This document summarizes a research article about a teacher bringing about meaningful educational change in a diverse classroom.
The summary is as follows:
1) The study examines how a teacher's beliefs cohere with their classroom practices and how they respond to diversity, tracing their educational change over an academic year through interviews and observations.
2) It finds that the teacher's professed beliefs aligned well with their practices and played a significant role in how they addressed diversity.
3) For educational change attempts to succeed, teachers must find meaning in what should change and how to implement changes, yet there is little guidance on strategies for changing teachers' beliefs about diversity in the South African context.
4) The research
Application and evaluation of differentiation instruction in mixed ability cl...Khajista Sheikh
This document summarizes research on differentiation instruction in mixed ability primary school classrooms in Cyprus. Fourteen teachers received training on differentiation and applied it in their Greek language classrooms over a school year. The research aims to evaluate the effects on academic achievement, competency development, and students' self-image. Differentiation individualizes instruction based on students' readiness, interests, and learning profiles. It modifies content, teaching processes, products, environment, and assessments. Effective differentiation requires deep understanding of theory and student needs. It facilitates knowledge construction for all students and maximizes their learning opportunities.
THESIS 2:Ex A Qualitative Analysis of distributed Leadership and Teacher Pers...Azreen5520
This study aimed to analyze teachers' perceptions of principal practices that influence distributed leadership in schools. The researcher conducted a qualitative study using an online questionnaire and focus groups with 57 middle school teachers. The study sought to identify principal practices that positively or negatively impact distributed leadership according to teachers. It also examined teachers' views on the benefits and drawbacks of distributed leadership. The findings provide insights for principals on how to foster distributed leadership models in schools to improve teaching and learning.
National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal 27(1&2) 2014, Sandra C...William Kritsonis
The document summarizes a study examining considerations that administrators tend to forget when facilitating inclusive practices among general and special education teachers. Key findings include:
1) Administrators need cultural sensitivity training and to provide time for teachers to build co-teaching relationships and collaborative planning.
2) Participants identified a lack of administrative support as a barrier to effective inclusion.
3) The study aimed to inform administrator preparation on supporting special education inclusion.
TPRE Call for Articles for Special Issue on Co-TeachingLiz Fogarty
This document announces a call for manuscripts for a special issue of Theory & Practice in Rural Education on co-teaching in rural contexts. Co-teaching involves two teachers sharing responsibilities in a classroom and has been used to support students with special needs and teacher candidates. While research has found benefits of co-teaching for teachers and students, challenges remain regarding implementation and training. This special issue aims to explore co-teaching partnerships between universities and rural schools, models of co-teaching, and its impacts on students and teachers in rural areas. Submissions are due by May 17, 2019.
Teach_Tomorrow_in_Oakland_recruiting_andD. A. Dabner
Teach Tomorrow in Oakland (TTO) is a partnership between the Mayor's office and Oakland Unified School District aimed at recruiting and retaining local, culturally diverse teachers. Now in its sixth year, TTO uses strategies like a cohort model and monthly meetings to support teachers and boost retention rates. The presentation will share data on TTO's recruitment and retention efforts over six years, highlight strategies for supporting diverse teachers, and discuss challenges of implementing best practices district-wide.
Research on professional development in inclusive educationAlfredo Artiles
This article reviews research on professional development (PD) for inclusive education between 2000-2009. The review aimed to answer three questions: 1) How is inclusive education defined in the PD literature? 2) How is PD for inclusive education studied? 3) How is teacher learning examined in the PD research? The review found that most studies utilized a unitary view of difference/exclusion and that teacher learning was undertheorized. The authors recommend an intersectional approach to understand difference/exclusion and examining boundary practices to study teacher learning for inclusive education.
This document is a chapter from a research thesis that examines teachers' understandings of teacher professionalism and teacher leadership in New Zealand primary schools. It provides background on how expectations of teachers have changed internationally with the rise of the knowledge society. In New Zealand, education reforms in the 1990s challenged the professionalism of teachers. The study aims to understand how teachers view the concepts of professionalism and leadership in relation to their work through qualitative interviews. The literature review in Chapter 2 will analyze facets of school culture that support professionalism and teacher leadership. Subsequent chapters will outline the research methodology and findings, and discuss the implications in the context of the literature.
Application and evaluation of differentiation instruction in mixed ability cl...Khajista Sheikh
This document summarizes research on differentiation instruction in mixed ability primary school classrooms in Cyprus. Fourteen teachers received training on differentiation and applied it in their Greek language classrooms over a school year. The research aims to evaluate the effects on academic achievement, competency development, and students' self-image. Differentiation individualizes instruction based on students' readiness, interests, and learning profiles. It modifies content, teaching processes, products, environment, and assessments. Effective differentiation requires deep understanding of theory and student needs. It facilitates knowledge construction for all students and maximizes their learning opportunities.
THESIS 2:Ex A Qualitative Analysis of distributed Leadership and Teacher Pers...Azreen5520
This study aimed to analyze teachers' perceptions of principal practices that influence distributed leadership in schools. The researcher conducted a qualitative study using an online questionnaire and focus groups with 57 middle school teachers. The study sought to identify principal practices that positively or negatively impact distributed leadership according to teachers. It also examined teachers' views on the benefits and drawbacks of distributed leadership. The findings provide insights for principals on how to foster distributed leadership models in schools to improve teaching and learning.
National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal 27(1&2) 2014, Sandra C...William Kritsonis
The document summarizes a study examining considerations that administrators tend to forget when facilitating inclusive practices among general and special education teachers. Key findings include:
1) Administrators need cultural sensitivity training and to provide time for teachers to build co-teaching relationships and collaborative planning.
2) Participants identified a lack of administrative support as a barrier to effective inclusion.
3) The study aimed to inform administrator preparation on supporting special education inclusion.
TPRE Call for Articles for Special Issue on Co-TeachingLiz Fogarty
This document announces a call for manuscripts for a special issue of Theory & Practice in Rural Education on co-teaching in rural contexts. Co-teaching involves two teachers sharing responsibilities in a classroom and has been used to support students with special needs and teacher candidates. While research has found benefits of co-teaching for teachers and students, challenges remain regarding implementation and training. This special issue aims to explore co-teaching partnerships between universities and rural schools, models of co-teaching, and its impacts on students and teachers in rural areas. Submissions are due by May 17, 2019.
Teach_Tomorrow_in_Oakland_recruiting_andD. A. Dabner
Teach Tomorrow in Oakland (TTO) is a partnership between the Mayor's office and Oakland Unified School District aimed at recruiting and retaining local, culturally diverse teachers. Now in its sixth year, TTO uses strategies like a cohort model and monthly meetings to support teachers and boost retention rates. The presentation will share data on TTO's recruitment and retention efforts over six years, highlight strategies for supporting diverse teachers, and discuss challenges of implementing best practices district-wide.
Research on professional development in inclusive educationAlfredo Artiles
This article reviews research on professional development (PD) for inclusive education between 2000-2009. The review aimed to answer three questions: 1) How is inclusive education defined in the PD literature? 2) How is PD for inclusive education studied? 3) How is teacher learning examined in the PD research? The review found that most studies utilized a unitary view of difference/exclusion and that teacher learning was undertheorized. The authors recommend an intersectional approach to understand difference/exclusion and examining boundary practices to study teacher learning for inclusive education.
This document is a chapter from a research thesis that examines teachers' understandings of teacher professionalism and teacher leadership in New Zealand primary schools. It provides background on how expectations of teachers have changed internationally with the rise of the knowledge society. In New Zealand, education reforms in the 1990s challenged the professionalism of teachers. The study aims to understand how teachers view the concepts of professionalism and leadership in relation to their work through qualitative interviews. The literature review in Chapter 2 will analyze facets of school culture that support professionalism and teacher leadership. Subsequent chapters will outline the research methodology and findings, and discuss the implications in the context of the literature.
A comparative study of principals’ administrative effectiveness in public and...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the administrative effectiveness of principals in public and private secondary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study found a moderate level of administrative effectiveness in public schools, while private schools demonstrated a high level of effectiveness. Specifically, teachers' job performance and students' discipline were higher in private schools compared to public schools. The study also found a significant difference in administrative effectiveness between public and private secondary schools. It recommends that principals in public schools improve their administrative strategies to enhance students' discipline.
This document summarizes two studies that investigated students' perspectives on teaching, learning, and their schools. The studies used interviews and observations to understand students' views within the socio-political contexts of their schools. Key findings included:
- Students were aware of power dynamics and conflicting discourses in their schools.
- Listening to student voices can provide insights into classroom practices and help students feel invested in their education.
- While student consultation exists, critical voices may be constrained, and "student voice" does not represent a single perspective.
- Schools aim to shape students into citizens but also face pressures of performative accountability policies.
This article discusses two major challenges facing public schools: teacher quality and student achievement. It notes that the No Child Left Behind Act has increased pressures around these issues. Specifically, it points out that teacher shortages exist in certain subject areas, especially in urban and rural schools serving low-income students. It also discusses the rise of alternative certification programs to help address these shortages. The article concludes that teacher quality and student achievement are crucial issues that will be profoundly impacted by the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act.
Resource management strategies and learners academic performance in national ...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses resource management strategies and their relationship to student academic performance on national examinations in primary schools in Makindu District, Kenya.
- It finds that resources were generally well-managed using various strategies and that effective resource management positively correlated with better student exam results.
- The study recommends that school managers involve teachers and students more in decision-making around resource management strategies to further enhance academic performance.
This document discusses learning difficulties, their causes, and achieving positive outcomes for diverse students. It covers several key points:
1. Learning difficulties can stem from deficits within students themselves or from inappropriate teaching practices and school structures. An ecological approach that considers all factors is most inclusive and successful.
2. Diversity encompasses many attributes beyond just ethnicity, including ability, religion, gender, and language. It rejects the notion of a "normal" group and others.
3. Educational disparities exist for Māori students in areas like achievement and suspensions. Reasons include deficit views of Māori students and low teacher expectations. Shifting mindsets and practices can help realize students' potential.
This document discusses learning difficulties, their causes, and achieving positive outcomes for diverse students. It covers several key points:
1. Learning difficulties can stem from deficits within students themselves or from inappropriate teaching practices and school structures. An ecological approach that considers all factors is most inclusive and successful.
2. Diversity encompasses many attributes beyond just ethnicity, including ability, religion, gender, and language. It rejects the notion of a "normal" group and others.
3. Educational disparities exist for Māori students in areas like achievement and suspensions. Reasons include deficit views of Māori students and low teacher expectations. Shifting mindsets from problems to potential can help realize student success.
This document describes a study that implemented a Praise Note system to improve student behavior in an elementary school lunchroom. The intervention taught appropriate lunchroom behaviors, provided practice opportunities, and rewarded students with praise notes for behaving well. Data showed significant decreases in inappropriate behaviors like littering (96% decrease), improper sitting (64% decrease), and running (75% decrease). The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using differential reinforcement through a praise note system to modify student behavior in common areas of schools. It also provides guidance to help implement similar behavior management programs grounded in evidence-based strategies.
The study assessed factors hindering academic performance of grade 9 students at Wenceslao Trinidad National High School. A questionnaire was administered to 50 students to determine if student-related factors (intelligence, study habits, motivation) or teacher-related factors (personality, teaching skills) had a greater effect. The results showed student-related factors had a greater impact, with averages of 68.4% for intelligence, 57.2% for study habits, and 72% for motivation. Teacher-related factors received higher averages, but student factors were determined to hinder academic performance more.
The document discusses perceptions of primary school staff and parents regarding inclusion of children with special educational needs. It provides context on Ireland's policy of inclusion and the role of special needs assistants in supporting children's academic and personal needs. The summary discusses:
1) The relationship between teachers and special needs assistants is important for children's success, but studies show this relationship is sometimes lacking in communication and respect.
2) Teachers' attitudes towards inclusion can impact children's development, as some teachers are unwilling to modify their teaching for individual needs.
3) For inclusion to be effective, teachers and assistants must work collaboratively on lesson planning and use tools like IEPs, though inconsistent implementation is a challenge.
This document discusses the challenges that teachers face in an increasingly diverse classroom environment. It emphasizes that students may differ in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, economic status, language, and family background. To provide equal opportunities to all students, teachers must make curricular and instructional modifications, use different teaching styles, and re-examine their own beliefs and perceptions. The goals of multicultural education are to develop a just society, improve academic achievement for all students, and provide cultural competency. Teachers are encouraged to learn about students' diverse backgrounds and avoid stereotyping. Educational trends discussed include standards-based reform, inclusion of students with disabilities, and addressing linguistic diversity. Approaches like differentiated instruction, universal design for learning, and
The Influence Of Gender On The Attitude Of Teachers Towards Outlawing Of Corp...iosrjce
The abolishment of corporal punishment without finding effective alternative methods of managing
behavior in pupils has led to indiscipline and conflicts in primary schools in Kenya. The study sought to
establish whether there is any influence of gender on the attitude of teachers towards outlawing of corporal
punishment in primary schools in Nandi North District. The population of the study comprised of primary
school teachers in Nandi North district. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population
was 713 teachers, however, the sample size was 217 teachers selected through stratified sample random
sampling techniques whereby schools were grouped according to their various characteristics and participating
schools picked randomly by lottery method to ensure equal chances of participation with the selected schools.
Data was collected by use of closed-ended questionnaire and interview schedules. Data was then analyzed by
use of frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used
to test whether there is an influence of teachers’ gender, on attitudes towards the outlawing of corporal
punishment in Nandi North district primary schools. Results of the study showed gender had significant
influence on teachers’ attitudes towards outlawing of corporal punishment in schools. In view of the findings,
the study recommends a need to create awareness on alternative methods to corporal punishment and also the
overall effects of corporal punishment on the child.
This research studied the effects of differentiating instruction into flexible subgroups based on student needs and implementing explicit teaching of writing skills. 197 elementary students in Canada participated, including many with learning difficulties. Teachers formed temporary subgroups that met weekly, and taught writing skills explicitly through modeling, guided practice, and independent practice. Results showed significant improvement in students' writing abilities, especially for those with learning difficulties. The dialogue between teachers and researchers was key to the success of differentiated instruction and explicit teaching.
Curriculum implementation in religious education in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses curriculum implementation in religious education in Nigeria. It begins by defining curriculum as a guiding program for teaching and learning that outlines what is taught, how it is taught, and to whom. While curriculum construction is important, effective implementation is key. The paper examines factors that enhance and hinder curriculum implementation in religious education, which requires special attention compared to other subjects. It also discusses the important role of teachers in the implementation process. Recommendations are made to improve curriculum implementation in religious education.
Modular approach in teaching has been a buzzword in our educational system. This paper ascertained the effectiveness of Modular Teaching Approach in teaching Grade 10 Science at Maximino Noel Memorial National High School. Quasi experimental and Purposive sampling was utilized. Data were collected through pre test and post test using the learning module in Science 10 prescribed by the Department of Education. Data obtain using frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation and t test for the significant difference. Results revealed that the performance of the Grade 10 students during the pre test in the following competencies describing the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts distinguishing the different types of plate boundaries and explaining the different processes that occur along the plate boundaries, was described as Beginning. However, after using the Modular Teaching Approach, the post test performance of the students on the aforementioned competencies increased significantly and was described as Proficient. This indicated that the approach evidently showed positive results and displayed a vital connection in increasing students’ academic achievement. Thus, enhanced learning module was proposed as instructional intervention in improving students’ performance in Science 10. Marsha R. Valencia "Modular Approach in Teaching Science 10" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30318.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/30318/modular-approach-in-teaching-science-10/marsha-r-valencia
The document discusses inclusion and making learning environments more student-friendly for all students, including those with disabilities. It argues that inclusion has benefits like peer mentoring and preparing students for an inclusive society. Research shows students with disabilities do better academically and socially in regular classrooms compared to separate settings. Schools need a shared vision between administrators and teachers, proper resources, data analysis, and professional development to remove barriers to inclusion and achievement for all students.
Enhancement of Student Preparation for Global Serviceinventionjournals
University students are expected to acquire proficiency in skills used in the profession and to serve globally as they graduate. Efficacy of this has been supported in studies in which skill mastery was enhanced through provision of experiential assignments. Service learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience. Problem-based learning provides active, hands-on learning that is centered on real-world problems or issues. A qualitative study was conducted by the researchers with five online courses in graduate counselor education and a total of 536 students over a 2.5 year period to assess student application of course concepts in a realworld environment with cultural diversity. Student projects focused on identification of needs and individual work to serve those needs, such as volunteering with a cultural group other than their own and development of websites to address collective population issues of need. This paper shares reflections and benefits found in student projects with these courses. Results of the study supported efficacy of Service Learning and ProblemBased Learning to enhance student mastery of course content and preparation for global service after degree completion.
Influence of the differences in social studies teachers’ curriculum conceptio...Alexander Decker
1. The study examined how differences in social studies teachers' curriculum conceptions from two universities in Ghana (University of Cape Coast and University of Education, Winneba) influence their classroom practices.
2. The literature review found that teachers develop subject understandings that shape how they teach, and their curriculum conceptions influence curriculum implementation. Different conceptions of social studies can lead to disagreements about the subject.
3. The study aimed to determine if teachers from the two universities differed in their curriculum conceptions and how this impacted their classroom activities, to inform curriculum policy.
1) Differentiated instruction is an approach to teaching that recognizes students learn in different ways and at different paces. Teachers adapt their instruction to meet the individual needs of students by varying content, process, products, and the learning environment.
2) Disproportionate representation of culturally diverse students in special education programs has been a concern for decades. Differentiated instruction addresses this by expecting students to be different and adjusting teaching approaches accordingly.
3) For differentiated instruction to be effective and culturally responsive, it must align with culturally responsive pedagogy by incorporating and validating students' cultural experiences into the curriculum.
This document summarizes a research article that reviews the literature on culturally responsive school leadership (CRSL). The review finds that CRSL focuses on making the entire school environment, not just teaching, responsive to the needs of minoritized students. The review develops a framework around four strands of CRSL: critical self-awareness, CRSL and teacher preparation, CRSL and school environments, and CRSL and community advocacy. It identifies specific CRSL behaviors centered around inclusion, equity, advocacy, and social justice. Finally, it reflects on the promise and implications of further research on CRSL.
This chapter examines research on learning in inclusive education. It defines inclusive education as aiming to transform school cultures to increase access, acceptance, participation, and achievement for all students. The chapter reviews two strands of inclusive education research - whole-school research and classroom-based research. It analyzes how different views of learning have informed this work and calls for future research to consider additional learning theories.
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA 2
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA 2
The State of Education in America
Hayley Witham
EDU 300
California Baptist University
Introduction
The education system in the United States has undergone significant changes over the years with a critical focus on inclusion of major changes within the curriculum influenced by the changing learning needs and technology integration. This is having a major influence on the changes that are being implemented within the education system in America. Within the educational context, an important aspect to consider is the quality which outlines better considerations that can be included in a learning environment that promote positive development. The major changes that have been embedded within the United States education system have focused on improving the knowledge of students through the integration of teaching mechanisms that promote diversity and individuality. The context associated provides a detailed evaluation of the major changes in education within the United States. The United States education system has integrated technology and other important learning approaches which have sought to diversify the quality of the classroom. Diversity within the social environment has been essential in improving the quality of education. Co-curricular approaches have been integrated creating highly diversified quality education.
The state of education in the United States has integrated the input of all participants in education with a key focus on providing the most effective education that meets the needs of learners, especially in a highly complex professional environment. Education is a necessity and a symbol of a free mind, which help in defining essential elements that define a successful human development. Knowledge is not limited to the specific concepts that are taught in schools but also the interactive environment, which is based on the relationships that exist between individuals (Witte, 2004). Having a positive interactive environment outlines essential processes, which are critical in shaping an individual development both mentally and psychologically. Education offers a platform where individuals can understand crucial aspects in life as well as providing an essential background where it is possible to improve individual knowledge and abilities. It is very difficult to take education seriously without understanding the vital role it plays in defining lives.
Recent Education Background
The American education system has sought to integrate technology in the classroom to improve the learning needs among learners in a different environment. However, the influence of technology among students has created a significant impact on the wellbeing of learners who have integrated technology in their learning. As a result, they h.
A comparative study of principals’ administrative effectiveness in public and...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the administrative effectiveness of principals in public and private secondary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study found a moderate level of administrative effectiveness in public schools, while private schools demonstrated a high level of effectiveness. Specifically, teachers' job performance and students' discipline were higher in private schools compared to public schools. The study also found a significant difference in administrative effectiveness between public and private secondary schools. It recommends that principals in public schools improve their administrative strategies to enhance students' discipline.
This document summarizes two studies that investigated students' perspectives on teaching, learning, and their schools. The studies used interviews and observations to understand students' views within the socio-political contexts of their schools. Key findings included:
- Students were aware of power dynamics and conflicting discourses in their schools.
- Listening to student voices can provide insights into classroom practices and help students feel invested in their education.
- While student consultation exists, critical voices may be constrained, and "student voice" does not represent a single perspective.
- Schools aim to shape students into citizens but also face pressures of performative accountability policies.
This article discusses two major challenges facing public schools: teacher quality and student achievement. It notes that the No Child Left Behind Act has increased pressures around these issues. Specifically, it points out that teacher shortages exist in certain subject areas, especially in urban and rural schools serving low-income students. It also discusses the rise of alternative certification programs to help address these shortages. The article concludes that teacher quality and student achievement are crucial issues that will be profoundly impacted by the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act.
Resource management strategies and learners academic performance in national ...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses resource management strategies and their relationship to student academic performance on national examinations in primary schools in Makindu District, Kenya.
- It finds that resources were generally well-managed using various strategies and that effective resource management positively correlated with better student exam results.
- The study recommends that school managers involve teachers and students more in decision-making around resource management strategies to further enhance academic performance.
This document discusses learning difficulties, their causes, and achieving positive outcomes for diverse students. It covers several key points:
1. Learning difficulties can stem from deficits within students themselves or from inappropriate teaching practices and school structures. An ecological approach that considers all factors is most inclusive and successful.
2. Diversity encompasses many attributes beyond just ethnicity, including ability, religion, gender, and language. It rejects the notion of a "normal" group and others.
3. Educational disparities exist for Māori students in areas like achievement and suspensions. Reasons include deficit views of Māori students and low teacher expectations. Shifting mindsets and practices can help realize students' potential.
This document discusses learning difficulties, their causes, and achieving positive outcomes for diverse students. It covers several key points:
1. Learning difficulties can stem from deficits within students themselves or from inappropriate teaching practices and school structures. An ecological approach that considers all factors is most inclusive and successful.
2. Diversity encompasses many attributes beyond just ethnicity, including ability, religion, gender, and language. It rejects the notion of a "normal" group and others.
3. Educational disparities exist for Māori students in areas like achievement and suspensions. Reasons include deficit views of Māori students and low teacher expectations. Shifting mindsets from problems to potential can help realize student success.
This document describes a study that implemented a Praise Note system to improve student behavior in an elementary school lunchroom. The intervention taught appropriate lunchroom behaviors, provided practice opportunities, and rewarded students with praise notes for behaving well. Data showed significant decreases in inappropriate behaviors like littering (96% decrease), improper sitting (64% decrease), and running (75% decrease). The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using differential reinforcement through a praise note system to modify student behavior in common areas of schools. It also provides guidance to help implement similar behavior management programs grounded in evidence-based strategies.
The study assessed factors hindering academic performance of grade 9 students at Wenceslao Trinidad National High School. A questionnaire was administered to 50 students to determine if student-related factors (intelligence, study habits, motivation) or teacher-related factors (personality, teaching skills) had a greater effect. The results showed student-related factors had a greater impact, with averages of 68.4% for intelligence, 57.2% for study habits, and 72% for motivation. Teacher-related factors received higher averages, but student factors were determined to hinder academic performance more.
The document discusses perceptions of primary school staff and parents regarding inclusion of children with special educational needs. It provides context on Ireland's policy of inclusion and the role of special needs assistants in supporting children's academic and personal needs. The summary discusses:
1) The relationship between teachers and special needs assistants is important for children's success, but studies show this relationship is sometimes lacking in communication and respect.
2) Teachers' attitudes towards inclusion can impact children's development, as some teachers are unwilling to modify their teaching for individual needs.
3) For inclusion to be effective, teachers and assistants must work collaboratively on lesson planning and use tools like IEPs, though inconsistent implementation is a challenge.
This document discusses the challenges that teachers face in an increasingly diverse classroom environment. It emphasizes that students may differ in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, economic status, language, and family background. To provide equal opportunities to all students, teachers must make curricular and instructional modifications, use different teaching styles, and re-examine their own beliefs and perceptions. The goals of multicultural education are to develop a just society, improve academic achievement for all students, and provide cultural competency. Teachers are encouraged to learn about students' diverse backgrounds and avoid stereotyping. Educational trends discussed include standards-based reform, inclusion of students with disabilities, and addressing linguistic diversity. Approaches like differentiated instruction, universal design for learning, and
The Influence Of Gender On The Attitude Of Teachers Towards Outlawing Of Corp...iosrjce
The abolishment of corporal punishment without finding effective alternative methods of managing
behavior in pupils has led to indiscipline and conflicts in primary schools in Kenya. The study sought to
establish whether there is any influence of gender on the attitude of teachers towards outlawing of corporal
punishment in primary schools in Nandi North District. The population of the study comprised of primary
school teachers in Nandi North district. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population
was 713 teachers, however, the sample size was 217 teachers selected through stratified sample random
sampling techniques whereby schools were grouped according to their various characteristics and participating
schools picked randomly by lottery method to ensure equal chances of participation with the selected schools.
Data was collected by use of closed-ended questionnaire and interview schedules. Data was then analyzed by
use of frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used
to test whether there is an influence of teachers’ gender, on attitudes towards the outlawing of corporal
punishment in Nandi North district primary schools. Results of the study showed gender had significant
influence on teachers’ attitudes towards outlawing of corporal punishment in schools. In view of the findings,
the study recommends a need to create awareness on alternative methods to corporal punishment and also the
overall effects of corporal punishment on the child.
This research studied the effects of differentiating instruction into flexible subgroups based on student needs and implementing explicit teaching of writing skills. 197 elementary students in Canada participated, including many with learning difficulties. Teachers formed temporary subgroups that met weekly, and taught writing skills explicitly through modeling, guided practice, and independent practice. Results showed significant improvement in students' writing abilities, especially for those with learning difficulties. The dialogue between teachers and researchers was key to the success of differentiated instruction and explicit teaching.
Curriculum implementation in religious education in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses curriculum implementation in religious education in Nigeria. It begins by defining curriculum as a guiding program for teaching and learning that outlines what is taught, how it is taught, and to whom. While curriculum construction is important, effective implementation is key. The paper examines factors that enhance and hinder curriculum implementation in religious education, which requires special attention compared to other subjects. It also discusses the important role of teachers in the implementation process. Recommendations are made to improve curriculum implementation in religious education.
Modular approach in teaching has been a buzzword in our educational system. This paper ascertained the effectiveness of Modular Teaching Approach in teaching Grade 10 Science at Maximino Noel Memorial National High School. Quasi experimental and Purposive sampling was utilized. Data were collected through pre test and post test using the learning module in Science 10 prescribed by the Department of Education. Data obtain using frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation and t test for the significant difference. Results revealed that the performance of the Grade 10 students during the pre test in the following competencies describing the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts distinguishing the different types of plate boundaries and explaining the different processes that occur along the plate boundaries, was described as Beginning. However, after using the Modular Teaching Approach, the post test performance of the students on the aforementioned competencies increased significantly and was described as Proficient. This indicated that the approach evidently showed positive results and displayed a vital connection in increasing students’ academic achievement. Thus, enhanced learning module was proposed as instructional intervention in improving students’ performance in Science 10. Marsha R. Valencia "Modular Approach in Teaching Science 10" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30318.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/30318/modular-approach-in-teaching-science-10/marsha-r-valencia
The document discusses inclusion and making learning environments more student-friendly for all students, including those with disabilities. It argues that inclusion has benefits like peer mentoring and preparing students for an inclusive society. Research shows students with disabilities do better academically and socially in regular classrooms compared to separate settings. Schools need a shared vision between administrators and teachers, proper resources, data analysis, and professional development to remove barriers to inclusion and achievement for all students.
Enhancement of Student Preparation for Global Serviceinventionjournals
University students are expected to acquire proficiency in skills used in the profession and to serve globally as they graduate. Efficacy of this has been supported in studies in which skill mastery was enhanced through provision of experiential assignments. Service learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience. Problem-based learning provides active, hands-on learning that is centered on real-world problems or issues. A qualitative study was conducted by the researchers with five online courses in graduate counselor education and a total of 536 students over a 2.5 year period to assess student application of course concepts in a realworld environment with cultural diversity. Student projects focused on identification of needs and individual work to serve those needs, such as volunteering with a cultural group other than their own and development of websites to address collective population issues of need. This paper shares reflections and benefits found in student projects with these courses. Results of the study supported efficacy of Service Learning and ProblemBased Learning to enhance student mastery of course content and preparation for global service after degree completion.
Influence of the differences in social studies teachers’ curriculum conceptio...Alexander Decker
1. The study examined how differences in social studies teachers' curriculum conceptions from two universities in Ghana (University of Cape Coast and University of Education, Winneba) influence their classroom practices.
2. The literature review found that teachers develop subject understandings that shape how they teach, and their curriculum conceptions influence curriculum implementation. Different conceptions of social studies can lead to disagreements about the subject.
3. The study aimed to determine if teachers from the two universities differed in their curriculum conceptions and how this impacted their classroom activities, to inform curriculum policy.
1) Differentiated instruction is an approach to teaching that recognizes students learn in different ways and at different paces. Teachers adapt their instruction to meet the individual needs of students by varying content, process, products, and the learning environment.
2) Disproportionate representation of culturally diverse students in special education programs has been a concern for decades. Differentiated instruction addresses this by expecting students to be different and adjusting teaching approaches accordingly.
3) For differentiated instruction to be effective and culturally responsive, it must align with culturally responsive pedagogy by incorporating and validating students' cultural experiences into the curriculum.
This document summarizes a research article that reviews the literature on culturally responsive school leadership (CRSL). The review finds that CRSL focuses on making the entire school environment, not just teaching, responsive to the needs of minoritized students. The review develops a framework around four strands of CRSL: critical self-awareness, CRSL and teacher preparation, CRSL and school environments, and CRSL and community advocacy. It identifies specific CRSL behaviors centered around inclusion, equity, advocacy, and social justice. Finally, it reflects on the promise and implications of further research on CRSL.
This chapter examines research on learning in inclusive education. It defines inclusive education as aiming to transform school cultures to increase access, acceptance, participation, and achievement for all students. The chapter reviews two strands of inclusive education research - whole-school research and classroom-based research. It analyzes how different views of learning have informed this work and calls for future research to consider additional learning theories.
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA 2
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA 2
The State of Education in America
Hayley Witham
EDU 300
California Baptist University
Introduction
The education system in the United States has undergone significant changes over the years with a critical focus on inclusion of major changes within the curriculum influenced by the changing learning needs and technology integration. This is having a major influence on the changes that are being implemented within the education system in America. Within the educational context, an important aspect to consider is the quality which outlines better considerations that can be included in a learning environment that promote positive development. The major changes that have been embedded within the United States education system have focused on improving the knowledge of students through the integration of teaching mechanisms that promote diversity and individuality. The context associated provides a detailed evaluation of the major changes in education within the United States. The United States education system has integrated technology and other important learning approaches which have sought to diversify the quality of the classroom. Diversity within the social environment has been essential in improving the quality of education. Co-curricular approaches have been integrated creating highly diversified quality education.
The state of education in the United States has integrated the input of all participants in education with a key focus on providing the most effective education that meets the needs of learners, especially in a highly complex professional environment. Education is a necessity and a symbol of a free mind, which help in defining essential elements that define a successful human development. Knowledge is not limited to the specific concepts that are taught in schools but also the interactive environment, which is based on the relationships that exist between individuals (Witte, 2004). Having a positive interactive environment outlines essential processes, which are critical in shaping an individual development both mentally and psychologically. Education offers a platform where individuals can understand crucial aspects in life as well as providing an essential background where it is possible to improve individual knowledge and abilities. It is very difficult to take education seriously without understanding the vital role it plays in defining lives.
Recent Education Background
The American education system has sought to integrate technology in the classroom to improve the learning needs among learners in a different environment. However, the influence of technology among students has created a significant impact on the wellbeing of learners who have integrated technology in their learning. As a result, they h.
Diversity in education is important for teachers and students. Teachers must understand students' different backgrounds and learning styles to meet their needs. While it can be challenging, incorporating various teaching methods and respecting differences can benefit students. Testing teachers may help ensure they are prepared to teach diverse students effectively and continuously improve. Overall, understanding diversity is key for teachers to help all students succeed.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the model of differentiated instruction. It provides background on differentiated instruction and the need to cater to increasingly diverse classrooms. The paper draws on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning to provide a conceptual framework. Specifically, it discusses Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and the implications of his theory for teaching practices. A rationale for a new educational model is then presented, highlighting research on student diversity, learning styles, brain research, and multiple intelligences that support differentiated instruction.
The document summarizes research supporting differentiated instruction as a model for addressing increasing student diversity in classrooms. It discusses Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning and zone of proximal development as providing a conceptual framework. Research highlights the need to consider individual differences in learning styles, intelligence, and brain functioning. Traditional uniform instruction fails to meet the needs of diverse students. Differentiated instruction allows teachers to accommodate variations through flexible grouping, content, process, and product.
A wee evaluative study of the academic orientationAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the academic orientation of junior secondary school teachers in Lagos, Nigeria. 384 teachers across 6 educational districts participated. The study found that teachers in Arts/Religion departments had slightly higher academic orientation than others. Teachers in Educational District 5 had the highest mean orientation, followed by District 6. In general, teachers' academic orientation was rated as "fair". No significant differences were found based on discipline or district. The document discusses the concept of academic orientation for teachers, which emphasizes subject matter expertise and transmitting knowledge. Effective teacher training is important for transforming education systems.
A wee evaluative study of the academic orientationAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the academic orientation of junior secondary school teachers in Lagos, Nigeria. 384 teachers across 6 educational districts participated. The study found that teachers in Arts/Religion departments had slightly higher academic orientation than others. Teachers in Educational District 5 had the highest mean orientation, followed by District 6. In general, teachers' academic orientation was rated as "fair". No significant differences were found based on discipline or district. The document discusses the concept of academic orientation for teachers and different approaches to teacher training internationally and in Nigeria. It emphasizes the importance of subject matter knowledge and conceptual understanding for effective teaching.
This document summarizes a journal article about educational administrators' views on inclusive education as a reform initiative in Turkey. The key points are:
1) The administrators had varying understandings of educational change but saw inclusive education as an opportunity to improve education, though difficult to implement within Turkey's competitive system.
2) Inclusive education calls for reforming school structures to accommodate diverse learners, but traditional schools resist change.
3) For educational change to be successful, it requires a holistic approach, utilizing existing resources and seeing diversity as an opportunity rather than a problem.
This document provides a critical review of nine published questionnaires that measure primary school teachers' attitudes towards inclusive education. The review aims to help researchers select the most appropriate questionnaire for their study. Most of the reviewed questionnaires showed acceptable reliability and validity. The Multidimensional Attitudes towards Inclusive Education Scale (MATIES) and the Sentiments, Attitudes, and Concerns about Inclusive Education Revised Scale (SACIE-R) were found to be the only questionnaires that adequately addressed the affective, cognitive and behavioral components of teachers' attitudes, and had strong psychometric properties. The Teachers' Attitude towards Inclusion Scale (TAIS) was also found to be psychometrically sound and to suitably address
This document provides an overview of curriculum development and the forces that impact curriculum. It discusses how curriculum has been defined over time and includes multiple levels from societal to instructional. Social forces like changes in society, technology, and political movements influence curriculum development. Reform movements and changes to education policy also impact curriculum design. The document uses examples from the US and Ecuadorian education systems to illustrate how external initiatives and local factors shape curriculum.
A Critical Analysis Of Philosophies Of Education And INTASC Standards In Teac...Jennifer Daniel
1) The document discusses the tension between critical pedagogy and standards-based education as experienced by the authors in their roles as teacher educators.
2) It provides an overview of four educational philosophies - essentialism, perennialism, progressivism, and critical theory - that are introduced to pre-service teachers.
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This document discusses various concepts and models of curriculum implementation. It defines curriculum implementation as the process of putting the planned or officially designed course of study into practice through teachers translating it into syllabuses, schemes of work and lessons for students. Several models of curriculum implementation are described, including the ORC model which focuses on overcoming resistance to change, the LOC model which treats staff resistance as problematic, and the linkage model which emphasizes establishing links between research centers and curriculum users. Key issues that can affect implementation are also discussed, such as poor teacher involvement in curriculum planning and reform.
Change for Motivation_Support for New Pedagogies of Teaching and Learning in ...Andrea Lagalisse
This document summarizes a research paper about supporting motivation for educational change in Ontario public schools. It explores how motivation relates to education and why systemic or "whole-system" change is needed. It discusses theories of social constructivism and sociocultural learning, and examines examples of educational reforms in Finland and Alberta. The document argues that a slow, whole-system approach is needed to change educational philosophy, policy, and practice towards more participatory, relevant, and learner-centered models of teaching and learning.
21st Century Pedagogy: Transformational Approachijtsrd
Pedagogies are constantly evolving and great emphasis has been laid on the teachers to use effective teaching strategies and method to improve students' achievement. That is why pedagogy is one of the important factors that need to revisit in order to maximize the attainment of educational objectives. Based on the data gathered, technology in the classroom, differentiated instruction and student centered approach should be adapted and modeled across the country to elevate and nourish the capability of the students to go beyond limitation. Further, the way students learn and comprehend have change dramatically educators must also evolve from traditional way to 21st century way of teaching. Novelita T. Bornea | Ma. Georgina B. Espa±ol | Ma. May A. Buala | Pedrito S. Ocba Jr "21st Century Pedagogy: Transformational Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29806.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29806/21st-century-pedagogy-transformational-approach/novelita-t-bornea
The Mismatch between EAP Teachers’ Beliefs and Classroom Practices toward For...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Beliefs are formed through personal experiences and the interactions that individuals are involved in daily life (Hsieh, 2002). These beliefs can be transformed into attitudes, which in turn affect intentions, and decisions are formed through the intentions that lead to the action (Bauch,1984). The match or mismatch between instructors’ beliefs and practices, between instructors’ cognitions and their authentic practices in the classroom are two main fields of the teaching process (Clark & Peterson, 1986). However, teachers may not always apply what they believe in the classroom. This study aims to reveal the discrepancy between what they believe theoretically and what they do in the classroom. To this end, three instruments were used in this study: (1) classroom observations, (2) semi-structured interviews, and (3) a questionnaire. The
Larke, patricia a case study of seven preservice teachers nfmij v7 n1 2010William Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System. Professor of Educational Leadership, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin.
ESERA Paper Exploring teacher's belief Sally HowardSally Howard
This document discusses a study exploring how teachers' beliefs about learning and pedagogy change when introducing inquiry-based science education. It describes a teacher education program where teachers participated in sessions to engage with inquiry practices and assessment strategies, then trialled inquiry activities in their classrooms. The paper examines how three English teachers adapted their practices when introduced to new ideas through the program. It explores how the teachers dealt with pedagogical transformations and developed personal solutions supported by professional learning opportunities in the project.
This document provides a summary of a paper exploring the relationship between critical pedagogy and teaching standards. It discusses how critical pedagogy aims for social transformation and empowering marginalized voices, while teaching standards guide teacher expectations and assessment. The paper contends these concepts can intersect in preparing teachers for a democratic society. It outlines the goals of critical pedagogy and analyzes the INTASC teaching standards, arguing they can support critical teaching if implemented with a focus on social change and academic success for all students.
This document discusses perspectives on defining and enhancing teacher quality. It examines common terms used like "highly qualified teacher", "effective teacher", and "good teacher" and notes limitations with each. It also reviews how different stakeholders locate the teacher quality problem, whether in issues with the supply of teachers, the preparation of teachers, or teacher development after entering the classroom. The document argues a more systemic perspective is needed that considers teacher quality from recruitment through the entire career.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES: THEORY & PRACTICE
They fill me with a most beautiful variety of
multicultural love, humor, religions and they make
me the richest person in the world!
Over the past two decades the South African education system has been subjected
to a barrage of education reform efforts. The advent of democracy witnessed a change
in the educational paradigm from Christian National Education (CNE) to Outcomes-
based education (OBE), which brought about a radical change in the School
Curriculum. Curriculum 2005 was introduced in 1996, followed by the Revised
National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) in 2002, the Curriculum Assessment Policy
Statement (CAPS) in 2012 and the recently introduced Schooling 2025 in 2014.
Synchronized with these curricular reform initiatives were professional development
programmes, the aim of which was to help teachers understand the new curriculum
reforms, and changes in the teacher appraisal system. Teacher development programmes
were large scale efforts that took the form of the cascade model and were found to be far
from adequate (Jansen & Christie, 1999; Jansen & Taylor, 2003; Taylor & Vinjevold,
1999).The result was the “watering down and/or misinterpretation of crucial information”
(Fiske & Ladd, 2004, p. 162). In 2003 the Department of Education integrated the
existing quality management programmes (Developmental Appraisal System [DAS],
1998; Performance Measurement System [PM], 2003; Whole School Evaluation [WSE],
2005) into one and introduced the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS) as an
instrument used to assess the performance of teachers. The abovementioned initiatives
were all geared towards bringing about meaningful educational change. However, little
if any attention was given to the teacher as an agent of educational change and the role
of teacher beliefs in effecting educational change. Accordingly, this study asks how
does a teacher bring about meaningful educational change in a diverse classroom. What
are teachers’ beliefs about diversity? Can teachers change their ingrained beliefs about
diversity? How does educational change manifest in such a context?
The argument is presented as follows. I briefly sketch the background context to situate
the identified intellectual puzzle. I then present a review of the literature on educational
change and teacher beliefs. Thereafter a brief exposition of the theoretical framework
that is utilized in this study is presented. The paper concludes with a critical engagement
between findings of this study and the literature on educational change to unpack how a
teacher can bring about meaningful educational change in a diverse classroom.
Background Context2
Educational reforms in South Africa have been framed by legislative policies that
promote democracy and human rights. The South African Schools Act (Act no. 37 of
2 Background context: A version of this section first appeared in Vandeyar (2010).
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Vandeyar / The Teacher as an Agent of Meaningful Educational Change
1997) catalyzed by the Bill of Rights and the South African Constitution formalized
the process of desegregation of schools in South Africa. As a result of these
Constitutional measures, the public schooling system in South Africa has undergone
radical changes. These Constitutional measures created the opportunity for students
from diverse cultural backgrounds to attend public schools of their choice.
The movement of students into “schools of their choice” naturally had a profound
impact on schools and elicited a series of reactions from various stakeholders
within the schooling system. Various dynamics were at play at the macro (national
education) and meso (school governing bodies) levels of the education system, in an
attempt to relieve the tension created by recent educational reforms and to address the
issue of power. Of crucial importance however, are the dynamics at the micro-level
(classroom) –the process of policy appropriation or misappropriation by teachers
mediating between policy and its actual practice on the classroom floor.
One of the assumptions underlying this nationally directed educational reform
process is that teachers will be both willing and able to adapt their teaching practices
accordingly. Yet, there is considerable evidence to suggest that this is not so (Harley
& Wedekind, 2004; Jansen, 2001; Jita, 2002; Sieborger & Nakabugo, 2001; Vandeyar,
2006; Vandeyar & Jansen, 2008; Vandeyar & Killen, 2003). These educational
reforms set new and more challenging demands on teachers, which were often in
conflict with their beliefs and value systems. Many teachers were trained in the
previously segregated education system, with the understanding that they would only
be teaching students from a particular race group. Some teachers now had to come
to terms with teaching through the medium of their second language and to students
who were incompetent in the language of instruction. These demands have placed
tremendous stress on teachers and have influenced their identities, beliefs and value
systems. The majority of Black students are fluent in their mother tongue, which is
one or more of the indigenous languages of South Africa. However, many of these
students, because of existing educational infrastructures and trends of globalization,
are now striving to obtain an education through the medium of English, which for
some is a third or even a fourth language. These students view English as an avenue
to upward mobility, hence their choice is based on this criteria.
Although the abovementioned constitutional measures set the stage for
desegregation to unfold at schools by establishing the physical proximity of members
of different groups in the same school, it did not go further to interrogate the quality
of contact; not only in the personal attitudes of students and teachers but also in the
institutional arrangements, policies and ethos of the school (Sayed, 2001, p. 254).
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EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES: THEORY & PRACTICE
Understanding Educational Change
A review of the voluminous literature reveals some distinctive characteristics
of the concept of educational change. Change is a complex process that happens
within an organizational ecology (Hargreaves, 2000; Hopkins, 2000) is difficult to
achieve (Fullan, 2000; Sarason, 1996) operates on three levels namely, symbolic,
linear, and appropriation (Fullan, 1991, 2003) and is often an expression of political
symbolism (Goodson, 2001). Changing the ways in which teachers teach or students
learn and changing the curriculum without also changing the teachers, the classroom,
the school, and the community, might not achieve the desired outcomes. Change is
linear, in that it occurs down an authoritative succession of participants. Change in
itself whether top-down or bottom-up does not guarantee meaningful change. Change
appropriation refers to the change in meaning of one’s experience. Teachers often
believe that they have changed in response to a particular reform when in fact they
might only have changed superficially, or not at all.
Educational change also moves through distinctive stages of initiation,
implementation, and institutionalization. People who encounter changes go through
successive “stages of concern” and respond very differently to educational change
initiatives, depending on what point they have reached in their own lives and careers.
Fullan (2000, p. 224) identified two dimensions of capacity for change. One of which
is what individuals can do to develop their effectiveness as change agents, despite the
system, and the other is how systems need to be transformed. He argues that teachers
cannot depend on or wait for the system to change. This is all the more convincing
when we realize that according to chaos theory, change is non-linear and that systems
are not entirely coherent. If more individuals act as learners, connect with kindred
spirits, speak out and work with those who have different views, then it is likely that
systems will learn to change.
Educational change mandates what changes to implement and how to implement
them.These aspects interact and shape each other (Fullan, 2001). Given the plethora of
meanings and characteristics of the concept of educational change, how then does one
go about implementing educational change? Fullan (1998) argues that understanding
a problem and identifying the changes needed to correct them are entirely separate
steps from knowing how to bring these changes about. Fullan (2001, p. 38) claims
that the implementation of educational change involves “change in practice” along
three dimensions for it to have a chance of affecting an outcome: (1) the possible
use of new or revised material, including instructional resources such as curriculum
materials or technologies; (2) the possible use of new teaching approaches; and (3)
the possible alteration of beliefs such as the pedagogical assumptions and theories
underlying new policies or programmes. Several authors (Ball & Cohen, 1999;
National Research Council, 1999; McLaughlin & Mitra, 2000; Sheehy, 1981; Stigler
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& Hiebert, 1999) support Fullan’s claim about the alteration of beliefs and argue that
changes in belief and understanding are the foundation of achieving lasting reform
because they are based on fundamental changes in conception, which, in turn, relate
to skills and materials. The challenge that arises is in how teachers negotiate the
relationship between new reform efforts and the subjective realities embedded in
their individual and organizational contexts and their personal histories. How these
subjective realities are addressed is crucial for whether potential changes become
meaningful at the level of individual use and effectiveness (Fullan, 2001).
Teacher Beliefs in the Diverse Classroom
Teacher beliefs play a pivotal role in the diverse classroom. Beliefs may influence
how teachers teach (Kagan, 1992; Kauchak & Burbank, 2003; Nespor, 1987; Wilson
& Cooney, 2003) and understand diversity (Reinke & Moseley, 2002; Sleeter 1992).
Not only are teachers’ beliefs context-specific (Ambrose, Clement, Phillip, &
Chavot, 2004) but they also influence the implementation of multicultural education
(Goodwin 1997; Ladson-Billings, 1995; Pohan, 1996). Teachers’ beliefs have an
influence on their perceptions and ultimately, their behavior (Corbett & Wilson,
2002). Thompson’s (1992) review of the literature points to the fact that sometimes
teachers’ professed beliefs cohered well with their practices (Mitchell & Koedinger,
2000). Thus having an understanding of teacher belief structures is important to the
improvement of teaching practices (Goodman, 1988). Bandura (1986) and Dewey
(1933) asserted that beliefs were the most significant predictors of the decisions that
individuals make throughout their lives. Consequently, teacher beliefs are a significant
factor in how they respond to diversity in the classroom (Reinke & Moseley, 2002).
Learning to teach diverse students requires that teachers examine their beliefs about
teaching and explore the effectiveness of their practices in accommodating the various
cultures, lifestyles, and learning styles of their students (Cabello & Burstein, 1995, p. 285).
The socialization process of teachers through means such as their own schooling
experiences, observed classroom practices, family and community responses
to diversity, results in the development of individual belief systems. These belief
structures help to organize and accept or reject new incoming information (Walsh &
Charalambides, 1990). As a result, teaching practices are overwhelmingly based on
the teacher’s background and experiences (Baca & Cervantes, 1989). Spradley and
McCurdy (1987, pp. 2–3) further explain the role of beliefs regarding diversity.
We tend to think that the norms we follow represent the ‘natural’ way human beings
do things. Those who behave otherwise are judged morally wrong. This viewpoint is
ethnocentric, which means that people think their own culture represents the best, or at
least the most appropriate way for human beings to live.
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Beliefs are developed during the early stages of life and determine our ideas about
the world. According to Ross (1994), beliefs are inferences that are derived from past
experiences and unconscious associations. Beliefs involve moods, feelings, emotions,
and subjective evaluations that are stored in one’s long-term memory, and contribute
to the power of one’s associations (Leder, Pehkonen, & Törner, 2002; Nespor,
1987). According to Mueller (1986) and Lloyd (2003) beliefs are representations
of the information a person has about an object, person, group of people, and so
forth, which may be based on fact or on one’s opinion, of which stereotypes are
a good example. Beliefs unlike knowledge tend to be resistant to change (Schraw
& Olafson, 2002). Knowledge may vary according to additional information and
diverse expectations. Beliefs, on the other hand, tend to maintain their suppositions
unless there is a “conversion” or “gestalt shift” (Nespor, 1987). Garibaldi (1992)
suggests that, in contemporary society, teachers’ beliefs about diversity have been
influenced by information, which reinforces stereotypes rather than disarms them.
With the increasing number of students from diverse cultures entering schools,
the demands for a community of teachers who can communicate with children from
different cultural backgrounds has increased (Banks & Banks, 2001). These cultural
backgrounds provide a frame of reference that defines one’s heritage, values and
social traditions. Aikenhead (1996) argues that teachers may assume the culture
and values of familiar subcultures in which they grow up, but they must often
cross cultural borders into new subcultures to be successful participants in different
environments. Crossing cultural borders requires renegotiations of beliefs and
ideas as teachers understand and assimilate the values and beliefs within different
subcultures (Aikenhead, 1996). The ability of teachers to understand their own belief
systems as well as the value systems of their learners may affect how successful they
are in responding to diversity in the classroom.
Theoretical Moorings: Subjective Realities of Educational Change
Thetheoreticalframeworkforthestudyincludestwoconstructs,namely,thepersonal
domain of educational change and identity. Goodson’s (2001) theory emphasizes the
centrality of the personal domain of the teacher in sustaining educational change. He
examines the segments in the educational change process and argues that in addition
to internal and external segments, increasing attention needs to be paid to the personal
missions and purposes that underpin teachers’ commitment to change processes. He
proposes that new models of educational change need to reinstate the balance between
the internal, the external, and the personal perspectives on change. Models of change
need to “acknowledge the force of personal identity projects under post-modernity
which seeks new integration with internal missions” (Goodson, 2001, p. 59). If this
new balance is not achieved, change forces will be neither humanized nor mobilized.
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Vandeyar / The Teacher as an Agent of Meaningful Educational Change
Change will unfold as political symbolism, lacking personal or internal commitment
or ownership. Several other authors agree with this statement and hence make the
claim that educational change is most successful when conducted by teachers as part
of their personal and professional projects and where teachers take ownership of the
reform (Goodson & Hargreaves, 1996; McClaughlin & Yee, 1988; Sheehy, 1981).
Sheehy (1981) argues that embracing change resonates with an inner change in
people’s beliefs. Change begins with a transformation of people’s perceptions and
projects outwards into the social and institutional domain. Personal change, which
refers to the personal beliefs and missions that individuals bring to the change process,
is given importance and thus the lens shifts to focus on how people change internally
and personal change then influences institutional change.
Subjective realities are a product of one’s identity. Roediger (2003) asserts that any
study seeking to insert identity as an analytic category in the social process needs to
problematize identity as socially, historically, and ideologically constructed, rather
than accepting it as a biological or physical fact. As Roediger writes, identity is
constructed differently across time by people of the same social class, and differently
at the same time by people whose class positions differ. Hall (1996a; 1996b) argues
that identity should be seen as something that is produced. Identity is created from the
ingredients of a personal past but is always in a process of transformation. It focuses
on becoming rather than on being and is formed in accordance with how one is
positioned by and positions oneself in respect to the past. Identity is always influenced
by culture, history, and power, which is combined in the concept of hybridity to
enable us to understand the present circumstances of people. Gilroy (2004) proposes
the idea of conviviality that refers to the process of cohabitation and interaction that
have made multiculturalism an ordinary feature of social life. Conviviality makes
nonsense of closed, fixed, and reified identity and turns attention toward the always
unpredictable mechanisms of identification. The concept of identity, as opposed to
being something that is stable and fixed, can thus be seen as a social, historical,
and generational construct that is susceptible to change. The defining characteristics
of hybridity, fluidity, and multiplicity compose the terrain of identity. Therefore, it
becomes imperative that in continually re-defining identity, we build upon, negotiate,
and mediate an existing identity in any given social context, thereby, affirming rather
than negating or denying our identity.
Research Strategy
The meta-theoretical paradigm utilized in this study was that of social constructivism.
The methodological paradigm employed a qualitative case study approach (Silverman,
2006).The aim of this study was to gain in-depth ‘thick’descriptions and understandings
of a specific social context or phenomenon. This paper re-examined data from the
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broader study that explored “best practice” in desegregated South African classrooms
(Nkomo & Vandeyar, 2008). I began with a broad canvas, traveling to schools across
South Africa in an attempt to search for reputational samples not only of racial
desegregation but also of social integration and to identify teachers that were bringing
about change in their practice. Snowball sampling (Baltar & Brunet, 2012; Rubin &
Babbie, 1993) fulfilled this requirement as principals’ were requested to recommend
teachers that were bringing about change in their schools.
While capturing data for the broader study, I came across Mrs Coetzee, an
exceptional teacher using an “epistemology of compassion” (Vandeyar, 2010, 2013).
Classroom observations of this teacher established some criteria that made her
exceptional. She seemed to have extensive knowledge about each of her learners;
she knew and understood each of their lives; she incorporated their life-worlds
in her teaching and enabled learners to attach meaning to real life experiences. I
acknowledge that in my role as a reactive observer I was part of the social setting
under study. Reactive observations are contexts in which participants are mindful of
being observed and are “amenable to interacting with the researcher” (Angrosino,
2005, p. 732). I purposefully chose this role as a researcher because of the useful
source of data that this approach could yield during observations.
Semi- structured interviews with Mrs Coetzee to determine her perspectives
about the way in which the process of desegregation was unfolding in her classroom
triangulated criteria used in observations. These interviews coincided with the three-
week period of observations. Field notes were taken, based on informal classroom
observations. Attention was also given to the physical atmosphere of the classroom,
which included observations of artifacts such as paintings, décor, photographs,
portraits and school magazines. As in the broader study, observation was the main
data gathering technique used in this study. Observed lessons were videotaped and
interviews were audio recorded and transcribed.
Data garnered from the broader study was ripe for sub-analysis that focused on
how a teacher brought about meaningful change in her classroom. Using content
analysis methods (Mayring, 2000; Sandelowski, 2000), data was a priori re-coded
(Charmaz, 2005) to accommodate “new insights” (Sandelowski, 2000, p. 338). The
data was coded to make sense of emergent categories that expressed the experiential
knowledge of the participant, and presented as rich and thick analysis.
To ensure research rigor the following quality criteria were considered
namely, transferability, credibility, dependability, confirmability and authenticity.
Transferability refers to the scope and the restrictions to which findings of this research
can be applied. Credibility of the research findings included the purposeful sampling
of the research participant, the sampling of the research site and the application
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of appropriate data gathering strategies (Butler-Kisber, 2010). Dependability
was achieved by a process known as auditing. The audit trail procedure can also
be valuable when verifying confirmability (Seale, 2002). The authenticity of this
study rests in the “faithful reconstruction of the participant’s multiple perceptions”
(McMillan & Schumacher, 2001, p. 415).
Ethical approval to conduct this study was received from the Ethics Committee at
the Faculty of Education. The ethics application went through a rigorous blind peer
review process. Pseudonyms were given to the research site and the participant to
ensure anonymity and confidentiality.
Findings: Portrait of an Exceptional Teacher in a Diverse Classroom3
Mrs Coetzee, the Grade 5 teacher at Equity Primary, was white and in her late
thirties. She completed her schooling and training as a teacher at Afrikaans-medium
educational institutions. She has been teaching at Equity Primary school, a former
Afrikaans-medium school situated in a former low-middle class white suburb, for the
past 18 years. She says she “thought of primary school teaching, because I [she] wanted
to make more of a difference.” Her initial years of teaching occurred in the previous
educational dispensation and she thus taught exclusively to white Afrikaans-speaking
students. With the advent of democracy the student demography radically changed at
the school. Her classroom comprised of forty learners. These learners were diverse in
terms of race, gender, culture, ethnic groupings, language and socio-economic status.
I have more than eleven cultural groups in my class; more than eight religious groups and
of course, two genders. My children also vary in social economic status. They fill me with a
most beautiful variety of multicultural love, humor, religions and they make me the richest
person in the world.
Mrs Coetzee took much pride in the appearance of her classroom. The climate
of the classroom was inviting, welcoming and stimulating. Every available space in
the classroom was filled with diverse cultural posters, pictures, artefacts, fabrics and
sculptures that proudly boasted the “rainbow nation” of South Africa. The walls of
the classroom were bright green in color and were adorned with learners’ projects,
posters and cultural artefacts that were representative of the class of diverse learners.
Artistic drawings of learners, depicting the variety of cultural backgrounds, were
draped above and across the classroom. Books were neatly stacked on three racks
that projected from the wall on the front left-hand corner of the classroom. Plants
and teddy bears that hugged each other were strategically perched on the book racks
and windowsills around the classrooms. Proudly displayed on the top of the steel
cabinet at the front right side of the classroom was the assagai (spear) and shield
3 This section of the data appeared in Vandeyar (2013). Copyright Permission has been granted by the journal to reproduce this
article either in its entirety or parts of it.
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of Zulu origin. Juxtaposed against this was a miniature model of the ox-wagon of
Afrikaner origin. Class rules were pinned up on the cupboard. It would seem that in
terms of first order changes, Mrs Coetzee went to great lengths to create a culture of
inclusivity and a sense of belonging for all her learners. Instead of just replacing one
culture with another or retaining the hegemonic culture (Afrikaans) of the school, she
chose to affirm all cultures and in so doing embraced the “rainbow nation.”
I present the findings in the form of two classroom vignettes:
Vignette 1
This was an Arts and Culture lesson in a Grade 5 class. Mrs Coetzee was teaching
the concept of racism. She had asked each learner to bring one fruit to class. The
class comprised of forty learners. The class was divided into eight groups, each
group comprised of five learners. Learners were seated in multicultural groups. Noise
centred around activity and group work. Utensils were provided for each group to
begin making a fruit salad.
Mrs Coetzee taught the concept of racism in a real-life and fun way. The lesson
commenced with the sequencing of events that related to the life-world of her learners.
When you wake up in the morning you bath, dress, make up your bed, eat breakfast and
then come to school. Mrs Coetzee illustrated sequence and then brought in the idea that
each person’s sequence will be different. Subsequently she introduced the concept of
sameness by emphasizing that if you do the same things every day it will become very
boring, similarly if you eat only one type of fruit every day and no other fruit, “Will
the banana get boring? Will the apple get boring?” Will the pears get boring?” Will the
watermelon get boring? She then emphasized that we need variety and difference in our
lives and introduced the concept of the fruit salad as a metaphor to teach the concept of
racism. She taught the complex and dynamic concept of racism to Grade five learners
by utilizing the simple method of making a fruit salad. She not only acknowledged
differences but more importantly utilized it as an asset.
She was fully aware and constantly alert to the dynamics at play in diverse contexts.
A boy in one of the groups gave a banana to one of the girls in his group and told
her to peel it. Mrs Coetzee immediately picked up on gender bias and reacted in the
following way: “Typical man, gives the banana to the woman to peel.” “Doesn’t your
father’s help in the kitchen? Please take that banana back and make sure you peel it.”
She was also acutely aware of differences in the socio-economic status of her
learners and promoted an ethos of sharing among them. She encouraged sharing of
items in a good way without making any of her learners feel uncomfortable. Some
groups had less variety in terms of the fruit that each learner within the group had
brought to class. She suggested that groups swop fruit to ensure that they had more
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variety in making the fruit salad. In so doing she attempted to foster a culture of
sharing and cooperation among her learners.
She was alert to race issues as well. A white boy seized an opportunity to move
away from a black learner by going to another group and sitting next to another white
boy. Mrs Coetzee in a very professional manner and without much fuss made it clear
that learner shifts were unacceptable and calmly requested that the learner “swop
back please”, to which the learner quietly acceded.
Vignette 2
This was a Life Orientation lesson based on emotions and love. The lesson
commenced with Mrs Coetzee congratulating three learners who had celebrated their
birthdays during the week. She took time to make them feel special and reminded
them to collect a KFC voucher from her at the end of the lesson (a sponsorship
initiative undertaken by Mrs Coetzee).
The lesson was introduced with an activity that required learners to color in a
worksheet that had faces drawn on it. Mrs Coetzee instructed learners to “color in
one of the faces that you think represents you today.” This was a way for her to be in
touch with learners’ emotions and to link this real-life experience to new knowledge.
An attempt was then made by Mrs Coetzee to link the new learning to the relevant
previous knowledge of learners by referring to a past assembly talk. The assembly
talk used the analogy of a suitcase for trying to carry someone’s burden. The question
was posed to learners: What do you think carries us through hard times? Learners
responded “Madam you love us all.” “Love is what carries us through.” Mrs Coetzee
then shared some snippets of her life with learners and concluded this section with the
statement “We are all angels with one wing and need each other to fly.”
Learnerswerethenrequestedtotakeoutthe“ValuedCitizenshipbook”andcomplete
the relevant activities on the topic “Emotions and Love” in groups of five. Each group
was assigned a hypothetical case study based on the topic. Energetic, enthusiastic and
stimulating group discussions ensued. Each group was required to provide feedback.
Groups offered different reasons and different solutions. For example,
Mrs Coetzee: Okay class, lets see what you have discovered from your story. I am going to ask
the group leader of each group to provide feedback.
Ayesha (group 1): Mam, we think it is about accepting others.
Mrs Coetzee: Can you tell me why your group thinks this?
Ayesha: Because if we don’t accept each other then we cannot love each other.
Tim (group 2): We thought it is about the love and tolerance.
Mrs Coetzee: Why do you say this?
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Tim: Because mam, we must learn to live together then there will be no hatred.
Lindiwe (group 3): Our group thinks it’s all about misunderstandings. We need to learn to
accept people who are different from us.
Mrs Coetzee: How will this help us?
Lindiwe: We will then stop fighting and will all be happy.
Positive feedback was provided to learners all the time. Mrs Coetzee constantly
motivated learners and encouraged learner participation in the form of critical inquiry
and reflective engagement. Many “why” questions were posed. Given the nature of
the topic Mrs Coetzee reacted to the collective feedback in the following manner:
“To be different is not wrong, you are entitled to your opinion.” She continuously
reminded learners whose answers she had not written on the chalkboard that it was
not because their answers were wrong or unimportant; it was only because they
overlapped with what had already been mentioned by others. This could be analyzed
as a way of making all learners feel that they have a contribution to make and that
their opinions are valued. Learners were thus encouraged to put their views forward
as a result of this reassurance. The lesson was consolidated with discussions about
love, misunderstanding, acceptance, tolerance, negotiation and communication.
So class what did we learn about emotions and love today? We learnt that we need
to accept and tolerate each other, no matter how different we are. We also learnt that
if we do not communicate with each other there will be misunderstandings. We also
learnt that we need to negotiate with each other by talking to each other. If we can do
all this then there will be love and happiness (Mrs Coetzee).
Mrs Coetzee aptly related the outcomes of the lesson to the real-life experiences
of learners and to the social context. She shared snippets of her own experiences and
allowed learners to see that she too had human flaws. In encouraging critical inquiry
she referred to an occurrence that many learners were exposed to on a daily basis, to
stress the importance of learning: “Don’t end up like the beggars holding placards at
the robots, take charge of your life by learning.”
Analysis and Discussion of Findings
“Conversion” or “Gestalt shift:” Professed beliefs cohered with practices.
According to Sheehy (1981) the embrace of change only happens with an inner change
in people’s beliefs. A shift in Mrs Coetzee’s (a white Afrikaans-speaking teacher who
taught in a former white school, exclusively to white students) beliefs and practices
were evident in the above findings. While it is thought that beliefs are resistant to
change (Schraw & Olafson, 2002), shifts can occur by means of a “conversion or
gestalt shift” (Nespor, 1987). These shifts can be immediate and decisive. It appears
that Mrs Coetzee’s belief about viewing diversity as an asset rather than as a deficit
was pivotal in this conversion.
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They fill me with a most beautiful variety of multicultural love, humor, religions and they
make me the richest person in the world.
Rather than nostalgically holding on to the past as did so many of her counterparts,
Mrs. Coetzee was prepared to make a paradigm shift. She proactively set out to
make a difference by positively internalizing and embracing educational change. As
Goodson (2001) claims, effective educational change requires personal and internal
commitment or ownership. She believed that change began with her. She needed
to change so as to embrace external change. Several argumentations from previous
studies also found that educational change is most successful when conducted by
teachers as part of their personal and professional projects and where teachers take
ownership of the reform (Goodson & Hargreaves, 1996; McClaughlin & Yee, 1988;
Sheehy, 1981). The change began with a transformation of her perceptions and
projected outwards into the social and institutional domain. She saw the beauty and
wealth of affirming diversity and felt personally enriched by adopting an inclusive
and asset-based approach in her teaching. Her professed beliefs cohered well with her
practices (Mitchell & Koedinger, 2000). Diversity was affirmed in this classroom not
only in terms of first order changes i.e. changes in learner population; the celebratory
approach to diversity, posters on classroom walls, etc. but also in terms of second
order changes i.e. changes in curriculum and changes in the visible symbols associated
with the dominant racial culture and history of school.
We take turns to greet each other at least once every two weeks in somebody’s mother
tongue. We share funny cultural stories. We share what good manners in one culture could
be seen as bad manners in another. We share cultural songs and dances. My children teach
me and the rest of the class three words of a different language every day.
She not only examined her beliefs about teaching a class of diverse learners but
she also explored the effectiveness of her practices in accommodating the various
cultures, lifestyles, and learning styles of her students (Cabello & Burstein, 1995;
Ladson-Billings, 1995; Reinke & Moseley, 2002). Mrs Coetzee was willing to cross
cultural borders which required a renegotiation of her beliefs and ideas in an attempt
to understand and assimilate the values and beliefs of her diverse learners. She
demonstrated the ability to understand her own belief system as well as the value
system of her learners and in this way was successful not only in responding to the
diversity in her classroom, but in creating a space where all could feel a sense of
belonging and feeling at home. She believed “we are all angels with one wing and
need each other to fly.”
The personal beliefs and missions that she brought to the change process, was
given importance and thus the lens shifted to focus on how she changed internally
and then how this personal change then influenced institutional change and more
broadly, societal change (Goodson, 2001; Sheehy, 1981).
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What should Change and how to Go about it
In the South African context there is much literature on what should change, but
there is very little on what strategies can be implemented to effect change in teachers’
beliefs about diversity. Educational change involves what changes to implement and
how to implement them. These aspects interact and shape each other (Fullan, 2001).
This section attempts to outline some of the strategies utilized by Mrs Coetzee to
embrace meaningful educational change in a diverse classroom namely, classroom
climate and atmosphere, authority and discipline, teacher preparedness, teaching
strategies, communication, in touch with personal lives of learners, inculcating an
inquiring mind, ethos of sharing, pastoral role of the teacher and dispelling stereotypes.
In attempting to create a classroom climate and atmosphere that was conducive to
creating educational opportunities for all learners, Mrs Coetzee transformed an otherwise
ratheroldclassroomwithoutdatedfurnitureintoaninviting,colorful,brightandstimulating
educative environment. Furthermore, she endorsed an inclusive approach and ensured that
all cultures were represented in her classroom in terms of first order changes and in so
doing set the tone and created an atmosphere where all could feel a sense of belonging.
We share food and make a fuss about cultural or religious occasions. They may
bring cultural dishes to school for us to taste, especially on cultural and religious
holidays. I display a variety of cultural objects and artifacts in my classroom. Several
argumentations from previous studies (Ball & Cohen, 1999; Fullan, 2001; National
Research Council, 1999; McLaughlin & Mitra, 2000; Sheehy, 1981; Stigler & Hiebert,
1999) claim that changes in belief and understanding are the foundation of achieving
lasting reform because they are based on fundamental changes in conception, which,
in turn, relate to skills and materials.
Mrs Coetzee had excellent rapport with her learners, which in turn fostered good
discipline in the class. Learning was infused with a sense of humor and fun. She tried
to “edutain” her learners,
I really become a child when I am teaching. I get excited about things that excites my
children for example, I watch movies with my own daughter and use this information when
I do my lessons i.e. social science lesson about “human rights” by making use of the video
“Balto” – the children relate to this and learning takes place easily.
Furthermore, she displayed empathy and was an attentive listener. She respected
every learner in her class and enacted her philosophy of building the positive self-
esteem of every individual in her class. “So what if your shoes are broken? Your
spirit is intact! YOU ARE SPECIAL. I want to save each and every child from having
a low self-esteem.”
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Despite the fact that there were forty learners in her class, Mrs Coetzee had taken
the time to get to know and understand each individual in her class. She was in touch
with the personal lives of learners, “Daddy called you all the way from England.”
She tried to get in touch with the emotions of her learners, “Color in the face that you
think represents you today.” “Come give me a hug.”
I consider my children’s feelings – when they know that you respect how they feel, they
react a lot more positively towards learning.
In all her lessons Mrs Coetzee tried to inculcate critical thinking and to foster
an inquiring mind. For example, in the first lesson she asked: Why do you think
we made a fruit salad today? Her second lesson was also infused with many why
questions? She constantly probed her learners and pushed them to think and reflect
on what they were learning. There was no evidence of rote learning, neither was there
place in her class for monosyllabic responses. Learners could not just simply answer
with a “yes” or “no” response. They had to provide justification for their responses.
Coupled to this, responses were linked to examples of real-life situations within the
social context of South Africa.
Aside from infusing every lesson with sound moral values, Mrs Coetzee promoted
an ethos of sharing and cooperation among learners. For example, some groups had
fewer variety in terms of the fruit that each learner within the group had brought
to class. She suggested that groups swop fruit to ensure that they had more variety
in making the fruit salad. Mrs Coetzee had a very caring disposition towards her
learners. She made learners feel safe, secure and welcomed in learning spaces.
She tried to address stereotyping and in so doing empowered her learners about
issues of race and identities. “We make fun of things in our cultures; clean nice fun.
For example, are all blondes stupid? She encouraged learners to discuss such issues
and they then began to empathize with the situation by putting themselves in the shoes
of another. She tried to dispel stereotypes that were created in society by getting her
learners to think critically and begin to challenge these stereotypes in society. In so
doing she promoted an “epistemology and a pedagogy of compassion.”
In implementing educational change Mrs Coetzee clearly “changed her practice”
along all three dimensions identified by Fullan (2001, p. 38) namely, (1) the possible
use of new or revised material, including instructional resources such as curriculum
materials or technologies; (2) the possible use of new teaching approaches; and (3)
the possible alteration of beliefs such as the pedagogical assumptions and theories
underlying new policies or programmes, for it to have a lasting outcome.
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The Personal Domain of the Teacher in Sustaining Educational Change
It was evident that change began with the personal change of the teacher. Goodson’s
(2001) underscores the centrality of the personal domain of the teacher in sustaining
educational change. Mrs Coetzee like all teachers across South Africa was exposed to a
constant barrage of top-down education policies. In an environment where change seemed
to be unfolding as political symbolism, that lacked personal or internal commitment and
ownership, she stood out as a shining beacon of hope. She became a champion of change
and wanted to make a difference in the lives of her learners. She embraced differences and
adopted and inclusive approach that was imbued with human compassion and empathy
and emphatically demonstrated a balance between the internal, the external and the
personal perspectives of change (Goodson, 2001; Sheehy, 1981).
The Fluidity and Susceptibility of Identity to Change
At a time when most institutions were grappling with issues of power and using the
history and hegemonic culture of the school to preserve their identities and enforce
assimilatory practices, Mrs Coetzee chose to go against the grain. Her conduct
revealed that although identity is created from the ingredients of a personal past it
is always in a process of transformation (Hall, 1996a, 1996b) focused on becoming
rather than being (Gilroy, 2001) formed in accordance with how she was positioned
by and positioned herself with respect to the past (Hall, 1996c) and was susceptible
to change (Goodson, 2001). The dynamics within her classroom were illustrative
of the fact that different cultures interact in a third space (Bhabha, 1994) in which
boundaries and borders become porous. In this blurring of cultural and economic
borders, identity is constantly being reinvented and renegotiated (Barker, Hulme, &
Iversen, 1994; Gandhi, 1998; Hall, 1996c).
Conclusion
It is evident that the beliefs Mrs Coetzee held influenced her perceptions and the
way she taught. Her professed beliefs cohered well with her practices and played a
significant role in how she responded to diversity in her classroom. For Mrs Coetzee,
teaching is much more than being sensitive and sensitized to diverse cultural
backgrounds of students. It is about moving teaching and learning away from the
deficit approach or a “culture of poverty”4
to embracing an asset-based approach and
“funds of knowledge.” It is about recognizing how cultures are contextually based
and necessitates that teachers become culturally competent in order to meaningfully
and appropriately incorporate students cultural and linguistic backgrounds into their
teaching. Mrs Coetzee’s pedagogy supported students by sustaining the cultural and
4 Culture of poverty: where the home cultures and communities of marginalised students were bankrupt of any languages or
cultural practices of value in schools and society.
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linguistic competence of their communities, while at the same time offering access to
dominant cultural competence. In this way she was an active proponent of “culturally
sustaining pedagogy.” Such incorporation not only validates students’ identities,
but also validates their home-based knowledge and experiences and allows them to
participate in constructing what counts as knowledge in their classrooms and schools
(Castagno & Brayboy, 2008).
Mrs Coetzee was extremely passionate about her calling as a teacher. Her spirit
and her love for teaching were not dampened by the social context within which
she found herself. If anything, it seemed to fuel her passion for teaching. This
passion combined with critical thinking, self-reflective skills and socio-cultural
justice education served to foster culturally sustaining pedagogy and socio-cultural
responsive teaching in her classrooms. In so doing, teaching became a class act of
human compassion. Her beliefs translated into practice and served to reinstate the
balance between the internal, the external and the personal perspectives of change.
She firmly believed in the saying “Be the change you wish to see in the world”
(Mahatma Gandhi) and became an active agent of meaningful educational change.
Instead of spending exorbitant sums of money on ever-changing curricula reforms
and teacher appraisal systems, in the fervent hope that it would be appropriated by
teachers, perhaps it is time that the National Department of Education, curriculum
designers, policy-makers, provincial and district officials pay increasing attention to
the personal missions and purposes that underpin teachers’ commitment to education
change processes. In addition, teacher training programmes should incorporate
culturally sustaining pedagogy and socio-cultural responsive teaching to effectively
prepare teachers for practice in a class of diverse learners.
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