Techniques for integrating native technologies with ict to teach zoologyDr. C.V. Suresh Babu
International Conference on Teacher Education in the 21st Century: Vision and Action, organized by Regional Institute of Education, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Bhopal, MP, India on March 8 -10, 2021
The study was intended to examine the utilization as well as the availability of E-learning facilities in the teaching of senior school physics in Ilorin, Nigeria. The study was a survey type and all physics teachers constitute the population. A total of 60 teachers was sampled for the study. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in the selection of respondents. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 20 out of 35 secondary schools. Two structured checklists were used to collect data. Percentage and mean were used to answer the research questions while ANOVA was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The finding revealed that printers, photocopying machine, desktop computers, laptop computers, Android phones, electronic typewriters and scanners were available, E-learning facilities were not utilized, there is no significant difference in the utilization of E-learning facilities for teaching physics based on teachers’ qualifications and experience. It was then recommended that physics teachers should be given proper training on how to use as well as maintain E-learning facilities in their various schools in order to equip them with the necessary skills, knowledge and values that will enable them optimize teaching in a fast changing world.
International Conference on Teacher Education in the 21st Century: Vision and Action, organized by Regional Institute of Education, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Bhopal, MP, India on March 8 -10, 2021
ICT in the teaching learning process with respect to bio-zoologyDr. C.V. Suresh Babu
Indian Science Techno Festival ISTF-2021 (Virtual) organized by Raman Science & Technology Foundation, National Council of Teacher Scientist, India and APJ Abdul Kalam National Council of Young Scientist on 26-28 Feb 2021
Olson matunga final project dip scie ed 12OLSON MATUNGA
The study was conducted to analyse the actors affecting the teacher’s use of e-learning tools in Zimbabwean secondary education at an urban, private school in Harare. Forty qualified teachers and five pupils taking ICT were sampled to participate in the study. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Results show that e-learning can enhance secondary education but a number of factors are hindering the full scale utilization by teachers which include infrastructural challenges, technical competencies among others.
Animal science is an essential curriculum in animal husbandry and veterinary professional education. This study delved into the use of ICT in teaching animal science using blended learning and the benefits of blended learning for teachers and students. The study utilized a descriptive survey design. The target population consisted of animal science students and teachers selected colleges of education in the Volta region. The population of Agric science students was 100, and the Agric science tutors in the three colleges were 20. With the use of Yamane formula, the sample size was 80 and 19 respectively for students and the teachers. The fundamental instrument for data collection was questionnaires. Four and five scaled Likert like tests were designed to elicit information on the level of ICT skill of teachers and their students, and on benefits of blended learning to teachers and students respectively. The information gathered was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and the hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Covariance. The result established that both teachers and students of animal science department in the Colleges that participated in the study, are skilled in ICT and that both teachers and students benefited from using blended learning model in teaching animal science in colleges of education in Ghana. It was also discovered from hypothesis tested that no significant difference existed between the ICT skill level of teachers and students, and no significant difference also existed between the level of benefit derived from blended learning by both teachers and students. It was concluded that both teachers and students of animal science in the colleges of education in Ghana benefited from blended learning model because they are skilled in ICT. Hence, it was recommended that teachers and students must be well trained to acquire sufficient ICT skills in the usage of basic ICT applications in order to obtain the full benefits of the blended learning model.
Techniques for integrating native technologies with ict to teach zoologyDr. C.V. Suresh Babu
International Conference on Teacher Education in the 21st Century: Vision and Action, organized by Regional Institute of Education, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Bhopal, MP, India on March 8 -10, 2021
The study was intended to examine the utilization as well as the availability of E-learning facilities in the teaching of senior school physics in Ilorin, Nigeria. The study was a survey type and all physics teachers constitute the population. A total of 60 teachers was sampled for the study. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in the selection of respondents. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 20 out of 35 secondary schools. Two structured checklists were used to collect data. Percentage and mean were used to answer the research questions while ANOVA was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The finding revealed that printers, photocopying machine, desktop computers, laptop computers, Android phones, electronic typewriters and scanners were available, E-learning facilities were not utilized, there is no significant difference in the utilization of E-learning facilities for teaching physics based on teachers’ qualifications and experience. It was then recommended that physics teachers should be given proper training on how to use as well as maintain E-learning facilities in their various schools in order to equip them with the necessary skills, knowledge and values that will enable them optimize teaching in a fast changing world.
International Conference on Teacher Education in the 21st Century: Vision and Action, organized by Regional Institute of Education, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Bhopal, MP, India on March 8 -10, 2021
ICT in the teaching learning process with respect to bio-zoologyDr. C.V. Suresh Babu
Indian Science Techno Festival ISTF-2021 (Virtual) organized by Raman Science & Technology Foundation, National Council of Teacher Scientist, India and APJ Abdul Kalam National Council of Young Scientist on 26-28 Feb 2021
Olson matunga final project dip scie ed 12OLSON MATUNGA
The study was conducted to analyse the actors affecting the teacher’s use of e-learning tools in Zimbabwean secondary education at an urban, private school in Harare. Forty qualified teachers and five pupils taking ICT were sampled to participate in the study. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Results show that e-learning can enhance secondary education but a number of factors are hindering the full scale utilization by teachers which include infrastructural challenges, technical competencies among others.
Animal science is an essential curriculum in animal husbandry and veterinary professional education. This study delved into the use of ICT in teaching animal science using blended learning and the benefits of blended learning for teachers and students. The study utilized a descriptive survey design. The target population consisted of animal science students and teachers selected colleges of education in the Volta region. The population of Agric science students was 100, and the Agric science tutors in the three colleges were 20. With the use of Yamane formula, the sample size was 80 and 19 respectively for students and the teachers. The fundamental instrument for data collection was questionnaires. Four and five scaled Likert like tests were designed to elicit information on the level of ICT skill of teachers and their students, and on benefits of blended learning to teachers and students respectively. The information gathered was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and the hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Covariance. The result established that both teachers and students of animal science department in the Colleges that participated in the study, are skilled in ICT and that both teachers and students benefited from using blended learning model in teaching animal science in colleges of education in Ghana. It was also discovered from hypothesis tested that no significant difference existed between the ICT skill level of teachers and students, and no significant difference also existed between the level of benefit derived from blended learning by both teachers and students. It was concluded that both teachers and students of animal science in the colleges of education in Ghana benefited from blended learning model because they are skilled in ICT. Hence, it was recommended that teachers and students must be well trained to acquire sufficient ICT skills in the usage of basic ICT applications in order to obtain the full benefits of the blended learning model.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Presentation: National Seminar on Social Media Networks and Society organised by Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University, Chennai and Indian Council of Social Science Research (IMPRESS), New Delhi on 3rd February 2021
Affective e-learning approaches, technology and implementation model: a syste...IJECEIAES
A systematic literature study including articles from 2016 to 2022 was done to evaluate the various approaches, technologies, and implementation models involved in measuring student engagement during learning. The review’s objective was to compile and analyze all studies that investigated how instructors can gauge students’ mental states while teaching and assess the most effective teaching methods. Additionally, it aims to extract and assess expanded methodologies from chosen research publications to offer suggestions and answers to researchers and practitioners. Planning, carrying out the analysis, and publishing the results have all received significant attention in the research approach. The study’s findings indicate that more needs to be done to evaluate student participation objectively and follow their development for improved academic performance. Physiological approaches should be given more support among the alternatives. While deep learning implementation models and contactless technology should interest more researchers. And, the recommender system should be integrated into e-learning system. Other approaches, technologies, and methodology articles, on the other hand, lacked authenticity in conveying student feeling.
A study on the impact of web technologies in teacher education to train the f...Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
International Conference on Teacher Education in the 21st Century: Vision and Action, organized by Regional Institute of Education, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Bhopal, MP, India on March 8 -10, 2021
This article is a proposal for an empirical study planned to study the impact of Social media in learning and teaching processes during COVID-19 and its expected impact on post COVID-19. This study will be exclusively focus on teaching chemistry using the help of Technology at secondary level.
KEYWORDS: Apps, Chemistry, Blended learning, Integrated learning, Pedagogy, Technology.
The paradigm shift from traditional learning to digital learning in mathematics Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
International Conference on Integration of STEAM in School Education organized by NCERT, Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal, MP, India in collaboration with Department of School Education, Government of Madhya Pradesh on February, 25th- 28, 2021
Integration of Phet Interactive Simulations in Online Synchronous and Asynchr...ijtsrd
The rife of technology nowadays hugely influences the way various disciplines are taught and learned in the classroom, and Science is no exemption to that. Cognizant of this, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of integrating the PhET simulations through online synchronous and asynchronous teaching of science on the learner’s science process skills. A total of 60 Grade 8 learners of Sto. Niño National High School were purposively chosen according to their learning abilities and were randomly grouped into two the online synchronous group and asynchronous group. Applying the two group pre test and post test design model, the study utilized a validated test questionnaire along with a validated self made survey questionnaire. Obtained post test achievement results have revealed the positive effect of integrating PhET simulation in online synchronous and asynchronous teaching of Grade 8 Science in distance learning. Furthermore, no significant difference was deduced between the two teaching methods with a P value of .057 which signifies the two teaching methods viability in the teaching of Science integrated with PhET simulation. Moreover, this study concludes that PhET simulation improves the learners’ science process skills as perceived by the learners. The learners’ agreement rate of both groups is high in the statement items in the perceptual questionnaire. Thereby, the study highly recommends the integration of PhET simulation in the teaching of Science to make teaching and learning more engaging, interactive and effective in this era of massive technological advancement. Laurence C. Layson "Integration of Phet Interactive Simulations in Online Synchronous and Asynchronous Teaching of Science: : It’s Impact on Learners’ Science Process Skills" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51801.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/51801/integration-of-phet-interactive-simulations-in-online-synchronous-and-asynchronous-teaching-of-science-: It’s-impact-on-learners’-science-process-skills/laurence-c-layson
A Management Approach of an E-Tutoring Program for High School StudentsIJMIT JOURNAL
The inclusion of e-tutoring programs to support secondary school students is an international practice that is reinforced by both the education policies of the Ministries of Education and the potential of technology. The operation and management of the relevant programs is a challenging process, as the goal is to effectively support students and improve their learning. In the present work, the management approach of an e-tutoring program that operates from the school year 2012-2013 is presented. The approach includes a) the presentation of the processes through which the e-tutoring program is carried out, b) the information systems for monitoring the progress of its operation, such as students’ participation, the duration of their participation, their learning needs, the correlation with their performance and c) the etutors’ training procedures. In addition, practices are emerging that offer a comprehensive monitoring framework, which favors the proper functioning and further development, as well as the increasing participation of students.
A MANAGEMENT APPROACH OF AN E-TUTORING PROGRAM FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSIJMIT JOURNAL
The inclusion of e-tutoring programs to support secondary school students is an international practice that is reinforced by both the education policies of the Ministries of Education and the potential of technology. The operation and management of the relevant programs is a challenging process, as the goal is to effectively support students and improve their learning. In the present work, the management approach of an e-tutoring program that operates from the school year 2012-2013 is presented. The approach includes a) the presentation of the processes through which the e-tutoring program is carried out, b) the information systems for monitoring the progress of its operation, such as students’ participation, the duration of their participation, their learning needs, the correlation with their performance and c) the etutors’ training procedures. In addition, practices are emerging that offer a comprehensive monitoring framework, which favors the proper functioning and further development, as well as the increasing participation of students.
This research is based on the problem of the outbreak of the coronavirus
which has become a global pandemic and a national disaster. The purpose of
this study was to describe the perceptions of lecturers and students on online
learning problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected
with the help of questionnaires. This quantitative descriptive study was
conducted among lectures and students who selectedd randomly. Data
analysis used a Likert scale and the results of perceptions used descriptive
analysis. The results of the study show that the perceptions of lecturers and
students on online learning problems during the pandemic consisted of six
aspects (lecture plans, online lecture activities, online lecture recording and
evaluation, lecture assistance services, and lecture support facilities).
Furthermore, it can be agreed that effective online learning occurs due to the
interaction of students and lecturers as well as technology connected
to education.
This study explored the main barriers to effective integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Harare Secondary School Education. Data were collected using close ended questionnaires. Participatory research was also carried out to familiarize with the changes happening in secondary schools with respect to integration of ICT in education and to find out the challenges being faced. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). The results showed that although teachers are aware of the benefits of using ICTs in education there was still limited use of this pedagogy in classrooms as teachers were facing a number of challenges which acted as barriers to the successful implementation of ICT in education. These include lack of a clear sense of direction on how to use ICT to enhance the learning of students, inadequate resources and support as well as lack of the required technological skills among the teachers. The study recommends that effective planning to counter these barriers before implementation would greatly increase the effectiveness of ICT integration in secondary schools.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Presentation: National Seminar on Social Media Networks and Society organised by Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University, Chennai and Indian Council of Social Science Research (IMPRESS), New Delhi on 3rd February 2021
Affective e-learning approaches, technology and implementation model: a syste...IJECEIAES
A systematic literature study including articles from 2016 to 2022 was done to evaluate the various approaches, technologies, and implementation models involved in measuring student engagement during learning. The review’s objective was to compile and analyze all studies that investigated how instructors can gauge students’ mental states while teaching and assess the most effective teaching methods. Additionally, it aims to extract and assess expanded methodologies from chosen research publications to offer suggestions and answers to researchers and practitioners. Planning, carrying out the analysis, and publishing the results have all received significant attention in the research approach. The study’s findings indicate that more needs to be done to evaluate student participation objectively and follow their development for improved academic performance. Physiological approaches should be given more support among the alternatives. While deep learning implementation models and contactless technology should interest more researchers. And, the recommender system should be integrated into e-learning system. Other approaches, technologies, and methodology articles, on the other hand, lacked authenticity in conveying student feeling.
A study on the impact of web technologies in teacher education to train the f...Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
International Conference on Teacher Education in the 21st Century: Vision and Action, organized by Regional Institute of Education, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Bhopal, MP, India on March 8 -10, 2021
This article is a proposal for an empirical study planned to study the impact of Social media in learning and teaching processes during COVID-19 and its expected impact on post COVID-19. This study will be exclusively focus on teaching chemistry using the help of Technology at secondary level.
KEYWORDS: Apps, Chemistry, Blended learning, Integrated learning, Pedagogy, Technology.
The paradigm shift from traditional learning to digital learning in mathematics Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
International Conference on Integration of STEAM in School Education organized by NCERT, Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal, MP, India in collaboration with Department of School Education, Government of Madhya Pradesh on February, 25th- 28, 2021
Integration of Phet Interactive Simulations in Online Synchronous and Asynchr...ijtsrd
The rife of technology nowadays hugely influences the way various disciplines are taught and learned in the classroom, and Science is no exemption to that. Cognizant of this, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of integrating the PhET simulations through online synchronous and asynchronous teaching of science on the learner’s science process skills. A total of 60 Grade 8 learners of Sto. Niño National High School were purposively chosen according to their learning abilities and were randomly grouped into two the online synchronous group and asynchronous group. Applying the two group pre test and post test design model, the study utilized a validated test questionnaire along with a validated self made survey questionnaire. Obtained post test achievement results have revealed the positive effect of integrating PhET simulation in online synchronous and asynchronous teaching of Grade 8 Science in distance learning. Furthermore, no significant difference was deduced between the two teaching methods with a P value of .057 which signifies the two teaching methods viability in the teaching of Science integrated with PhET simulation. Moreover, this study concludes that PhET simulation improves the learners’ science process skills as perceived by the learners. The learners’ agreement rate of both groups is high in the statement items in the perceptual questionnaire. Thereby, the study highly recommends the integration of PhET simulation in the teaching of Science to make teaching and learning more engaging, interactive and effective in this era of massive technological advancement. Laurence C. Layson "Integration of Phet Interactive Simulations in Online Synchronous and Asynchronous Teaching of Science: : It’s Impact on Learners’ Science Process Skills" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51801.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/51801/integration-of-phet-interactive-simulations-in-online-synchronous-and-asynchronous-teaching-of-science-: It’s-impact-on-learners’-science-process-skills/laurence-c-layson
A Management Approach of an E-Tutoring Program for High School StudentsIJMIT JOURNAL
The inclusion of e-tutoring programs to support secondary school students is an international practice that is reinforced by both the education policies of the Ministries of Education and the potential of technology. The operation and management of the relevant programs is a challenging process, as the goal is to effectively support students and improve their learning. In the present work, the management approach of an e-tutoring program that operates from the school year 2012-2013 is presented. The approach includes a) the presentation of the processes through which the e-tutoring program is carried out, b) the information systems for monitoring the progress of its operation, such as students’ participation, the duration of their participation, their learning needs, the correlation with their performance and c) the etutors’ training procedures. In addition, practices are emerging that offer a comprehensive monitoring framework, which favors the proper functioning and further development, as well as the increasing participation of students.
A MANAGEMENT APPROACH OF AN E-TUTORING PROGRAM FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSIJMIT JOURNAL
The inclusion of e-tutoring programs to support secondary school students is an international practice that is reinforced by both the education policies of the Ministries of Education and the potential of technology. The operation and management of the relevant programs is a challenging process, as the goal is to effectively support students and improve their learning. In the present work, the management approach of an e-tutoring program that operates from the school year 2012-2013 is presented. The approach includes a) the presentation of the processes through which the e-tutoring program is carried out, b) the information systems for monitoring the progress of its operation, such as students’ participation, the duration of their participation, their learning needs, the correlation with their performance and c) the etutors’ training procedures. In addition, practices are emerging that offer a comprehensive monitoring framework, which favors the proper functioning and further development, as well as the increasing participation of students.
This research is based on the problem of the outbreak of the coronavirus
which has become a global pandemic and a national disaster. The purpose of
this study was to describe the perceptions of lecturers and students on online
learning problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected
with the help of questionnaires. This quantitative descriptive study was
conducted among lectures and students who selectedd randomly. Data
analysis used a Likert scale and the results of perceptions used descriptive
analysis. The results of the study show that the perceptions of lecturers and
students on online learning problems during the pandemic consisted of six
aspects (lecture plans, online lecture activities, online lecture recording and
evaluation, lecture assistance services, and lecture support facilities).
Furthermore, it can be agreed that effective online learning occurs due to the
interaction of students and lecturers as well as technology connected
to education.
This study explored the main barriers to effective integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Harare Secondary School Education. Data were collected using close ended questionnaires. Participatory research was also carried out to familiarize with the changes happening in secondary schools with respect to integration of ICT in education and to find out the challenges being faced. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). The results showed that although teachers are aware of the benefits of using ICTs in education there was still limited use of this pedagogy in classrooms as teachers were facing a number of challenges which acted as barriers to the successful implementation of ICT in education. These include lack of a clear sense of direction on how to use ICT to enhance the learning of students, inadequate resources and support as well as lack of the required technological skills among the teachers. The study recommends that effective planning to counter these barriers before implementation would greatly increase the effectiveness of ICT integration in secondary schools.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Ndihokubwayo et al. / Usability of Electronic Instructional Tools
2 / 10
Then, it extends to investigating teachers' insights on the
use of dynamic methods as well as instructional tools.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Active learning happens when a learner is considered
capable of learning him/herself by being served with all
required instructions by the teacher through hands-on
activities. For instance, according to Alarcon et al. (2010),
active learning incorporates conceptual questions and
hands-on activities to allow learners to apply acquired
concepts into their daily activities as well as understand
the nature. The study done in optics (Ndihokubwayo et
al., 2020), has found that Rwandan students have
misconceptions related to light phenomena such as why
the sky is blue and not violet, why we see things, and
why the sunset or sunrise is red. These misconceptions
take source from teachers who are still prioritizing
passive learning (Byusa et al., 2020), where teachers
present knowledge more than they guide students while
students only listen to teachers and take notes. Thus,
more effective instructional tools and active strategies
are needed.
In their study of the location of schools, Echazarra
and Radinger (2019) reported that students in urban
schools scored 31 points higher than rural schools in the
area of Optics. Optics as a part of physics is one of many
exciting concepts with a lot of natural phenomena
needed to accelerate advanced technologies. Therefore,
useful electronic instructional tools such as YouTube
videos and computer simulations are required to raise
student interest and understanding.
Much of the studies have proven that both
conventional hands-on activities and computer-based
activities raise learning gains (Ekmekci & Gulacar, 2015).
The review of attitude on technological use done by
Njiku et al. (2019) has found that teachers are highly
integrating technology in education, and the liking
construct from students has shown off. During the
photoelectric phenomenon study (Taşlidere, 2015), there
was a learning improvement to students who learned
using simulations than those who did not use them. The
study showed that the students’ learning achievement
significantly increased along the whole cycle of the 5E
instructional model. These simulations also show their
impact on raising not only performance but also
students’ motivation and interest to learn physics
(Civelek et al., 2014). During the use of Computer
simulation (Kibirige & Tsamago, 2019), students were
motivated, and after learning, their achievement and
conceptual understanding were improved and
accelerated, respectively. Similar to simulations,
teaching videos have contributed to learning progress
and raising students’ interest. In the Chou (2017) study,
the 3D video instruction has statistically improved
learning performance across natural sciences. In this
study, students testified that it was fun, exciting, and
interactive to learn through such instruction, and they
were able to master the content.
While the mode of schooling, day and boarding,
affects the performance of students in favor of boarding
schools (Angstone et al., 2015), however, their
investigation was limited in the current literature. In this
regard, we designed this study to investigate the location
and type of school variables after observing various
classes using the Classroom Observation Protocol for
Undergraduate STEM (COPUS). To strengthen this
analysis, we practiced and manipulated computer
simulations and watched YouTube videos with physics
teachers. We observed, recorded, and shared their
behaviors and insights about the workability and
usefulness of these electronic instructional tools in this
study. This study informs the similar classroom practices
and variability among rural and urban schools as well as
day and boarding schools to acquaint policymakers to
take the right action. This study does benefit not only
Rwandan teachers but also motivates other teachers
from the rest of the world to adapt to the electronic
resources in teaching Physics to teach their students
actively.
In this study, we have answered the following
questions:
i. How do the location and types of schools differ
among observed classes?
ii. How do Physics teachers conceive the use of
instructional tools in view to improve the active
learning of optics in Rwandan secondary schools?
Contribution to the literature
• This paper informs about Rwandan teacher flexibility and usability of PhET simulations and YouTube
Videos towards physics classrooms, an area not yet tacked by the existing literature. It shades light into
how the Rwandan classroom looks like and informs the extent to which the new curriculum is being
implemented.
• The present paper discusses how differently teachers from rural schools or working in day schools
alongside those from urban schools or working in boarding schools spend their time teaching physics.
Therefore, it enriches the current literature, which was low in this matter.
• This study stimulates and motivates physics teachers to use PhET simulations and YouTube Videos as
teaching resources. Therefore, it serves as a paramount impact on students as they will be able to learn
with useful teaching resources.
3. EURASIA J Math Sci and Tech Ed
3 / 10
METHODS
We used two approaches—classroom observation
and teachers’ survey—to carry out this research.
Following our research questions, we used COPUS to
answer the first research question and teachers’ survey
to answer the second research question. Smith et al.
(2013) designed COPUS to track students’ and teachers’
activities in a classroom where the data are reordered in
2 minutes time interval and are analyzed in terms of the
percentage of activities done or time spent by both
teachers and students. Using this protocol, we observed
59 lessons from nine teachers during geometric and
physical optics teaching within three months. We have
analyzed the differences between time spent on
classroom activities by teachers and students in rural
and urban schools and day and boarding schools. We
used descriptive statistics (percentages) to quantify the
time spent and inferential statistics (an independent
sample t-test) to weigh the significance of observed time
spent percentages on various activities across our
variables. Since three observations are the minimum and
four observations are ideal, we have only considered
teachers whom we observed at least three times. We
recorded the location of the school (rural or urban) and
type of school (day or boarding) under corresponding
columns (see Table 1). Thus, out of nine observed
teachers, five schools are from rural, while four are from
urban areas, and four schools are day while five are
boarding schools. C1 to C9 symbolizes the number of
classrooms visited or individual teachers. Note that this
should differ from the number of observations as one
class was observed many times.
From 25 students and teacher’s codes (Smith et al.,
2013), we merged them into eight categories as the
COPUS developers suggested (Smith et al., 2014). The
overall observed activities performed by the teacher
were rated at 87.0% of presenting, 83.9% of guiding, 0.3%
of administration, and 1.1% of other (see Table 2). While
observed how students spend time on different
activities, receiving was rated at 49.9%, talking to a class
at 50.6%, working at 26.1%, and others at 1.1%.
The data of classroom observation gave us a room to
conduct a workshop on electronic tools as an
intervention and survey teachers on their intuition about
these tools. Therefore, to answer the second research
question, we employed a questionnaire survey and focus
group discussion. We used teachers’ questionnaire to
reveal the teachers’ awareness and perception about
active learning and instructional tools. In contrast, we
used the focus group discussion to explore and evaluate
teachers’ opinions on the usability of these instructional
tools. Before these surveys, we conducted a full day (9:00
am - 5:00 pm) workshop with physics teachers. We
invited nine teachers, and five were present at the
workshop site. We met them in Kayonza as a middle
place between teachers from an urban and rural area—
depending on our study site, and we met on Saturday to
avoid disturbance of their daily work. We first
distributed a questionnaire asking them if they have ever
heard of or used PhET simulations or YouTube videos,
Table 1. Analysis table
Location of school Type of school
Classroom code Rural Urban Day Boarding Number of observations
C1 0 1 0 1 18
C2 0 1 0 1 6
C3 0 1 0 1 4
C4 0 1 1 0 5
C5 1 0 0 1 6
C6 1 0 1 0 4
C7 1 0 1 0 3
C8 1 0 0 1 8
C9 1 0 1 0 5
Total 5 4 4 5 59
Table 2. Percentage of Teacher and Students’ activities (merged codes)
All Observations Type of School Location of school
Observations Day Boarding Rural Urban
Learners collapsed codes
Receiving 49.9% 39.1% 54.0% 39.6% 57.6%
Talking to Class 50.6% 45.4% 52.6% 45.5% 54.4%
Working 26.1% 33.1% 23.5% 34.8% 19.7%
Other (Lear) 1.1% 0.4% 1.3% 1.4% 0.9%
Teacher collapsed codes
Presenting 87.0% 66.5% 94.8% 74.3% 96.6%
Guiding 83.9% 85.8% 83.2% 82.6% 84.9%
Admin 0.3% 0.8% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3%
Other (Teac) 1.1% 1.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.2%
4. Ndihokubwayo et al. / Usability of Electronic Instructional Tools
4 / 10
which instructional tools they use, and how they
understand active learning. During the workshop, we
used computers and the internet to access to PhET
simulations and YouTube videos. Together with
teachers, we assessed the University of Colorado
Boulder’s website and got PhET simulations. We
selected simulations related to optics such as
photoelectric effect, geometric optics, and bending of
light (https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/bend
ing-light), played, installed java, and downloaded them.
We let teachers manipulate simulations with possible
details and adjustments. We visited the YouTube
website, browsed some videos related to light
phenomena (https://youtu.be/_Yli-yvNy-k),
downloaded, and watched them. After showing and
manipulating how to use PhET Simulations and
YouTube Videos in physics class, we then conducted the
focus group discussion with teachers, where we asked
them how they view the effectiveness of these electronic
tools as well as their perceptions about their usability. To
analyze data, we used both thematic and narrative
analysis (Orodho et al., 2016), excellent and quick
methods for analyzing a verbal communication of an
interview, and a transcript of a qualitative-based
questionnaire and a focus group discussion. We then
presented the data in the form of descriptive and direct
quotes. We gave specific codes to each teacher who
responded to ensure his/her anonymity. For instance,
2UD is the teacher from school two, which is urban (U)
and day (D) school, while 5RB is the teacher from school
five, a rural (R), and boarding (B) school.
RESULTS
Observed Teacher and Students Time Spent on
Activities Alongside the Type and Location of the
School
The type of school shows a big difference between a
teacher and student activities time spent (Figure 1).
Specifically, using an independent sample t-test, this
difference was statistically different in presenting and
receiving information (at p<.05). For instance, while
learners were observed receiving information by
listening to the teacher (54.0% of a 2-minutes interval),
teachers in boarding schools were found using the
lecture method, writing on the board, and
demonstrating graphically (as the presenting takes
94.8% of a 2-minutes interval) during teaching than their
colleagues in day schools. Counter wise, teachers in day
schools guided learners (85.8% of 2-minutes time
interval) than teachers at boarding schools do. Besides,
students at boarding schools were encouraged to ask
questions (as talking to class took 52.6% of 2-minutes
time interval). However, students at day schools were
given more tasks to do (33.1% of 2-minutes time interval)
than students at boarding schools (23.5% of 2-minutes
time interval).
In the location of schools, we also found differences
among observed classes (Figure 2). However, an
independent sample t-test (at p<.05) shows that this
difference was only statistically different during teacher
presenting information, and leaners working on
assigned tasks and receiving information from the
teacher. For instance, presenting (on the side of teacher)
takes 96.6% and 74.3% of 2-minutes time interval in
Figure 1. Percent of time intervals graph: Teacher and learners time spent in comparison to the type of school
5. EURASIA J Math Sci and Tech Ed
5 / 10
urban and day school, respectively, while receiving (on
the side of learners) takes 57.6% and 39.6% of 2-minutes
time interval in urban and day school, respectively.
These results show that lecturing and passive leaning are
more observed in urban schools. However, students at
urban schools are guided (84.9% of 2-minutes time
interval) and given time to talk to class (54.4% of 2-
minutes time interval) than their colleagues in rural
schools. In contrast, although teachers in urban schools
spend time guiding, their learners show a little time
(19.7% of 2-minutes time interval) spent on working on
assigned tasks.
Surveyed Teachers on the Use of Instructional Tools
in View to Improve the Active Learning
Due to the use of instructional tools to improve active
learning, we have categorized teachers’ views in six
categories. These are (i) teachers’ conception of active
learning, (ii) teachers’ awareness of PhET simulations
and YouTube videos, (iii) teachers’ usability of PhET
simulations and YouTube videos, (iv) teachers’
conception of the role of instructional tools on the
students’ learning, (v) teachers’ level of use of various
instructional tools, and (vi) teachers’ views on the
usability of PhET simulations and YouTube videos after
the workshop.
Teachers’ conception of active learning
In the questionnaire we provided, we asked teachers
to describe what active learning is. Teachers gave
various explanations in different formats. Some teachers
defined it; others outlined elements they think active
learning may comprise, while others talked about its
advantages and disadvantages. For instance, one teacher
(5RB) defined active learning as “a method where
students participate in their learning and teacher helps
them to discover the new and add more starting from
what they already know.” Teacher 4UD outlined, “active
learning comprises library research, laboratory
experiment, and researching by the internet.” Teacher
6RD said, “active learning is the best for me, but it
depends on the areas the learners stay. The learners
come to school without school materials such as
notebooks, mathematical sets, and calculators, it is bad
behavior, and this makes them not participating fully in
their learning process. The core problem is that they are
poor in the English language.”
Teachers’ awareness of PhET simulations and YouTube
videos
When asked teachers what they know about
computer simulation and YouTube videos, they seem
not to distinguish them. In other words, except one
teacher who said he uses computer simulations and one
uses YouTube videos, others were not aware of these
instructional tools and tended to confuse them. For
instance, for the one who said he knows and uses
computer simulations (2UD), he well defined them as “a
program, a tool representing something that cannot be
seen in real life, an example of a black hole.” This teacher
does not mention that also simple observation may be
observed through computer simulation and went far,
giving an example of a problematic object for
Figure 2. Percent of time intervals graph: Teacher and learners time spent in comparison to the location of the
school
6. Ndihokubwayo et al. / Usability of Electronic Instructional Tools
6 / 10
observation. However, as long as he said it is a program,
he knows the meaning of computer simulation.
Contrary, among the teachers who do not use computer
simulations, apart from those who wrote that they do not
know or never used them, one teacher 6RB wrote a
definition of active learning.
“Active learning is a method used by showing a
video of a given lesson to the students where the teacher
shows learners experiment or another working
principle.” Although the teacher describes how and for
what should be done; however, simulation should be
manipulated as hands-on and not just as watching a
YouTube video, YouTube can be self-played. The teacher
continues to define a YouTube video as “a method where
the students and teacher look at a given video to
understand the uses of a given object.” The teacher
explains one of the purposes of the YouTube videos;
however, he does not mention its source as we may have
different sources of the videos. The teacher 6RD said
from where they watch YouTube videos. “I know it, this
is a type of instructional tool by using computer room,
but I do not use it frequently in teaching and learning
processes,” he said. The teacher, 2UD, who uses
computer simulation, also clarified the difference
between computer simulation and YouTube videos.
“Colleagues record videos and share them with
YouTube; an example is to present how refrigerator
work, and this is not a software program; rather, it is a
video.”
Teachers’ usability of PhET simulations and YouTube
videos
In terms of how they may use computer simulations
and YouTube videos, two teachers displayed different
views. Teacher 5RB said (a case of computer simulation),
“having a given a video on my computer, I use a
projector to show the learners how things work and the
working principles of given devices.” In the case of
YouTube videos, he continues to say, “I take the learners
in a computer lab, and they search video from YouTube
to understand the uses of something.” This teacher
quietly confuses simulation and a video. Teacher 2UD
said, “to use computer simulation; you have to first
install a program according to the topic needed while for
YouTube videos, you can play it directly when you are
online or download the video and then play it later.”
Teachers’ conception of the role of instructional tools
on the students’ learning
After getting teachers’ awareness about the
instructional tools, we asked them how these tools could
improve their students’ learning. Their views met on
active learning. While teacher 2UD said that computer
simulation helps the teacher to display abstract concepts
and makes life easy, teacher 7RB noted that it allows
learners to relate the content with real-life applications.
Similarly, while teacher 4UD said that YouTube videos
might help students better understand as they see well
what is taught and never forget what they watched,
teacher 6RD said that students love such trending
technology.
Teachers’ level of use of various instructional tools
We finally requested them to rate the usability of the
various instructional tools in their teaching activity
(Table 3).
From Table 3, we can see that textbooks are the most
instructional tools used by most of the teachers (66%),
while computer’ simulated instructional tools are the
least used by teachers (20%). Most of the teachers who
said they do not know a particular instructional tool;
they also do not use it; however, some of them know
them but do not use them. For instance, teacher 2UD was
aware of drawing and charts, but he does not use them.
Teachers’ views on the usability of PhET simulations
and YouTube videos after the workshop
In the group discussion conducted in the workshop
on the use of PhET simulations and YouTube videos,
teachers displayed their feelings about how useful and
functional the PhET simulations and YouTube videos
are. They also revealed how they might be during their
Table 3. Instructional tools awareness and usage
s/n Instructional tools I know it (Yes or No) I use it (%) Average
(%)
Teacher code Teacher code
2UD 4UD 5RB 6RD 7RB 2UD 4UD 5RB 6RD 7RB
1 Conventional laboratory Yes No Yes Yes Yes 30 0 10 50 70 32
2 Improvised laboratory Yes No Yes Yes Yes 5 0 20 50 80 31
3 Computer simulation Yes No Yes Yes No 10 0 40 50 0 20
4 YouTube videos Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 20 10 60 50 60 40
5 Google sites Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10 30 70 50 50 42
6 Textbooks Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 40 50 60 80 66
7 Drawing Yes Yes Yes No Yes 0 40 90 0 0 26
8 Charts Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 0 10 80 40 70 40
9 Other …………………. - - - - - - - - - - -
Yes 8 6 9 7 8
No 0 4 1 3 2
7. EURASIA J Math Sci and Tech Ed
7 / 10
daily teaching activity as well as helpful to their learners’
learning. We mainly manipulated and discussed
bending light, color vision, geometric optics,
photoelectric, wave interference, and radio wave
simulations. For instance, the bending light simulation
shows how light travels straightforward in a less dense
medium like air and bends toward the normal in a
denser medium such as water. In this simulation, the
refractive index of media is changeable, and various
shapes such as rectangle, triangle, or prism glasses are
provided so that the light spectrum can be even
analyzed. The geometric optics shows how a thin lens
forms the image of an object. From this simulation,
aperture, lens medium, and the position of the object can
be adjusted, allowing the analysis of different properties
of the produced image.
After watching and manipulating the PhET
simulations, we asked teachers about the easiness and
usability of PhET simulations; teachers appreciated them
and decided to use them in the future. Teacher 6RD said,
“these are amazing tools that can help learners well
understand the content, I will use them in my class from
coming Monday. I have seen that, as long as we have a
computer, nothing else is needed”. Teacher 5RB said, “I
personally never saw and used these simulations, I only
use YouTube videos, so these are excellent instructional
tools to use and make students well understand what we
teach. For instance, this helps the learner to match the
formulae he/she learned and take a look at the
simulated charts. If we say we will change the refractive
index, he/she just observes the change and match it with
the formula he/she learned, so this is connecting
observation with the theory. About their usability and
manipulation, this is very easy for a person who uses a
computer”. Teacher 2UD said, “For me, there are no
many difficulties of using them since I always use these
computer programs. About improving the learners’
learning, of course, there is a big difference. Since
simulation provides an audio-visual way of
demonstration, it makes learners love and master the
content.”
For a case of YouTube videos, most responded
teachers know them and how to get them, although few
of them use these videos in their teaching activities.
Teacher 4UD said, “YouTube videos are without a doubt
helpful for students’ advancement of understanding
what we teach them and motivate their activeness to stay
and focus as well as master the content. If we teachers
take the initiative to download videos from YouTube
websites related to what we daily teach and show to
students, we can reach our instructional objective
without putting much effort.” Teachers were excited to
see how the PhET simulations and YouTube videos can
help them teach their class. The future focus maybe
would be training them how learners should involve in
manipulating these PhET simulations and should be
given room for seeking themselves YouTube videos
related to what teachers taught or want to show before
or after class, respectively.
DISCUSSION
In this study, we investigated how the Rwandan
physics classroom looks like from different perspectives.
We revealed the awareness of teachers and the easy use
of these instructional tools. Although we have too few
observations to generalize our findings, we do see
differences between our selected variables. We noticed
that there is a difference between teachers from rural and
urban schools and between day and boarding schools,
depending on how they spend time on classroom
practices. Teachers from day schools used low
presenting category. They also engaged and guided their
students than teachers from boarding schools did.
Teachers from rural schools used low presenting
category. However, they did not guide their students as
much as their fellow teachers from urban schools do. In
terms of questioning, learners in urban schools had more
questions to ask compared to learners from rural schools
during our classroom observation. This diversity is
caused by the fact that learners from urban areas
experience many things than learners from a rural area
where most of them do not have radios, television, do
not meet with many people, and do not have evening
coaching.
In their study of self-efficacy towards career choice,
Halim et al. (2018) have found that students in boarding
schools developed high self-efficacy and were more
interested in pursuing a STEM-related career compared
to their colleagues in public schools. They found that the
learning opportunities available are the core reasons.
Despite the type of schools, a study conducted in
Romania (Istrate et al., 2006) also found that there were
differences in learning, depending on where students are
originated. However, the authors’ findings were quite
different from our results. They found that the
differences between rural and non-rural schools during
the performance of trends in international mathematics
and science study are due to social-economical related
issues and teachers’ degree of achievement in executing
the school curriculum. Our study showed that it
depends on the teacher’s instructional strategies. If the
schools in rural areas are not equipped with enough and
quality resources, the future career choice will be
affected due to losing interest in studying science and
learning habits.
On the contrary, in their study checking the influence
of school location on learners’ physics achievement,
Achor (2003) found no effect from rural or urban schools
associated with physics performance. It shows that when
teachers use practical teaching tools and strategies,
learners will learn on the same level whether they locate
in rural or urban areas. Therefore, it motivates teachers
to mind on their teaching and avoids being affected by
8. Ndihokubwayo et al. / Usability of Electronic Instructional Tools
8 / 10
the location of their work. Ramnarain (2015) showed that
there is a need to focus on students from rural areas
because most of them are still learning without much
practical work, and the linkage between the building of
scientific knowledge and practical work was low. Thus,
this shows the reputation of hands-on activities, either
regular or technology-related activities, as appreciated
by teachers in this study.
Teachers appreciated the easy use of electronic tools
and decided to use them in their teaching activity in
addition to other means such as textbooks. They realized
their potential towards enhancing active learning and
engaging students, mainly in the optics unit. In the study
of guided inquiry laboratory with embedded video,
Afriani and Agustin (2019), during learning optics and
light, found that students were motivated to learn and
understood after being exposed to videos. Computer
simulations are essential in improving students’
performance and motivate students to like physics. They
encourage them to involve in the experiment, make the
teaching more attractive, and enhance the learning self-
sufficiency (Civelek et al., 2014). They can raise students’
conceptual understanding and prompt valid scientific
reasoning (Abdullah & Shariff, 2008). PhET simulations
affect the performance of students and feelings
(Mckagan et al., 2008) and allow learners to explore the
challenging content to experiment with real apparatus
(Wieman, Adams, et al., 2013). However, they require
considerable teacher’s guidance to be active and usable.
Perkins et al. (2016) examined the use of PhET
simulations in both College and high school classrooms
in the United States and found they were effective,
similar use in both new and experienced teachers but
different in their instructional approaches.
Similarly, in the present study, we found that
Rwandan physics teachers believe that electronic
instructional tools are useful, and their usability among
teachers was quite the same. Although teachers are
expected skillful in and technological, pedagogical, and
content knowledge models of instruction and
implementers of these skills in their teaching (Jones &
Cuthrell, 2011), however, Rwandan teachers were found
not yet using them. A case is where we found teachers
claiming that they did not know about computer
simulations and have never used them as well as
YouTube videos in their teaching activity. Since the
YouTube tool is free to access, teachers should allow
learners to learn physics on YouTube. They just need an
internet connection (Ruiz, 2009) and watch them for free.
Amador et al. (2020) have outlined the characteristics of
the video to be used. Teachers should select videos that
have more complexity but clear, simple, and able to
trigger the students’ misconceptions.
CONCLUSION
In this study, we were interested in finding out how
teacher and learners spend their time in physics class
and how Physics teachers conceive the use of electronic
tools in view to improve the active learning of optics.
Presenting and receiving information were prominent in
boarding and urban schools than a day and rural
schools. However, these variabilities among teachers
observed during classroom teaching and learning were
not observed during teachers’ views after the workshop.
Physics teachers did never know about Colorado
University Boulder interactive Physics Education
Technology simulations and did not dare to exploit
YouTube resources. However, after the workshop, all of
them were excited and believed that these PhET and
YouTube instructional tools can, no doubt, improve their
students’ learning. We therefore highly recommend
teachers to exploit these free resources to encourage and
excite their students while they conceptually understand
various physics concepts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the teachers and
students who willingly accepted to participate in this
study and recognize their effort and perseverance
during our data collection.
FUNDING
This research has been fully funded by the African
Centre of Excellence for Innovative Teaching and
Learning Mathematics and Science (ACEITLMS).
REFERENCES
Abdullah, S., & Shariff, A. (2008). The effects of inquiry-
based computer simulation with cooperative
learning on scientific thinking and conceptual
understanding of gas laws. Eurasia Journal of
Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 4(4),
387-398. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/75365
Achor, E. E. (2003). Influence of School Location and
Type on the Physics Achievement of Senior
Secondary School Students. Journal of the National
Association for Science, Humanities & Education
Research, 1(1), 11-16. http://ssrn.com/abstract=
2709973
Afriani, T., & Agustin, R. R. (2019). The Effect of Guided
Inquiry Laboratory Activity with Video Embedded
on Students’ Understanding and Motivation in
Learning Light and Optics. Journal of Science
Learning, 2(3), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.17509/
jsl.v2i3.15144
Alarcon, M., Lakhdar, B. Z., Culaba, I., Lahmar, S.,
Lakshminarayanan, V., Mazzolini, A. P.,
Maquiling, J., & Niemela, J. (2010). Active learning
9. EURASIA J Math Sci and Tech Ed
9 / 10
in optics and photonics (ALOP): A model for
teacher training and professional development. In
Optics Education and Outreach (Vol. 7783, p. 778303).
International Society for Optics and Photonics.
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.860708
Amador, J. M., Keehr, J., Wallin, A., & Chilton, C. (2020).
Video complexity: Describing videos used for
teacher learning. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics,
Science and Technology Education, 16(4), 1-22.
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/113288
Angstone, N., Mlangeni, J. T., & Chiotha, S. S. (2015).
Why Rural Community Day Secondary Schools
students’ performance in Physical Science
examinations is poor in Lilongwe Rural West
Education District in Malawi. Educational Research
and Reviews, 10(3), 290-299. https://doi.org/
10.5897/ERR2014.1995
Byusa, E., Kampire, E., & Mwesigye, A. R. (2020).
Analysis of Teaching Techniques and Scheme of
Work in Teaching Chemistry in Rwandan
Secondary Schools. EURASIA Journal of
Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(6),
1-9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29333/
ejmste/7833
Chou, C. C. (2017). An analysis of the 3D video and
interactive response approach effects on the
remedial science teaching for fourth-grade
underachieving students. Eurasia Journal of
Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(4),
1059-1073.
https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00658a
Civelek, T., Ucar, E., Ustunel, H., & Aydin, M. K. (2014).
Effects of an augmented haptic simulation on K-12
students’ achievement and their attitudes towards
physics. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and
Technology Education, 10(6), 565-574.
https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2014.1122a
Echazarra, A., & Radinger, T. (2019). “Does attending a
rural school make a difference in how and what you
learn?” In PISA in Focus, No 94, OECD Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1787/d076ecc3-en
Ekmekci, A., & Gulacar, O. (2015). A case study for
comparing the effectiveness of computer
simulation and a hands-on activity on learning
electric circuits. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics,
Science and Technology Education, 11(4), 765-775.
https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2015.1438a
Halim, L., Rahman, N. A., Ramli, N. A. M., & Mohtar, L.
E. (2018). Influence of students’ STEM self-efficacy
on STEM and physics career choice. AIP Conference
Proceedings, 1923(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1063
/1.5019490
Istrate, O., Noveanu, G., & Smith, T. M. (2006). Exploring
sources of variation in Romanian science
achievement. Prospects, 36(4), 475-496.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-006-9006-6
Jones, T., & Cuthrell, K. (2011). Computers in the Schools
YouTube: Educational Potentials and Pitfalls.
Computers in the Schools, 28(1), 37-41.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2011.553149
Kibirige, I., & Tsamago, H. E. (2019). Grade 10 learners’
science conceptual development using computer
simulations. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science
and Technology Education, 15(7), 1-17.
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/106057
Mckagan, S. B., Perkins, K. K., Dubson, M., Malley, C.,
Reid, S., Lemaster, R., & Wieman, C. E. (2008).
Developing and researching PhET simulations for
teaching quantum mechanics. American Journal of
Physics, 76(4&5), 406-4017. https://doi.org/
10.1119/1.2885199
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. (2018). Rwanda
Statistical YearBook. The Republic of Rwanda.
https://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/statist
ical-yearbook-2018
Ndihokubwayo, K., Uwamahoro, J., Ndayambaje, I., &
Ralph, M. (2020). Light phenomena conceptual
assessment: an inventory tool for teachers. Physics
Education, 55(3), 035009. https://doi.org/10.1088/
1361-6552/ab6f20
Njiku, J., Maniraho, F., & Mutarutinya, V. (2019).
Understanding teachers’ attitudes towards
computer technology integration in education: A
review of the literature. Education and Information
Technologies, 24(5), 3041-3052. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10639-019-09917-z
Orodho, A., Nzabarirwa, W., Odundo, P., Waweru, P.
N., & Ndayambaje, I. (2016). Quantitative and
Qualitative Research Methods. A Step by Step Guide to
Scholarly Excellence. Kanezja Publishers &
Entreprises.
Perkins, K. K., Moore, E. B., & Chasteen, S. V. (2016).
Examining the Use of PhET Interactive Simulations
in US College and High School Classrooms.
Proceedings of the 2014 Physics Education Research
Conference (Minneapolis, MN, USA (Pp. 207-210).
https://doi.org/10.1119/perc.2014.pr.048
Ramnarain, U. (2015). Connecting the hands-on to the
minds-on: A video case analysis of South African
physical sciences lessons for student thinking.
Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and
Technology Education, 11(5), 1151-1163.
https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2015.1391a
Ruiz, M. J. (2009). Kinematic Measurements from
YouTube Videos. The Physics Teacher, 47(200), 200-
203. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.3098201
Rwanda Ministry of Education. (2013). Republic of
Rwanda Education Sector Strategic Plan 2013/14 -
2017/18. Kigali, Rwanda. https://planipolis.iiep.
10. Ndihokubwayo et al. / Usability of Electronic Instructional Tools
10 / 10
unesco.org/en/2013/education-sector-strategic-
plan-201314-201718-5932
Smith, M. K., Jones, F. H. M., Gilbert, S. L., & Wieman, C.
E. (2013). The Classroom Observation Protocol for
Undergraduate STEM (COPUS): A New
Instrument to Characterize University STEM
Classroom Practices. CBE—Life Sciences Education,
12, 618-627. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.13-08-
0154
Smith, M. K., Vinson, E. L., Smith, J. A., Lewin, J. D., &
Stetzer, M. R. (2014). A campus-wide study of
STEM courses: New perspectives on teaching
practices and perceptions. CBE Life Sciences
Education, 13(4), 624-635. https://doi.org/10.1187/
cbe.14-06-0108
Taşlidere, E. (2015). A study investigating the effect of
treatment developed by integrating the 5E and
simulation on pre-service science teachers’
achievement in the photoelectric effect. Eurasia
Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology
Education, 11(4), 777-792. https://doi.org/10.12973
/eurasia.2015.1367a
Wieman, C. E., Adams, W. K., Loeblein, P., & Perkins, K.
K. (2013). Teaching Physics Using PhET
Simulations. The Physics Teacher, 48(4), 225-227.
https://doi.org/10.1119/1.3361987
http://www.ejmste.com