The document provides an extensive overview of the voseo, a form of address derived from the Latin 'vos,' used in various Spanish-speaking regions. It covers the historical context, grammatical usage, and regional variations of voseo, including differences in conjugation and formality levels, particularly in countries like Chile, Venezuela, and Panama. Additionally, it discusses how the voseo contrasts with other pronouns and addresses changes in verb conjugations across regions.

1. El Voseo

2. NOTES ON ABBREVIATIONS AND STYLE
• Lat. – Latin
• Sp. – Spanish
• Viz. – vidilicet- namely
• Pers. – Person
• Sing. – Singular
• Pl. – plural
• Refl. – reflexive
• Prep. – preposition(al)
• Obj. – object
• ‹◌› – quotation marks for Spanish
• <◌> – Orthographical representation
• /◌/ – phonemic representation (underlying sound)
• [◌] – phonetic representation (exactly what was
pronounced)

3. HISTORY
• Latin second person plural = vos
• Used to refer to people with respect in many offshoots of Latin
• Vous of French
• Both for informal 2nd pers. pl. and for formal 2nd pers. sing.
• Vós of Portuguese
• Portuguese system much more complicated; varies greatly w/ region
• Contrasted in other languages by keeping the direct descendant of
Lat. vos for the respectful form and adding the descendant of alterī
to it (viz. Sp. vosotros) for the intimate form of the 2nd person pl.
• Genitive form used in combination with descendant of mercēs for 2nd
pers. sing. formal in some Romance languages (viz. Sp.
Usted<Usarced<Vuestra Merced<vestra mercēs)
• In Spanish speaking countries there is wide variance regarding the
usage; some use it as the informal pronoun, some as the semi-formal
pronoun, and in Ladino* it is used for strangers and people who merit
respect (and is conjugated the same as vosotros)
*- Ladino is the language of the Sephardic Jews of Spain

4. VERBAL VS. PRONOMINAL
• Verbal
• Conjugation of verbs is different from regions with the tuteo
• In Chile, it is common to hear vos conjugations with the tú
pronoun
• Elsewhere, verbal voseo is concurrent with the pronoun vos
• Pronominal
• Use of the pronoun, regardless of verb combination
• In older Spanish, it was a respectful form, but much like
English “you,” it has become an intimate form

5. PRONOUN*
• Nominative- vos
• Direct Obj. (Accusative)- te
• Indirect Obj. (Dative)- te
• Prep. Obj. (Ablative)- (de, a, etc.) vos
• Fused with con- con vos
• Refl. Obj.- te
• Refl. Prep. Obj.- (de, a, etc.) vos (mismo)
• Refl. fused with con- con vos
*- There are some regional variations, but the most significant one is that Chileans
commonly use the non vos-based pronouns (i.e., the tú-based pronouns) as well

6. PRESENT TENSE
• No stem-changing
• Stress on the last syllable
• ser→sos
• ir→vas
• ver→ves
• Thematic vowel for all verb categories (yes,
including –ir)
• sos, hablás, comés, venís

7. LADINO
• Vos=2nd pers. sing.; vosotros=2nd pers. pl.
• Conjugated the same
• Orthography is different, to match phonetics
• Word-final <s> becomes <sh>
• sosh, favlásh (equivalent of hablás), komésh, benís

8. CHILE
• Multiple levels; from least to most formal: verbal and
pronominal voseo, verbal tuteo and pronominal
voseo, verbal and pronominal tuteo, verbal 3rd
person and pronominal Usted
• Ser has six 2nd pers. sing. Forms; from least to most
formal: vos soi, vos eri(s), tú soi, tú eri(s), tú eres,
Usted es
• Vosotros endings, sometimes without the final <s>
• -er verbs take –ir endings
• soi/eri(s), hablái(s), comí(s), vení(s)
• Use of any type of voseo is seen as “lowly” in
prescriptive grammars

9. ZULIA, VENEZUELA AND AZUERO,
PANAMA
• Called the Maracaibo voseo
• Pronominal voseo
• Verbal vosotros
• sois, habláis, coméis, venís

10. IMPERATIVE
• vos conjugation without the <s>
• Irregular ser (sé), ir (andá, refl. andate), estar (está,
estate)
• In Chile, the imperative uses the verbal* tuteo and
there are extra irregulars
• ir uses andar for suppletion instead of Lat. vado
• hacer, salir, poner → hace, sale, pone
• sé, hablá, comé, vení
*- also sometimes pronominal, as discussed earlier

11. PAST INDICATIVE
• Imperfect
• General and Rioplatense voseos are identical to tuteo
• eras, hablabas, comías, venías
• Chilean voseo is nearly identical to vosotros form, sans the
<s>
• erai, hablabai, comíai, veníai
• The Maracaibo voseo (in Zulia, VE and Azuero, PA) is
identical to the vosotros form
• erais, hablabais, comíais, veníais
• Preterite
• Identical to tuteo

12. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
• In Central America (regions that follow the general voseo),
Bolivia, and some parts of Colombia: – ir and –er verbs take –
ar ending (–ás) and –ar verbs take –er ending (–és)
• In stem changing verbs, the ‹e›→ ‹i› verbs and ‹e›→ ‹ie› verbs go to just
‹i›; ‹o›→‹u› and ‹o›→ ‹ue› go to just ‹u›
• seas, hablés, comás, vengás
• In Rioplatense Spanish, it is very common to use the tú form
• Stem changing is different: querer becomes quierás or querás
• seas, hablés, comás, vengás/vengas
• In Chile, it is the same as the vosotros conjugation of the
subjective, sans the <s> (except –ar verbs, which take the –ir
vosotros conjugation with the <s>)
• seái, hablís, comái, vengái
• The Maracaibo voseo is the same as the vosotros conjugation
• seáis, habléis, comáis, vengáis

13. CONDITIONAL
• General and Rioplatense are identical to the tuteo
• serías, hablarías, comerías, vendrías
• Chilean is nearly identical to vosotros, but without
the <s>
• seríai, hablaríai, comeríai, vendríai
• Maracaibo voseo is exactly identical to vosotros
• seríais, hablaríais, comeríais, vendríais

14. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
• General and Rioplatense are identical to the tuteo
• fueras, hablaras, comieras, vinieras
• Chilean is nearly identical to vosotros, but without
the <s>
• fuerai, hablarai, comierai, vinierai
• Maracaibo voseo is the same as the vosotros
conjugation
• fuerais, hablarais, comierais, vinierais