Egypt is the largest oil producer in Africa that is not an OPEC member, and the second largest natural gas producer on the continent. It plays a vital role in international energy markets through operation of the Suez Canal and Suez-Mediterranean Pipeline, important transit routes for oil and LNG shipments between the Persian Gulf, Europe, North America, and Asia. While Egypt's oil production is declining from mature fields, natural gas production is increasing and offsets some of the decline. Domestic demand for oil and gas is growing rapidly, outpacing production, and fuel subsidies have contributed to increased consumption.
Presentation at TUROGE 2014 (Turkish International Oil and Gas Conference) on Turkish E&P Sector & New Petroleum Law.
By Ali Yildizel - E&P Group Leader at PETFORM
Environmental issue in the business model of civil and defense aerospace indu...Georges Harari
Four-pillar strategy to build a greener future by looking at: alternative fuel, technological advancements, improved infrastructures, operational and economic measures and their consequences on the business model of the Aerospace and Defense Industry.
Oil prices falling and Their Impact on World and Indian EconomyRishabh Hurkat
The presentations is focused on Reason Behind the Fall in Global Crude Oil Prices.
It also inculcates various Charts and Data which are Up-to-date.
The Basic Reason is to understand the Effect on Global and Indian Economy.
The role of Saudi Arabia in Global Energy MarketsEdouardLotz
Saudi Arabia always played a major role in global oil supplies during the 20th century, as well for the 21st century. This report aims at analysing the energy profile of the country, its market structure, its energy strategy for the future and also its foreign relations having regard to its oil dominance.
What the drop in oil prices means for the economy and office marketsJLL
Oil prices are below $65 per barrel for the first time since 2009, and energy producers across the globe are starting to panic. Lower prices will likely extend into 2015—bad news for energy companies and the downstream industries that support them, but good news for the U.S. economy and consumers.
We expect demand for real estate in the energy markets to weaken. Landlords and developers will feel pressure to secure and retain occupancy. But, the benefit of sustained low oil prices will fuel (pun intended) retail, residential, industrial and office demand across the United States overall.
Learn more about the energy industry, and our services for companies in the field, at http://bit.ly/1qSz2Li
How have the Prices of Crude Oil Affected Due to Lockdown? - Phdassistance.comPhD Assistance
COVID-19 threatens the survival of the modern-day human Homo sapiens. The tiny virus has expanded its active presence across continents, with an impactful footprint in over 175 nations. Petroleum sector, more precisely crude oil, is one of the linchpins of global economy. In December 2019, the appearance of the corona virus in China and the gradual expansion of the epidemic drastically reduced crude oil demand and price.
Lockdown is in effect in Italy, Germany, India, Great Britain, South Africa, and Spain. Corona lockdowns have appealed people to "stay home" and avoid unnecessary travel. Corona effectively limits all modes of movement and thus the transport sector 's oil use is expected to drop dramatically. Additionally, shorter manufacturing and consumer operations should limit fuel usage.
To Learn More: https://www.phdassistance.com/blog/
Contact Us:
UK NO: +44-1143520021
India No: +91-8754446690
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Presentation at TUROGE 2014 (Turkish International Oil and Gas Conference) on Turkish E&P Sector & New Petroleum Law.
By Ali Yildizel - E&P Group Leader at PETFORM
Environmental issue in the business model of civil and defense aerospace indu...Georges Harari
Four-pillar strategy to build a greener future by looking at: alternative fuel, technological advancements, improved infrastructures, operational and economic measures and their consequences on the business model of the Aerospace and Defense Industry.
Oil prices falling and Their Impact on World and Indian EconomyRishabh Hurkat
The presentations is focused on Reason Behind the Fall in Global Crude Oil Prices.
It also inculcates various Charts and Data which are Up-to-date.
The Basic Reason is to understand the Effect on Global and Indian Economy.
The role of Saudi Arabia in Global Energy MarketsEdouardLotz
Saudi Arabia always played a major role in global oil supplies during the 20th century, as well for the 21st century. This report aims at analysing the energy profile of the country, its market structure, its energy strategy for the future and also its foreign relations having regard to its oil dominance.
What the drop in oil prices means for the economy and office marketsJLL
Oil prices are below $65 per barrel for the first time since 2009, and energy producers across the globe are starting to panic. Lower prices will likely extend into 2015—bad news for energy companies and the downstream industries that support them, but good news for the U.S. economy and consumers.
We expect demand for real estate in the energy markets to weaken. Landlords and developers will feel pressure to secure and retain occupancy. But, the benefit of sustained low oil prices will fuel (pun intended) retail, residential, industrial and office demand across the United States overall.
Learn more about the energy industry, and our services for companies in the field, at http://bit.ly/1qSz2Li
How have the Prices of Crude Oil Affected Due to Lockdown? - Phdassistance.comPhD Assistance
COVID-19 threatens the survival of the modern-day human Homo sapiens. The tiny virus has expanded its active presence across continents, with an impactful footprint in over 175 nations. Petroleum sector, more precisely crude oil, is one of the linchpins of global economy. In December 2019, the appearance of the corona virus in China and the gradual expansion of the epidemic drastically reduced crude oil demand and price.
Lockdown is in effect in Italy, Germany, India, Great Britain, South Africa, and Spain. Corona lockdowns have appealed people to "stay home" and avoid unnecessary travel. Corona effectively limits all modes of movement and thus the transport sector 's oil use is expected to drop dramatically. Additionally, shorter manufacturing and consumer operations should limit fuel usage.
To Learn More: https://www.phdassistance.com/blog/
Contact Us:
UK NO: +44-1143520021
India No: +91-8754446690
Email: info@phdassistance.com
The purpose of this slide is to explain my proposal of the exhibition in Koyo-festival2014 of Toyota National College of Technology .
This slide was made for the member of my part in 4E classmate in the first time.
Skift presentation at social media tourism symposium 2014Joyce Manalo
This was presentation, given by Joyce Manalo at Social Media Tourism Symposium, benchmarks 2014 social media activity among DMOs, highlights which metrics matter on social media, and examines several practical case studies.
Lyes Boudiaf. Founder & President of Isly Holdings. Algeria. Lyes Boudiaf has been decorated as knight of the honorary Order of Merit of the State of Portugal
The Executive Summary of the International Energy Agency's (IEA) new edition of the Medium-Term Gas Market Report (MTGMR), for 2013. The new report predicts natural gas' piece of the worldwide energy picture will grow 2.4% from now until 2018. Growth in the U.S. continues rapidly. The report also says natural gas use in the transportation sector is about to rapidly increase around the world, thanks to U.S. shale gas.
IEA says oil transit through the Suez Canal do not face much risk despite the ongoing political crisis in Egypt. This is the fact sheet from the IEA supporting this assessment.
Get the oil and gas industry service – Visit Sustainergy!.pptxSUSTAINERGY
Egypt is not a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). It is Africa's fifth-largest producer of oil and gas. Egypt, which contributes significantly to global oil and gas production, is home to the Suez Canal, the main trade route. The Suez-Mediterranean Pipeline is the only locally available alternative route to transfer crude oil from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean if ships are unable to pass through the Suez Canal (SUMED). Egypt is a prominent authority in this area because of the abundance of huge oil and gas resources it has in the Gulf of Suez. Sustainergy offers an overview of the oil and gas industry service.
Visit us : https://sustainergyholding.com/services-oil-gas/
13 Energy Efficiency Initiatives for Saudi Arabia on Su.docxdurantheseldine
13
Energy Efficiency Initiatives for Saudi Arabia
on Supply and Demand Sides
Y. Alyousef1* and M. Abu-ebid2
1Energy Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City
for Science and Technology, Riyadh,
2AEA Technology plc, Didcot,
1Saudi Arabia
2United Kingdom
1. Introduction
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is blessed with an abundance of energy resources. It
has the world’s largest proven oil reserves, the world’s fourth largest proven gas reserves,
has abundant wind and solar renewable energy resources, and is the world’s 20th largest
producer and consumer of electricity. Saudi Arabia makes negligible use of its renewable
energy resources and almost all its electricity is produced from the combustion of fossil
fuels. Despite attempts to diversify the economy, the oil and gas industry still accounts for
approximately 75% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings.
Exploitation of the natural resources has allowed the Saudi government to keep energy
prices low through a system of direct and indirect subsidies. The nation has benefited
greatly from these policies, but together with increased prosperity and sophistication, a
culture of wasteful energy usage has become established.
KSA is experienced rapid economic growth over recent years. Since 2000, the energy
consumption per capita has increased by more than 30%. This increase in primary energy
consumption has occurred during a period of declining oil exports. In 2008, the total
primary energy consumption has approximately reached 800 million barrels of oil
equivalent (BOE), of which more than 60% was oil. The consumption of primary energy
within the Kingdom is expected to double in 2030 leading to diminishing oil exports based
on current trends (Ministry of Water and Electricity, 2009).
There is widespread recognition within KSA that with growing internal demand for
primary energy there will be a declining proportion of oil for export. Consequently, the
national government has identified energy efficiency as a key national priority, reflecting the
rapid increase in domestic consumption of petroleum products, related GHG emissions and
the associated opportunity cost of lost export revenues. There is also a strategic national
push to develop an energy efficiency and renewable technology R&D and manufacturing
base in an attempt to diversify the economy away from fossil fuels.
*Corresponding Author
www.intechopen.com
Energy Efficiency – A Bridge to Low Carbon Economy
280
2. Fossil fuel production and consumption
2.1 Oil production and consumption
Saudi Arabia is the largest producer and net exporter of oil in the world with more than 10
million barrels/day produced in 2007. The state-owned oil company, Saudi Aramco, is the
world’s largest oil company. The country has around 100 major oil and gas fields and more
than 1500 wells. Recently, the Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of .
NewBase Special 26 October 2015 ) , from Hawk Energy Services Dubai . Daily energy news covering the MENA area and related worldwide energy news. In todays’ issue you will find news about:-
• UAE, perfect place for professionals: paper
• Egyptian LNG Imports Could Continue for Another Fives Year
• Egypt: BP to begin North Alexandria gas output in early 2017
• EU: Gazprom to see its lowest Europe gas price in 11 years
• China: BP and China Huadian Corp sign multibillion dollar LNG deal
• Oil prices remain weak as demand seen sagging towards year-end
• Cheap oil weans GCC firms off public purse and pushes them to the market
• Oil at $50 Is ‘Gift to World’ as Abu Dhabi Sees Higher Prices
The recent geo-political developments in the region present major
opportunities for Israel in the form of cooperative alliances in the
field of energy. Turkey, Egypt and Jordan – each one for its own
reasons – are all allies with regard to energy, who could help Israel
evolve into a regional superpower
Greetings,
Attached FYI ( NewBase Special 08 October 2015 ) , from Hawk Energy Services Dubai . Daily energy news covering the MENA area and related worldwide energy news. In todays’ issue you will find news about:-
• Energy minister calls for Dh3.5bn savings in water and energy
• Algeria expects 4.1 pct rise in oil and gas exports in 2015
• India: Big-Oil spending cuts lower ONGC’s cost of exploration
• S.Korea:SABIC, SK inaugurate new industrial plant
• Hungary imports oil from Iraq's Kurdistan at expense of Russian crude
• US: Oilfield cannibals: to save cash, U.S. drillers strip idle rigs
• Oil rebounds, shrugging of U.S. stockpile build
• Four Ways the Oil Price Crash Is Hurting the Global Economy
• IMF trims forecast for global growth amid China slowdown
• Why lifting oil export ban can help U.S. foreign policy
we would appreciate your actions to send to all interested parties that you may wish. Also note that if you or your organization wish to include your own article or advert in our circulations, please send it to :-
khdmohd@hotmail.com or khdmohd@hawkenergy.net
Khaled Al Awadi
Energy Consultant & NewBase Chairman - Senior Chief Editor
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Emarat member since 1990
ASME meme since 1995
Hawk Energy since 2010
Greetings,
Attached FYI ( NewBase Special 11 November 2015 ) , from Hawk Energy Services Dubai . Daily energy news covering the MENA area and related worldwide energy news. In todays’ issue you will find news about:-
• UAE: BP presents solid bid for AbuDhabi ( ADCO ) concession
• Qatar accounts for 20% of total GCC chemicals export volume, valued at $10.6bn in 2014
• OPEC Challenges Shale Afresh as Iraq Crude Floods Gulf of Mexico
• OPEC Said to Consider New Output Ceiling as Indonesia Rejoins
• U.S. Lowers 2016 Crude Output Forecast as Drillers Idle Rigs
• Oil prices drop on rising stockpiles, Japan recession fears
• Oil prices to stay low till 2020
• LNG construction sector hits its peak and faces steep fall leading to heightened competitive tension amongst contractors
• OMV CEO, Ex-German Chancellor in Call for Better Russia/EU Relations
we would appreciate your actions to send to all interested parties that you may wish. Also note that if you or your organization wish to include your own article or advert in our circulations, please send it to :-
khdmohd@hotmail.com or khdmohd@hawkenergy.net
Best Regards.
Khaled Al Awadi
Energy Consultant & NewBase Chairman - Senior Chief Editor
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Emarat member since 1990
ASME meme since 1995
Hawk Energy sin
Oil quests: African states looking to capitalize on their petroleum resourcesDaniel Brett MSc FRAS
Independent operators are looking to take advantage of high risk, yet high reward areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, and Somalia. Daniel Brett, writing exclusively for the OPEC Bulletin, rounds up the latest developments and challenges so far as Africa continues to develop its oil and gas potential.
Article for OPEC Bulletin
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Yes of course, you can easily start mining pi network coin today and sell to legit pi vendors in the United States.
Here the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network #pi coins #legit #passive income
#US
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
1. ‹ Countries
Egypt
Last Updated: July 31, 2013 (Notes)
full report
Overview
While serving as a major transit point for oil and LNG from the Persian Gulf to Europe,
Egypt is the largest non-OPEC oil producer in Africa and the second largest dry natural gas
producer on the continent.
Egypt is the largest oil producer in Africa that is not a member of the Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the second largest natural gas producer on the
continent, following Algeria. Egypt plays a vital role in international energy markets through
the operation of the Suez Canal and Suez-Mediterranean (SUMED) Pipeline. The Suez
Canal is an important transit route for oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) shipments
traveling northbound from the Persian Gulf to Europe and North America and southbound
shipments from North Africa and countries along the Mediterranean Sea to Asia. The
SUMED Pipeline is the only alternative route nearby to transport crude oil from the Red Sea
to the Mediterranean if ships were unable to navigate through the Suez Canal. Fees
collected from operation of these two transit points are significant sources of revenue for the
Egyptian government.
In Africa, Egypt has the third largest population, after Nigeria and Ethiopia, and the second
highest gross domestic production (GDP), in purchasing power parity at current
international prices, after South Africa, according to the latest 2011 statistics from the World
Bank. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) indicates that after the Egyptian revolution in
2011 the country experienced capital outflows and a sharp drop in tourism revenue and
foreign direct investment. Annual GDP growth in Egypt dropped to 1.8 percent in 2011 from
5.1 percent in 2010.
Despite this slower growth, oil and gas production and operations largely have been
unaffected, although some foreign companies have withdrawn nonessential foreign staff as
a precautionary measure because of uncertainty in the country. In addition, shipments of oil
and LNG through the Suez Canal have been unaffected, as the Egyptian army continues to
guard the Canal.
The most visible effect of the 2011 revolution and the recent unrest on Egypt's energy sector
has been a series of attacks on the Arab Gas Pipeline, which prior to the revolution had
transported natural gas to Jordan and Israel. Gas exports to both countries were
significantly reduced in 2011. In 2012, natural gas exports to Israel were halted, according
to the Arab Oil and Gas Journal. In addition, growing domestic demand for oil and gas amid
stagnant production has led to energy shortages, contributing to continued protests and
2. Key oil and natural gas infrastructure in Egypt
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, IHS Edin
sporadic unrest in the country.
Total primary energy consumption
Almost all of Egypt's 3.6 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) of energy consumption in
2010 was met by oil (41 percent) and natural gas (46 percent), with the remainder from
renewable energy sources (traditional biomass, hydro, wind, and solar) and coal. Oil's
share of the energy consumption mix is mostly used in the transportation sector, but with
the increased use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in vehicles, the share of natural gas in
the transportation sector is likely to grow.
Egypt's total primary energy consumption grew by an annual average of 5 percent from 2000
to 2010, most of which was oil and natural gas. Egypt is the largest oil and natural gas
consumer in Africa, accounting for almost a quarter of total oil consumption in Africa in 2012
and almost half of total dry natural gas consumption in 2011. The rapid growth of oil and
gas consumption has been driven by increased industrial output, economic growth, energy-
intensive gas and oil extraction projects, population growth, and an increase in private and
commercial vehicle sales.
Fuel subsidies have contributed to oil consumption growth. Oil producers in Egypt are
required to sell their crude oil to the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC) at a
price below the world market price, and EGPC then sells the crude to its refineries on the
global market, according to the 2013 African Economic Outlook. Because Egypt's diesel
consumption is twice the level of gasoline consumption, the country must import diesel to
satisfy local demand. According to Foreign Reports, EGPC sells diesel locally at retail for 59
cents per gallon, but it pays about $2.80 per gallon wholesale for imports by the tanker-load.
Egypt's FY 2012/2013 budget proposed a $12 billion reduction in petroleum products
subsidies and the government has taken steps toward energy subsidy reform, but subsidy
reduction is a politically sensitive issue that has proven difficult to fully implement. In
November 2012, the subsidy on high-grade 95-octane gasoline was eliminated, but
savings may be negligible because consumers could shift to the subsidized 92-octane
3. gasoline, according to the 2013 African Economic Outlook. According to the IMF, in early
2013 the government increased fuel prices for the industrial sector and electricity tariffs as
part of the first phase of planned energy subsidy reforms.
Oil
One of Egypt's challenges is to satisfy increasing domestic demand for oil amid falling
domestic production. In recent years, oil output has experienced moderate increases from new
production at smaller fields, but oil production is expected to decline steadily.
According to the Oil & Gas Journal's (OGJ) January 1, 2013 estimate, Egypt's proven crude
oil reserves are 4.4 billion barrels, an increase from the 2010 reserve estimate of 3.7 billion
barrels, with new oil discoveries boosting oil reserves in recent years. According to the Arab
Oil and Gas Journal, several new oil discoveries have been made every year since 2008,
with 16 in 2011, 16 in 2010, 11 in 2009, and 17 in 2008. Many of these oil discoveries were
the result of exploration conducted by the U.S.-based Apache in Egypt's Western Desert.
Egypt's oil production comes from the Gulf of Suez, Nile Delta, Western Desert, Eastern
Desert, Sinai, and the Mediterranean Sea. Most of Egypt's production is derived from
relatively small fields that are connected to larger regional production systems. Overall
production is in decline, particularly from the older fields in the Gulf of Suez and Nile Delta.
However, declines have been partially offset by small new finds, particularly in the Western
Desert and offshore area. In addition, the use of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques at
mature fields has eased production declines.
After Egypt's production peak of more than 900,000 bbl/d in the mid-1990s, output began to
decline as oil fields matured. However, natural gas liquids (NGL) output has increased over
the past decade as a result of expanding natural gas production and has offset some of the
declines in other liquids production, such as crude oil. In 2012, Egypt's total oil production
averaged around 720,000 bbl/d, of which approximately 555,000 bbl/d was crude oil
including lease condensate, almost 170,000 bbl/d was NGL, with refinery processing loss
accounting for the difference.
One of Egypt's challenges is to satisfy increasing domestic demand for oil amid falling
domestic production. Total oil consumption grew by an annual average of 3 percent over
that past decade to 755,000 bbl/d in 2012. Egypt's oil consumption has outpaced
production since 2010.
4. Sector organization
The EGPC is the state entity charged with managing upstream activities including
infrastructure, licensing, and production. EGPC owns and operates much of the country's
refining capacity. International oil companies (IOCs) play a significant role in Egypt's
upstream sector on a production-sharing basis with EGPC. In addition to the EGPC, other
important regulatory companies in the energy sector are the Egyptian Mineral Resource
Authority (EMRA), Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS), the Egyptian
Petrochemicals Holding Company (ECHEM), and Ganoub El Wadi Petroleum Holding
Company (GANOPE).
EGPC holds shares in operations through joint ventures (JVs) with foreign companies,
according to Business Monitor International Ltd. (BMI), while IOCs dominate Egypt's
upstream oil sector. BP, Eni, BG, and Apache are the major oil and gas players in Egypt,
with the first three primarily invested offshore and Apache in the onshore Western Desert,
according to IHS CERA. There are also several small and mid-sized companies
participating in Egypt's oil and gas exploration and production.
Crude oil exports
Egypt exported around 100,000 bbl/d of crude oil including lease condensate in 2012. Most
of Egypt's exports were sent to India (46 percent), the United States (32 percent), and Italy
(17 percent) in 2012. EIA data show that the United States imported 31,000 bbl/d of crude oil
from Egypt in 2012; an increase compared to previous years as U.S. crude imports from
Egypt averaged less than 6,000 bbl/d in the past five years.
Egypt's main oil grades are Suez, Belayim, and Western Desert. The Suez Blend comes
from declining offshore fields in the Gulf of Suez, operated by The Gulf of Suez Petroleum
Co. (Gupco), a JV between BP and EGPC, according to the Energy Intelligence Group. The
Belayim Blend is sourced from aging oil fields in the Gulf of Suez that are operated by the
Belayim Petroleum Co. (Petrobel), a JV between Eni and EGPC. Most of the Suez and
Belayim Blend crudes are refined domestically, with only a small volume of these grades
destined for exports. Both blends are usually sold at a discount to the Brent contract
because of their relatively high sulfur content.
The Western Desert Blend is a light, relatively sweet grade crude with a high wax content
that is sourced from oil fields in the Western Desert, and in recent years output has
increased because of small new finds and the application of EOR techniques to fields in
5. the Western Desert region. The main producer in the area is Khalda Petroleum Co., a JV
between Apache and EGPC. Agiba (JV between Eni and EGPC) and Bapetco (JV between
Shell and EGPC) also hold assets that feed the Western Desert Blend, according to the
Energy Intelligence Group. Similar to the other two blends, much of the Western Desert
Blend is refined domestically, and the remainder is sold to international markets.
Refined oil products
Egypt has the largest refinery capacity in Africa and holds 23 percent of the continent's total
refinery capacity. Egypt's nine refineries mostly run domestically produced crude oil, and
refined products are largely sold to local markets.
Egypt has the largest refinery capacity in Africa, with a total crude distillation capacity of 726,
250 bbl/d or 23 percent of Africa's total refinery capacity. The nine refineries mostly run
domestically produced crude oil and are operated by subsidiaries of EGPC. The last
increase in refinery capacity occurred in 2001 when the 100,000-bbl/d Sidi Kerir refinery
came online, according to the Arab Oil and Gas Journal.
Egypt's refinery capacity is planned to increase in 2015 when a new 96,000-bbl/d refinery
next to the Mostorod refinery in Cairo begins operations. Construction on the facility began
in 2012 and it is being developed by the Egyptian Refining Corporation (ERC), a public-
private partnership financed by Citadel Capitol and its co-investors, along with EGPC.
According to ERC, petroleum products refined at this facility will be sold to EGPC under a
25-year offtake agreement at international prices. A second refinery project that has made
much less progress is a proposed 300,000-bbl/d refinery. EGPC signed a memorandum of
understanding with a Chinese consortium in May 2010 to develop this facility, according to
the Arab Oil and Gas Journal.
Table 1. Egypt crude oil refineries
Refinery operator Location
Nameplate capacity
(barrels per day)
6. El-Nasr Petroleum Co. El Suez 146,300
Cairo Petroleum Refining Co. Mostorod (Cairo) 145,000
Alexandria Petroleum Co. Alexandria (El-Mex) 100,000
Middle East Oil Refinery Alexandria (Sidi Kerir) 100,000
Ameriya Petroleum Refining Co. Alexandria 78,000
Suez Petroleum Processing Co. El Suez 66,400
Assiut Petroleum Refining Co. Assiut 47,000
Cairo Petroleum Refining Co. Tanta 35,000
El-Nasr Petroleum Co. Wadi-Feran 8,550
Total 726,250
Source: Oil & Gas Journal
Natural gas
Natural gas exports have declined since 2009 because of increasing Egyptian consumption
and flat production. Promising natural gas discoveries may revive production in the next few
years as new fields come onstream.
According to OGJ estimates as of January 1, 2013, Egypt's proven natural gas reserves
registered at around 77Tcf, an increase from the 2010 estimate of 58.5 Tcf and the third
highest in Africa, after Nigeria and Algeria. New discoveries in the deepwater Mediterranean
Sea and Nile Delta, along with some finds in the Western Desert, have led to the increase
in proven reserves. There were 16 natural gas discoveries in 2009, 10 in 2010, and 7 in
2011, according to the Arab Oil and Gas Journal. The majority of Egypt's natural gas
reserves and production is located in the Mediterranean Sea and Nile Delta.
Egypt's natural gas production is used to satisfy rising domestic demand, exports through
the Arab Gas Pipeline, and LNG exports. In 2011, Egypt produced roughly 2.2 Tcf of dry
natural gas, of which 1.8 Tcf was domestically consumed and 0.4 Tcf was exported. Egypt
supplies natural gas mostly to European and Asian markets, although exports are
competing with rising domestic demand, particularly in Egypt's power generation sector.
Egypt's natural gas consumption has increased by an annual average of 11 percent from
2001 to 2011. Natural gas production rapidly increased for most of that time period as well,
but after 2009 natural gas production began to fall because of a decline in output from
offshore gas fields. Egypt's natural gas exports have also fallen. The government may start
to import natural gas for the first time, to satisfy rising domestic demand and continue to
export natural gas to global markets.
Much of the natural gas consumed in Egypt is used to fuel electric power plants. The
government is encouraging households, businesses, and the industrial sector to consider
natural gas as a substitute for petroleum and coal. In January 2008, the World Bank
approved loans for the Natural Gas Connections Project, which aims to switch consumption
of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to natural gas through investment in new connections and
to further expand natural gas use in densely populated, low income areas. The share of
natural gas consumed in the transportation sector also has been rising since the
development of compressed natural gas (CNG) infrastructure and vehicles.
7. Sector organization
The Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS) oversees the development, production,
and marketing of natural gas. EGAS is also responsible for organizing international
exploration bid rounds and awarding gas exploration licenses. EGAS and/or EGPC
participate in JVs with IOCs to develop and operate gas fields. The Egyptian Natural Gas
Company (GASCO) operates many of the gas processing plants.
Foreign companies operating in Egypt's gas sector must direct all or a portion of their
current production to the domestic market, and the government has demanded that new
discoveries be earmarked for the domestic market. Major foreign players in Egypt's
upstream natural gas sector include Eni, BG Group, BP, Shell, and Apache. BG Group
produces about 40 percent of Egypt's natural gas production, mainly from the offshore Nile
Delta, according to IHS CERA. The vast majority of BG's output is used to supply the
domestic market. Another major producer, BP, is planning to increase output through its
recent discoveries in the Gulf of Suez and the Mediterranean Sea.
Natural gas exports
Egypt exports natural gas via pipeline and in the form of liquefied natural gas. Pipeline
natural gas exports have been substantially cut because of sabotage attacks on the Arab Gas
Pipeline. Egypt's LNG exports have also declined as exports compete with the growing
domestic demand. Most of Egypt's LNG is exported to Asian and European markets.
Dry natural gas exports, which began in 2003, had been rising rapidly, with the completion
of the first stage of the Arab Gas Pipeline (AGP) linking Egypt to Jordan and the startup of
LNG production in 2004. However, after 2006 exports began to level off, and in 2012 natural
gas exports fell to 256 Bcf, less than half of the peak export volume of 647 Bcf in 2009. In
2011 and 2012, gas exports through the AGP were disrupted by repeated sabotage attacks
and the amounts sent to Jordan and Israel were substantially curtailed. Growing domestic
demand, stagnant domestic production, and attacks and technical problems at the AGP
have all contributed to reduced Egyptian exports of pipeline gas and LNG after 2009.
Pipeline exports
The AGP originates in Egypt and connects to Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. In 2008, a
pipeline was built from the starting point in al-Arish in Egypt to Ashkelon in Israel and runs
8. underwater. The AGP had been sabotaged on over a dozen occasions between 2011 and
2012, which resulted in gas supply disruptions to recipient countries. Israel and Jordan
were most affected by supply cut-offs because they were most dependent on Egypt's gas. In
April 2012, Egyptian state-owned oil and gas companies announced that they were
terminating their agreement to supply gas to Israel. Total exports via the AGP dropped to 19
Bcf in 2012, of which the majority was sent to Jordan, with a smaller amount delivered to
Israel before exports were terminated. This level is a substantial decrease from the gas
volumes transported prior to the revolution, which totaled 193 Bcf in 2010.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Egypt has two LNG plants that include a total of three LNG trains, with combined capacity of
around 610 Bcf per year (or 12.7 million tons per year). The Spanish-Egyptian Gas
Company (Segas) LNG plant in Damietta started production in late-2004 and has one train
with a capacity of 264 Bcf per year. There were plans to add a second train, but the project
was delayed after the government enacted a two-year moratorium on new gas export deals
in 2008. The moratorium was put in place to remedy growing local demand for natural gas.
The second 346-Bcf-per-year LNG plant was developed by Egyptian LNG (ELNG) and
started production in 2005. It has two trains and is located in Idku near Alexandria.
Egypt's LNG exports have been cut in half over the past five years, from 496 Bcf in 2008 to
237 Bcf in 2012, according to BP Statistical Review. LNG exports are expected to decline
further in 2013 because increased domestic demand has diverted additional natural gas
supply to the local market. The Segas LNG plant in Damietta was recently forced to shut
down operations due to the lack of natural gas to feed the facility. The company operating
the facility, Union Fenosa Gas, is working with the Egyptian government to restore gas flows
to Segas, according to the Energy Intelligence Group. The Idku plant, which is fed gas from
the BP-operated West Delta Deep Marine (WDDM) offshore concession, is running below
capacity. If the government diverts a greater portion from WDDM to the local market, this
could compromise operations at Idku as well.
In 2012, most of Egypt's LNG was exported to Asia (53 percent), with Japan being the
primary destination, followed by South Korea and India, with smaller volumes sent to China
and Taiwan, according to FACTS Global Energy and BP 2013 Statistical Review. Europe
was the second-largest regional destination and absorbed 39 percent of Egypt's total LNG
exports in 2012. France, Spain, Turkey, Portugal, and Italy were the recipients in that region.
Europe previously had been the leading export destination for Egypt's LNG, but European
LNG imports from Egypt dropped by about a quarter in 2012 compared with the previous
year. This drop reflects the overall decrease of total European LNG imports in 2012 and
increased competition for LNG on the global market. Egypt's LNG accounted for 4 percent of
Europe's total LNG imports in 2012, according to FACTS Global Energy estimates.
Table 2. Egypt's pipeline and liquefied natural gas
exports (billion cubic feet)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Pipeline exports 101 194 193 64 19
LNG exports 496 452 343 303 237
Total exports 597 647 535 367 256
Source: BP Statistical Review, 2009-2013; 2012 pipeline
9. Source: BP Statistical Review, 2009-2013; 2012 pipeline
export is from Cedigaz
Suez Canal/SUMED Pipeline
The Suez Canal and SUMED Pipeline are strategic routes for Persian Gulf oil and gas
shipments to Europe and North America. Closure of the Suez Canal and SUMED Pipeline
would add an estimated 2,700 miles of transit from Saudi Arabia to the United States around
the Cape of Good Hope via tanker.
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal is located in Egypt and connects the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez with the
Mediterranean Sea. In 2012, oil (both crude oil and refined products) and LNG accounted for
24 and 5 percent of total Suez cargoes, measured by cargo tonnage, respectively. The
Canal is unable to handle Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC) and fully laden Very Large
Crude Carriers (VLCC) class crude oil tankers. The Suezmax was the largest ship capable
of navigating through the Canal until 2010 when the Suez Canal Authority extended the
depth to 66 feet to allow over 60 percent of all tankers to use the Canal, according to the
Suez Canal Authority.
Table 3. Tanker type, tonnage, and capacity
Tanker type Deadweight tons
Approximate
capacity (barrels)
Panamax 60,000 - 100,000 440,000 - 730,000
Aframax 80,000 - 120,000 850,000 - 880,000
Suezmax 120,000 - 200,000 880,000 - 1,500,000
VLCC 200,000 - 320,000 1,500,000 - 2,350,000
10. VLCC 200,000 - 320,000 1,500,000 - 2,350,000
ULCC 320,000+ 2,350,000+
Source: Clarksons
SUMED Pipeline
The 200-mile long SUMED Pipeline, or Suez-Mediterranean Pipeline, provides an
alternative to the Suez Canal for vessels and cargos too large to transit through the Canal
(fully laden VLCCs and larger). The crude oil flows through two parallel pipelines that are
42-inches in diameter, with a total pipeline capacity of around 2.35 million bbl/d. Oil flows
north through Egypt and is carried from the Ain Sukhna terminal along the Red Sea coast to
its end point at the Sidi Kerir terminal on the Mediterranean. SUMED is owned by the Arab
Petroleum Pipeline Co., a joint venture between the Egyptian General Petroleum
Corporation (EGPC), Saudi Aramco, Abu Dhabi's National Oil Company (ADNOC), and
Kuwaiti companies.
The SUMED Pipeline is the only alternative route nearby to transport crude oil from the Red
Sea to the Mediterranean if ships were unable to navigate through the Suez Canal. Closure
of the Suez Canal and the SUMED Pipeline would necessitate diverting oil tankers around
the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, adding approximately 2,700 miles to
transit from Saudi Arabia to the United States, increasing both costs and shipping time,
according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. According to the International Energy
Agency (IEA), shipping around Africa would add 15 days of transit to Europe and 8-10 days
to the United States.
Fully laden VLCCs transiting toward the Suez Canal also use the SUMED Pipeline for
lightering. Lightering occurs when a vessel needs to reduce its weight and draft by
offloading cargo in order to enter a restrictive waterway, such as a canal. The Suez Canal is
not deep enough for a fully laden VLCC and, therefore, a portion of the crude is offloaded at
the SUMED Pipeline at the Ain Sukhna terminal. The now partially laden VLCC goes through
the Suez Canal and picks up the portion of its crude at the other end of the pipeline at Sidi
Kerir terminal.
Crude oil and refined product flows
The revolution in Egypt that started in 2011 did not have any noticeable effect on oil transit
flows through the Suez Canal. In 2012, about 2.97 million bbl/d of total oil transited in both
directions. This is the highest amount ever shipped through the Suez Canal and made up
about 7 percent of total seaborne traded oil.
In 2012, about 2.97 million bbl/d of total oil (crude oil and refined products) transited the
Suez Canal in both directions. This is the highest amount ever shipped through the Canal
and made up about 7 percent of total seaborne traded oil. The majority of the oil was sent
northbound (1.66 million bbl/d) toward European and North American markets, and the
remainder was sent southbound (1.32 million bbl/d) mainly toward Asian markets.
Southbound oil flows increased by around 540,000 bbl/d in 2012 compared to the previous
year mainly because of the restart of oil production in Libya in 2012 following the civil war.
Southbound oil flows from Libya through Suez quadrupled in 2012.
11. Egypt's 2011 revolution did not have any noticeable effect on oil transit flows through the
Suez Canal. Over the past few years, oil flows through the Canal have increased and have
recovered from previous lower levels caused by the global economic downturn. Total traffic
through the canal fell in 2009 and total oil flows dropped to 1.84 million bbl/d, its lowest
level in recent years. The decrease in oil flows during that time period reflects the collapse
in world oil market demand that began in the fourth quarter of 2008, followed by OPEC
production cuts (primarily from the Persian Gulf), which caused a sharp fall in regional oil
trade starting in early 2009.
In 2012, around 1.54 million bbl/d of crude oil was transported through the SUMED pipeline.
Although SUMED crude flows decreased in 2012 over the previous year, total crude oil
transited northbound from Suez and SUMED combined increased to 2.44 million bbl/d in
2012 from 2.20 million bbl/d in 2011.
Table 4. Suez Canal and SUMED Pipeline hydrocarbon annual flows
(million barrels per day)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Suez northbound flows
Crude oil 0.94 0.31 0.42 0.54 0.90
Refined products 0.68 0.68 0.74 0.86 0.76
Total oil 1.63 0.99 1.16 1.39 1.66
LNG (Tcf per year) 0.31 0.79 1.48 1.82 1.24
Suez southbound flows
Crude Oil 0.21 0.27 0.31 0.21 0.48
Refined Products 0.61 0.58 0.52 0.57 0.84
Total Oil 0.82 0.85 0.83 0.78 1.32
LNG (Tcf per year) 0.28 0.05 0.11 0.24 0.27
Suez total
Crude Oil 1.15 0.59 0.73 0.75 1.37
Refined Products 1.29 1.26 1.26 1.42 1.60
Total Oil 2.45 1.84 1.99 2.17 2.97
LNG (Tcf per year) 0.59 0.84 1.59 2.06 1.50
Sumed pipeline flows
Crude Oil 2.12 1.18 1.15 1.66 1.54
Note: Totals may not exactly match corresponding values as a result of
independent rounding.
Source: Suez Canal Authority (with EIA conversions) and EIA analysis based on
APEX Tanker Data
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
LNG flows through the Suez Canal in both directions were 1.5 trillion cubic feet in 2012,
accounting for around 13 percent of total LNG traded worldwide.
12. LNG flows through the Suez Canal in both directions were 1.5 trillion cubic feet in 2012,
accounting for around 13 percent of total LNG traded worldwide. Southbound LNG transit
mostly originates in Algeria and Egypt and is largely destined for Asian markets, while
northbound transit is mostly from Qatar, largely destined for European markets. The rapid
growth in LNG flows through the Suez Canal represents the startup of multiple LNG trains in
Qatar in 2009-2010. However, total LNG flows through the Suez Canal in both directions fell
to 1.5 Tcf in 2012, down from its peak of 2.06 Tcf in 2011. The year-over-year decrease
reflects the fall in northbound LNG flows and is consistent with LNG import data for the
United States and Europe, which show that total LNG imports into both areas decreased,
particularly from Qatar. U.S. LNG imports from Qatar fell by around 63 percent in 2012
compared with the previous year. The changes reflect growing domestic supply in the
United States, a decrease in LNG demand in some European countries, and strong
competition for LNG in the global market. In addition, northbound LNG flows were also
curtailed because of less LNG exports from Yemen because of sabotage attacks on a gas
pipeline. As a result, total Suez LNG flows as a percentage of total LNG traded worldwide
fell to 13 percent in 2012, compared with 18 percent in 2012.
Electricity
As a result of Egypt's growing domestic energy demand, the government plans to increase the
amount of power generated from renewable sources, particularly wind and solar, and is
fostering nuclear power development.
The Egyptian household electrification rate in 2009 was approximately 99.6 percent,
according to the latest estimates from the International Energy Agency (IEA). Although the
country has one of the highest electrification rates in Africa, approximately 300,000 people
still lack access to electricity, mainly in rural areas.
Egypt's total electricity net generation was around 138.7 billion KWh in 2010: 124.3 billion
KWh (90 percent) of which was from fossil-fueled electric, 12.9 billion KWh from hydro, and
1.5 billion KWh from wind. Electricity consumption has grown by an average of 7 percent
annually between 2000 and 2010. Most of Egypt's power demand growth comes from the
industrial sector. Ageing infrastructure and rising demand have led to intermittent blackouts.
Egyptian electricity consumption is increasing much faster than capacity expansions, and
the government is planning to invest heavily in the power sector over the next decade, while
also seeking financing from external sources. The private sector, international
organizations, and renewable energy funds such as the World Bank's Clean Technology
Fund have all provided investment in the sector. Under existing plans, Egypt hopes to
produce 12-20 percent of its electricity from renewable energy by 2020 while also
developing a nuclear power industry, according to IHS CERA.
Hydroelectric power
According to Egypt's New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), hydropower is Egypt's
third largest energy source after natural gas and oil. In 2010, Egypt generated around 12.9
billion KWh of hydroelectric power, almost all of which came from the Aswan High Dam and
the Aswan Reservoir Dams. However, much of the Nile's hydropower potential has already
been exploited, and NREA has actively pursued other types of renewable projects, primarily
13. solar and wind power, to diversify the country's energy mix.
Other Renewable Sources
Solar
Egypt's first solar-thermal power plant is located in Kuraymat, just south of Cairo and has
the capacity to generate 140 megawatt (MW) of solar-thermal energy. The plant was
connected to the national grid in June 2011, according to the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL). The plant uses concentrated solar power (CSP) with back-up natural
gas-fired generators. The World Bank and the Japan International Cooperation Agency
helped to finance the construction of the solar-thermal plant.
Wind
According to NREA, some of the world's best wind power resources are located in Egypt,
especially in the areas of the Gulf of Suez and West and East Nile Valley. In 2010, Egypt
generated 1.5 billion KWh of power from wind, mainly from the Zafarana and Hurghada
wind farms. Egypt's largest non-hydro renewable project is the Zafarana wind farm located
on the Gulf of Suez West Coast, along the Red Sea coastline. The farm houses a number of
wind projects that were developed in several stages and financed in cooperation with
development banks from Germany, Denmark, Spain, and Japan. The government plans to
expand wind capacity over the coming years as part of a plan to increase wind's share of
electricity generation to 12 percent.
Nuclear
Egypt is also working on developing nuclear power as an energy source. It has a relatively
small nuclear research reactor at Inshas in the Nile Delta that began operation in 1997.
Egypt plans to build a 1,000-MW nuclear power station at El Dabaa, which is open to
international participation and expected to become operational by 2019. Bidding for the
development of this plant was supposed to have started in early 2011; however, controversy
over land ownership has stalled construction plans indefinitely.
International grid connections
Work has been completed on the interconnection of Egypt's electric transmission grid with
other countries in the region. Egypt completed a link to Jordan in 1998, which was
expanded to connect Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. Egypt had previous built a connection to
Libya's national grid in 1998.
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Power Grid project plans to link Egypt to the GCC
through Saudi Arabia. The link is expected to be complete by 2015, but this may be delayed
because of political and technical difficulties, according to IHS CERA. This project will
indirectly expand each country's electricity capacity by pulling from each other's supplies at
different peak hours. Longer-term plans call for broader interconnections that would include
North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.
Notes
Data presented in the text are the most recent available as of July 31, 2013.
14. Data are EIA estimates unless otherwise noted.
Sources
Africa Oil and Gas Monitor (Newsbase Afroil)
APEX Tanker Data
Arab Oil and Gas Journal
BP Statistical Review, 2009 - 2013
Business Monitor International
Cedigaz Insights
Clarksons
Daily News Egypt
Egyptian New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)
Energy Intelligence Group
Eurasia Group
FACTS Global Energy
Global Trade Atlas
IHS CERA
IHS Edin
IHS World Markets Energy
International Energy Agency (IEA
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Middle East Economic Survey (MEES)
Oil and Gas Journal
OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin
Petroleum Economist
Petroleum Intelligence Weekly
PFC Energy
Reuters
Rystad
Suez Canal Authority
World Bank