El Niño is an abnormal warming of ocean waters in the eastern tropical Pacific that occurs irregularly every few years. Normally, trade winds blow warm water westward, making the eastern Pacific cooler. During El Niño, the trade winds weaken, allowing warm water to flow back east. This changes weather patterns globally, bringing heavy rain to normally dry regions like Peru while causing drought in places like Indonesia. El Niño's shifting ocean temperatures influence the formation of storms and pressure systems that affect temperatures and rainfall around the world.

1. El Niño
Ralph Santos

2. World Map
Where it happens…

3. What is El Niño ?
• An abnormal warming of surface ocean
waters in the eastern tropical Pacific

4. Normal Conditions
Strong winds blow from the
east along the equator,
pushing warm water into the
Pacific Ocean

5. Normal Conditions
• Winds push the surface water toward the
west.
• As the water moves west it heats up even
more because it's exposed longer to the
sun.

6. Why
• Because the wind push surface water
westward toward Indonesia, the sea level
is roughly half a meter higher in the
western Pacific than in the east.
• So you have warmer, deeper waters in the
western Pacific and cooler, shallower
waters in the east near the coast of South
America.

7. Normal Conditions
• The different water temperatures of these areas
effects the types of weather these two regions
experience.
– In the east the cool water cools the air above it, and
the air becomes too dense to rise to produce clouds
and rain.
– In the western Pacific the air is heated by the water
below it, increasing the buoyancy of the lower
atmosphere thus increasing the likelihood of rain.
– This is why heavy rain storms are typical near
Indonesia while Peru is relatively dry.

8. El Niño Conditions
An El Nino condition results from
weakened trade winds in the western
Pacific Ocean near Indonesia, allowing
piled-up warm water to flow toward South
America.

9. El Niño Conditions
• El Nino happens when weakening trade
winds (which sometimes even reverse
direction) allow the warmer water from the
western Pacific to flow toward the east.
• This flattens out the sea level, builds up
warm surface water off the coast of South
America, and increases the temperature
of the water in the eastern Pacific.

10. El Niño Conditions
• The deeper, warmer water in the east
limits the amount of nutrient-rich deep
water normally surfaced by the upwelling
process.
• Since fish can no longer access this rich
food source, many of them die off.
• The different water temperatures tend to
change the weather of the region.

11. Effects
• What happens to the ocean also affects
the atmosphere.
• Tropical thunderstorms are fueled by hot,
humid air over the oceans.
– The hotter the air, the stronger and bigger the
thunderstorms.
– As the Pacific's warmest water spreads
eastward, the biggest thunderstorms move
with it.

12. Effects
• The clouds and rainstorms associated with
warm ocean waters also shift toward the
east.
– So, rains which normally would fall over the
tropical rain forests of Indonesia start falling
over the deserts of Peru, causing forest fires
and drought in the western Pacific and
flooding in South America.

13. Effects
• The Earth's atmosphere responds to the heating
of El Niño by producing patterns of high and low
pressure which can have a profound impact on
weather far away from the equatorial Pacific.
– For instance, higher temperatures in western Canada
and the upper plains of the United States, colder
temperatures in the southern United States. The east
coast of southern Africa often experiences drought
during El Nino.

14. Credits
• http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/nino/
• http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/el
nino.shtml
• http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/hea
lth-science/fears-of-drought-as-el-nino-
raises-its-head/story-e6frg8y6-
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