familiar with the voting procedures. Structured
questionnaire will be distributed to the target population before the mock election and training,
and a questionnaire to be filled after the mock election and training. This shall help the
researcher team to analyze the trend of knowledge and attitude towards election among Pakistani
youth.
ResearchMethodology
The project is designed to develop awareness about procedures and steps in elections among the students
Specifically it is to make the students aware of their rights and responsibilities, just before they reach
voting age and to explain them that no one can rule over them without their consent; and that we transfer
some of our basic rights to our representatives for the general good and well being of the population at
large. The current study adopts experimental research methodology. The population for the study
consists of all the students studying at secondary to higher secondary level in Sindh, Pakistan.
The total sample size for this study n=200 is selected through random sampling. Pretest-posttest
designs are widely used in behavioral research, primarily for the purpose of comparing groups
4. and/or measuring change resulting from experimental treatments (Dimitrov & Rumrill, 2003). In
this study, similar group was experimented before and after the training. The tool was developed
and passed for internal consistency. Questionnaire was administered to collect the response while
the mock election was also administered with the help of selected institution to incorporate
practical knowledge. For ethical consideration, consent letter was signed by the participants and
permission was taken from the selected institutions.
Hypotheses
Following main hypotheses were developed and were tested
1. There will be no significant difference in the knowledge of students towards election (pre
and post test)
2. There will be no significant difference in the attitude of students towards election (pre
and post test)
Data Analysis
Biographical Information
Table 1: Showing Number of Respondents on the Basis of Gender
Gender No. of Respondents
Male 89
Female 111
Table 2: Showing Number of Respondents on the Basis of Economic Status
Economic Status No. of Respondents
Rich 12
Poor 00
Middle Class 188
Table 3: Showing Number of Respondents on the Basis of Family Structure
Family Structure No. of Respondents
Single Family 194
Joint Family 06
5. Table 4: Showing Number of Respondents on the Basis of Source of Information about Election
Table 5: Showing Number of Respondents on the Basis of Training
(a)Attitude
Table 6: Showing Number of Respondents on the basisof best formof government leader
The best form of
government leader is
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
Dictator 53 40
Democratic 147 160
Table 7: Showing Number of Respondents on the basisof attitude towards becoming member of
political/social organization
It is good to be the
member of political
organization
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
Yes 32 131
No 15 40
Don’t Know 153 29
Table 8: Showing Number of Respondents on the basisof attitude towards casting vote in the future
election
I want to caste my
vote in the future
election
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
Yes 172 196
No 14 04
Not at All 14 00
Have you ever attended
training on election
No. of Respondents
Yes 20
No 180
Source of information
about election
No. of Respondents
TV 192
Friends 4
School 2
Others 2
6. Table 9: Showing Number of Respondents on the basisof attitude towards the role of election in solving
issues of terrorism
Election can solve
issues of terrorism
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
Agree 33 132
Disagree 167 68
Total 200 200
Table 10: Showing Number of Respondents on the basis of attitude towardsrole of vote in changing the
fortune of Pakistan
My vote cannot
change the fortune of
Pakistan
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
Agree 100 15
Disagree 100 185
Total 200 200
Table 11: Showing Number of Respondents on the basis of attitude towardstransparent election
Elections are never
transparent in
Pakistan
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
Agree 163 160
Disagree 37 40
Total 200 200
Table 12: Showing Number of Respondents on the basis of attitude towardswomen participation in
election
Women should take
part in election
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
Agree 64 170
Disagree 136 30
Total 200 200
(b) Knowledge
Table 13: Showing Number of Respondents on the knowledge of age to cast vote
The age to cast vote is No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of
Respondents
Pre-Test
Below 18 163 00
18 and above 36 200
21 and above 1 00
Total 200 200
7. Table 14: Showing Number of Respondents about knowledge about formof government
Which form of government
we have in Pakistan
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
Federal 02 02
Provincial 08 00
Parliamentary 190 198
Total 200 200
Table 15: Showing Number of Respondents on the basis of knowledge about the last election held
The last elections
were held in the year
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
2005 44 09
2008 150 184
2010 06 07
Total 200 200
Table 16: Showing Number of Respondents on the basis of knowledge about power in Pakistan
In Pakistan, all
power lies with
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
President 38 26
Prime Minister 132 172
Chief Minister 40 02
Total 200 200
Name the current
body, which is
responsible for holding
election
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
No. of Respondents
Pre-Test
Election Commission 06 197
Others 184 03
Total 200 200
Analysis
Majority of the selected participants (56%) are female while the proportion of male participant is
44% belonging to diverse cast. The age of the respondents varies from 14-17. In Pakistan, the
age to cast vote is 18; therefore, the selection of the respondents is justified for this study. 94%
of the respondents belong to a middle class family. Majority of the respondents belong to Single
Family system (194 respondents). Majority of the respondents (180 respondents) did not attend
any training on election. All the respondents have their B-Form. Majority of the respondents
8. (192) gained information about election from TV. Only one respondent is associated with a
social organization. Majority of the respondents knew the names of political parties name
working in Pakistan.
Attitude
Comparatively, before the pre-test, majority of the respondents consider democratic leadership to
be the best form of leadership however after the training and mock election, there was a slight
improvement in the trend of accepting democratic leader. If we compare it with the economic
status of the respondents, majority were from the middle class and as it is a common trend that
democracy is best possible way to gain access to basic needs, therefore the results justify this
innate trend. According to Burki (2013), youth have some preferences. They seek accountable
head who is free from corruption and who work for the economic upliftment of our country.
According to the Centre for Civic Education of Pakistan (2009) majority of the youth believe in
democracy.
Before the pre-test, majority of the respondents were undecided about affiliation with social or
political organization however, there was a high change in the trend after training and mock
election, where the respondents realized that it is good to be member of a political or social
organization on the basis of the fact that these affiliations are not for the self, rather for the
collective development of a country. Edwards (2006) narrates that few young people are involved
in the institutions of typical politics, but majority avoid it due to threat.
Majority of the respondents were keen to be the part of democratic process by casting their vote
in the future. Collin (2008) also shared this view that youth participation is not only crucial for
democratic process but it also enhances skills for effective participation in the democratic process.
There was a slight slope shift towards positive trend after the training. Terrorism has highly
impacted young minds. This reflection can be seen before the pre-test and mock election as
majority of the respondents disagreed that there is no link of election and solving of the issue of
terrorism. However, the researchers provided training which highly changed the attitude to
respondents who later realized that election though it could not solve the problem of terrorism
9. but does contribute towards countering the issue of terrorism. Equal proportion of the
respondents believed that vote can change or cannot change the fortune of Pakistan. This
provides a glimpse of hope among the youth. After the mock election and training, there was a
great shift in trend where majority realized that vote can change the fortune of a country. Before
and after the training and mock election, there was not much shift in the attitude of the
respondents towards the transparency of election. Majority believe that elections are never
transparent. Siddiqa (2010) also reflect the same opinion that majority of the youth believe that
political parties are non transparent and corrupted. This view was further supported by Aurangzeb
(2008). A study was carried out by Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and
Transparency reveals that a large number of Pakistani voters intended to cast their vote, but
mostly have doubts about transparency of election process (PILDAT, 2002). Hinds (2001) found
that many youth feel uninformed about politics and the electoral process which arise doubt
among the youth towards the process of election.
Though the training provided information about the current election process, but economic status
plays a very crucial role in this regard where the influence of family plays an important role in
shaping this attitude.
On the basis of male dominant society, there is a general trend in Pakistan where women are
mostly isolated and are not associated with elections. Even in the ranks of mainstream political
parties which champion equal rights and participation of women .the number of women
candidates contesting in the up coming general election has remained declined (Amir Wasim,
2013)
This trend was visible before the training and mock election, where majority of the respondents
said that women should not take part in election. However, there was a sweep shift in the attitude
where the respondents believed that women should participate in election.
Knowledge
Majority of the respondents knew that the age to cast vote is 18 and above. However the training
did increase the knowledge level as all the respondents learnt about the actual age after the
10. training and mock election. Majority of the respondents had knowledge about the form of
government we have in Pakistan, before and after the training. Majority of the respondents knew
that the last elections were held in 2008. The training, however impacted slightly in raising
awareness among those who did not know. Majority of the respondents knew that all power in
Pakistan lies with Prime Minister. Training and mock election had a slight impact in raising
knowledge. Majority of the respondents had no idea about the body, responsible for holding
elections and had no idea about the number of seats in National Assembly, however after the
training, majority gained knowledge that Election Commission play an important role in this
regard. It was shared to the respondents that National Assembly has 272 while Sindh has 130,
Punjab has 297, Khyber Pukhtoon Khaw has 99 an Balochistan has 51 seats.
Conclusion
There was no significant different among the youth about the knowledge towards election
however there was a significant difference among the youths attitude towards election. Active
civic participation is important for the future of a nation and a healthy democracy (Gibson,
2001). There is a profound need to promote a culture of democracy in Pakistan. A democratic
culture means not only expressing one’s own opinion, but also to accept the opinions of others,
however it may differ from own opinion. It is to this end that democracy works, and it is this
process by which democracy works. Therefore, the research suggests to build positive attitude
by providing training to the youth through the inclusion of such topics in the curriculum.
Furthermore, mock elections should be held in all the institutions to raises political awareness.
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