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1. EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

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4. What are El Niño and La Niña?
El Niño and La Niña are climate
patterns in the Pacific Ocean that can
affect weather worldwide.

7. El Niño
• El Niño is an abnormal and
lengthy warming in the eastern
part of the Pacific Ocean. This
natural phenomenon occurs at
irregular intervals of two to
seven years and lasts for nine
months or two years at most.
Usually, it starts at the end of
the year or during the
Christmas season that is why it
is termed as El Niño which
refers to the “Christ child”.

8. Refer to Fig. 1. Normally, as
trade winds
Move from east to west, they
collects warm air. But when trade
winds are weakened, they
causes the piling up of warm
surface water and making the part
of the Pacific Ocean warmer leading
to the El Niño phenomenon. This
happens when the upwelling of
colder water is blocked by the large
quantities of warm surface water.
(The cause of the weakening of the
trade winds is still unknown and it
is still
being investigated)

9. Since the Pacific Ocean is to the east of the
Philippines, El Niño phenomenon will affect the country.
When there is an increase of the temperature in the
eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, it is expected that
some areas in the Philippines will experience this
climatic phenomenon. Some areas in the country will
experience near to above average rainfall and some
areas may experience drier than normal rainfall.
El Niño will most likely bring severe drought. It is
believed that it causes stronger thunderstorm
disturbance and massive storms. It also causes the
decrease in the population of some species.

10. La Niña
• La Niña is the opposite climatic
disturbance to El Niño. This
natural phenomenon may, but
does not always, follow El Niño
events. It may last for nine to
twelve months but in some
cases, it lasts for two years.
This event is triggered by the
cooling of the eastern part of
the Pacific Ocean that is why it
is sometimes called “cold
Pacific.”

11. Trade winds that move from east to
west are strengthened. Upwelling of
colder water intensifies. Moving air brings
along too much water vapor. When it
reaches the land mass such as the
Philippines, precipitation is experienced.
There would be an increase of rainfall in
some areas in the Philippines. For
instance, areas that experienced severe
drought caused by El Niño may encounter
above normal rainfall. But in some cases,
areas that experience dry season will
have drier than normal conditions. La
Niña’s effects are the opposite of El Niño.

12. El Niño happens when the
temperature in eastern Pacific rises
above normal.
La Niña occurs when the
temperature in eastern Pacific
decreases below normal.