This document discusses a study on the effect of occupation on blood lead levels in Kenya. The study found that individuals with occupations like street hawking or working in petrol stations that exposed them to vehicle emissions had higher average blood lead levels than occupations like teaching or farming. Street hawkers in Nairobi City Center had the highest average blood lead level of 36.85 μg/dl, while teachers in Nyamira Town had the lowest at 8.15 μg/dl. Lower income individuals also tended to have higher blood lead levels. Factors like use of glazed ceramics, proximity to roads or factories, and cigarette smoke increased lead exposure and blood lead levels in the subjects. Diet also influenced levels, as those
Air Pollution Prediction via Differential Evolution Strategies with Random Fo...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a hybrid machine learning technique combining differential evolution and random forest methods to predict air pollution levels. It analyzes data on various pollutants from two cities in India - Delhi and Patna. The proposed approach is experimentally validated to achieve better performance compared to independent classifiers and multi-label classifiers in terms of accuracy, area under the curve, success index and correlation. Differential evolution is used to initialize population and optimize candidate solutions. Random forest creates an ensemble of decision trees to make predictions. The hybrid method is tested on predicting carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and benzene levels using data from a monitoring station in Delhi.
China relies heavily on its coal industry, which pollutes the air with particulate matter and gases. The city of Linfen, China has extremely high air pollution due to coal burning, with pollution levels over 4 times the healthy level. This pollution contributes to 1.6 million deaths in China annually, especially from lung cancer. Men in Linfen over age 40 have a high risk of lung cancer due to breathing high levels of particulate matter and gases from the coal industry, especially PM2.5.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
The Effects of Cement Dust on Haematological Parameters of Cement Workers in ...iosrjce
The effect of cement dust on exposed workers was conducted in Asaba Delta state Nigeria, to
delineate the occupational hazards posed by cement dust on haematological parameters. The assessment of
haematological parameters was performed in forty workers occupationally exposed to cement dust and forty
matched unexposed control. The accepted level of significance was p< 0.05. The results show that the
erythrocyte sedimentation count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were not significantly
different between the exposed and the control (p> 0.05). There was a significantly lower platelet count,
lymphocytes and total white blood cell count in the exposed workers relative to the control (p< 0.05). Apart from
the white blood cell count, the number of years of exposure did not significantly affect the other parameters.
The results from this study has shown that occupational exposure to cement dust has significant effects on some
haematological parameters while years of exposure was not a significant factor on the haematological
parameters of cement depot workers
The Effects of Electronic Waste Burning on Lead Concentration in Water and Bl...Premier Publishers
The burning of electronic waste constitutes a major public health problem in South west Hebron -Southern Hebron Governorate – in which electronic waste burning is prevalent. This descriptive comparative study aimed to investigate the effect of electronic waste burning on the concentrations of lead in human blood and water samples (n=104) in South west Hebron as an exposed region with the town of Halhul as a control. Results showed that 39% and 55% of participants supported that electronic waste burning has an impact on municipal and natural resource’s water. Moreover, 69% did not think that burning affects the taste of water, while 72.2% did not think that such burning affects the smell of water. Water and blood samples from exposed regions had higher lead concentrations level than those not exposed with mean of (3.30PPb versus. 2,74PPb) and (46.34PPb versus. 31.6PPb) respectively. Electronic waste burners had a higher lead concentration (55PPb) than those not burning (39PPb). However, hemoglobin level was higher among none exposed (12.19PPb) than exposed (11.28PPb) regions. The burning of electronic waste affects both health and environment. Therefore, upgrading knowledge and education about the damages and impact of burning of electronic waste on human health are considered the first step in overcoming this problem.
The impact of an anti-idling campaign on outdoor air quality at four urban schools.
Patrick H. Ryan,*Tiina Reponen, Mark Simmons, Michael Yermakov, Ken Sharkey, Denisha Garland-Porter, Cynthia Eghbalniad and Sergey A. Grinshpunb
Courtesy RSC Publishing.
The study focused at examining the extent of environmental awareness in Motor Vehicles Garages in Mbeya City. The study used structured questionnaires, interviews and observation to collect data. A total of 41 Garages and 12 Car wash sites were surveyed. Study revealed that a total of 51,300 litres of water were used for cleaning 1026 cars per week; with high risk of health problems, due to contamination. The study also revealed that efforts by government has been at place, these effort includes training the garage owners, sales of some waste products to some companies for recycling purposes. The study identified challenges facing the garages this included many garage sites were built in residential areas, poor record keeping of waste products etc and this was partly contributed by their poor academic backgrounds, which did not cover environmental issues in detail. As a result many garages had poor management of waste generated in their working places. This study recommended that more efforts should done by Mbeya City authorities to provide environmental awareness to Garages employees and communities around.
Air Pollution Prediction via Differential Evolution Strategies with Random Fo...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a hybrid machine learning technique combining differential evolution and random forest methods to predict air pollution levels. It analyzes data on various pollutants from two cities in India - Delhi and Patna. The proposed approach is experimentally validated to achieve better performance compared to independent classifiers and multi-label classifiers in terms of accuracy, area under the curve, success index and correlation. Differential evolution is used to initialize population and optimize candidate solutions. Random forest creates an ensemble of decision trees to make predictions. The hybrid method is tested on predicting carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and benzene levels using data from a monitoring station in Delhi.
China relies heavily on its coal industry, which pollutes the air with particulate matter and gases. The city of Linfen, China has extremely high air pollution due to coal burning, with pollution levels over 4 times the healthy level. This pollution contributes to 1.6 million deaths in China annually, especially from lung cancer. Men in Linfen over age 40 have a high risk of lung cancer due to breathing high levels of particulate matter and gases from the coal industry, especially PM2.5.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
The Effects of Cement Dust on Haematological Parameters of Cement Workers in ...iosrjce
The effect of cement dust on exposed workers was conducted in Asaba Delta state Nigeria, to
delineate the occupational hazards posed by cement dust on haematological parameters. The assessment of
haematological parameters was performed in forty workers occupationally exposed to cement dust and forty
matched unexposed control. The accepted level of significance was p< 0.05. The results show that the
erythrocyte sedimentation count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were not significantly
different between the exposed and the control (p> 0.05). There was a significantly lower platelet count,
lymphocytes and total white blood cell count in the exposed workers relative to the control (p< 0.05). Apart from
the white blood cell count, the number of years of exposure did not significantly affect the other parameters.
The results from this study has shown that occupational exposure to cement dust has significant effects on some
haematological parameters while years of exposure was not a significant factor on the haematological
parameters of cement depot workers
The Effects of Electronic Waste Burning on Lead Concentration in Water and Bl...Premier Publishers
The burning of electronic waste constitutes a major public health problem in South west Hebron -Southern Hebron Governorate – in which electronic waste burning is prevalent. This descriptive comparative study aimed to investigate the effect of electronic waste burning on the concentrations of lead in human blood and water samples (n=104) in South west Hebron as an exposed region with the town of Halhul as a control. Results showed that 39% and 55% of participants supported that electronic waste burning has an impact on municipal and natural resource’s water. Moreover, 69% did not think that burning affects the taste of water, while 72.2% did not think that such burning affects the smell of water. Water and blood samples from exposed regions had higher lead concentrations level than those not exposed with mean of (3.30PPb versus. 2,74PPb) and (46.34PPb versus. 31.6PPb) respectively. Electronic waste burners had a higher lead concentration (55PPb) than those not burning (39PPb). However, hemoglobin level was higher among none exposed (12.19PPb) than exposed (11.28PPb) regions. The burning of electronic waste affects both health and environment. Therefore, upgrading knowledge and education about the damages and impact of burning of electronic waste on human health are considered the first step in overcoming this problem.
The impact of an anti-idling campaign on outdoor air quality at four urban schools.
Patrick H. Ryan,*Tiina Reponen, Mark Simmons, Michael Yermakov, Ken Sharkey, Denisha Garland-Porter, Cynthia Eghbalniad and Sergey A. Grinshpunb
Courtesy RSC Publishing.
The study focused at examining the extent of environmental awareness in Motor Vehicles Garages in Mbeya City. The study used structured questionnaires, interviews and observation to collect data. A total of 41 Garages and 12 Car wash sites were surveyed. Study revealed that a total of 51,300 litres of water were used for cleaning 1026 cars per week; with high risk of health problems, due to contamination. The study also revealed that efforts by government has been at place, these effort includes training the garage owners, sales of some waste products to some companies for recycling purposes. The study identified challenges facing the garages this included many garage sites were built in residential areas, poor record keeping of waste products etc and this was partly contributed by their poor academic backgrounds, which did not cover environmental issues in detail. As a result many garages had poor management of waste generated in their working places. This study recommended that more efforts should done by Mbeya City authorities to provide environmental awareness to Garages employees and communities around.
Americium is a man-made radioactive element with an atomic number of 95 that was discovered in 1944 at the University of California, Berkeley by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, and Albert Ghiorso. It is commonly used in smoke detectors due to its ability to activate an alarm when tiny amounts of smoke enter the chamber, and has an atomic weight of 243 with a half-life of 7388 years.
Lead is a soft, malleable heavy metal that occurs naturally in the environment. It has a bluish-white color and is used in building construction, batteries, bullets, weights, and as a radiation shield. Lead is toxic and can damage the nervous system, kidneys and other organs if absorbed in large quantities. It has been commonly used for thousands of years due to its abundance and ease of extraction and working. Ancient civilizations like Rome and Greece extensively mined and used lead.
The document summarizes testing results that found issues with many bed pads, with 79% containing excessive lead, 83% containing other heavy metals like cadmium and mercury over European standards, and 92% delaminating or leaking before 150 laundry cycles. In response, Caretex introduces their Abso line of bed pads that are certified by an independent lab to be free of lead, heavy metals, and phthalates, providing a healthier and safer barrier option.
Lead is a dense, weak metal with an atomic number of 82. It has various industrial uses like in batteries, pipes, bullets, and to shield radiation, but can be dangerous if consumed. Lead exposure can cause brain damage, kidney damage, and ultimately death by destroying the nervous system. Historically, lead-based white paint and lead nitrate explosives posed health risks, especially to children who might ingest lead by chewing on painted surfaces.
This document summarizes the history of lead use and exposure, health effects of lead poisoning, and strategies for protecting against lead exposure. It discusses how lead was used in ancient Rome to sweeten wine and in the 19th century as an insecticide. In the late 19th century, lead paint was found to be toxic to children. Several case studies show cognitive and academic impacts of low levels of childhood lead exposure. The document recommends testing homes for lead, especially older homes, and reducing lead exposure through diet, hygiene and abatement if needed.
Lead is a bluish-white metallic substance that is soft, malleable and ductile but a poor conductor of electricity. It is primarily obtained through mining the mineral galena and has many current and historic uses including in batteries, ammunition, plumbing, and paints. Lead exposure poses major health risks like brain, nervous system and kidney damage especially in children and can be from sources such as lead paint, gasoline and water distribution systems. Remediating lead contamination can involve covering, removing and recycling lead as well as transforming it into less toxic forms.
Heavy metal emerged in the late 1960s from genres like blues rock and psychedelic rock. It originated from bands like Black Sabbath in Birmingham, England that played heavily amplified, blues-influenced rock. In the 1980s, heavy metal became hugely popular commercially in the US and abroad, diversifying stylistically and attracting a more gender-balanced audience from various classes. However, the lyrics and imagery of many metal bands were criticized for celebrating misogyny, violence, and toxic masculinity. This led to parental advisory labels and Senate hearings over heavy metal's influence in the 1980s.
Lead is a toxic heavy metal that can cause lead poisoning when levels become elevated in the body. Lead poisoning was common historically from sources like lead paint and gasoline, and it still impacts an estimated 500,000 children in the US. Symptoms range from vague issues to encephalopathy and death. Diagnosis is made via blood lead level testing. Treatment focuses on chelation therapy, prevention of further exposure, and supportive care, though long-term effects can be permanent. While efforts have reduced exposure, lead poisoning remains an important public health issue.
Lead poisoning is caused by exposure to the heavy metal lead and can damage multiple body organs and systems. Symptoms vary depending on the level and duration of exposure, but may include abdominal pain, weakness, and cognitive effects. Lead is found in paint, soil, water, and some industrial work environments. At-risk groups include children under 6, pregnant women, and occupational workers. Treatment focuses on chelation therapy to remove lead from the body after source identification and removal. Prevention emphasizes limiting exposure sources, handwashing, and blood lead level testing.
Lead poisoning can occur through occupational and environmental exposure to lead. It is commonly absorbed through inhalation of lead dust or fumes and ingestion of lead paint chips or contaminated water. Lead is stored in bones and teeth and distributed throughout the body. Symptoms of lead poisoning include abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, and neurological issues. It is diagnosed based on blood lead levels and other lab tests. Treatment focuses on removing lead from the body through chelation therapy or purges. Preventive measures include substituting lead, controlling dust and fumes, personal protection, and hygiene practices.
Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
Impact of E-Waste Recycling on Water and Soilhacyard
E-waste is globally associated with environmental contamination and serious health
issues due to its chemical constituents. In India, large volumes of such waste is
handled in the informal sector and recycled without any environmental safeguards.
However, there is a paucity of data and evidence to correlate the activities of this
sector and its impacts on the mediums of water and soil. This study has attempted
to establish a relationship between the activities and its impacts. The fi nal fi ndings
of the study suggest the following:
1. The areas of Loni and Mandoli, both on the outskirts of Delhi, support extensive
e-waste recycling.
2. Both sites discharge their effl uents into open lands in the absence of drains.
3. They also dispose of their solid waste in open lands, while most residual matter
is disposed by open burning.
4. The effl uents discharged at Mandoli are acidic, with very low pH values and high
levels of heavy metals. The levels of heavy metals and other physical param-
eters are much beyond the accepted limits for effl uents as provided by Indian
standards.
5. These effl uents, heavy in pollutants, are being directly discharged into soil, thus
impacting the soil.
6. The water quality at Loni is better as compared to Mandoli. There is a wide vari-
ation in the levels of zinc and nickel, though within the standards for drinking
water, suggesting change in water quality at various locations. High mercury
levels in one of the samples are a reason for concern. This result throws up seri-
ous questions on the use of this water for drinking purposes and the need for
further intensive studies.
7.
Soil results at both sites confi rm changes in soil parameters as compared to
the respective control samples and also if compared to standards from other
countries. The levels of heavy metals in soil are much higher in the Mandoli area
as compared to Loni. Some of the metals found in the soil are the input materi-
als or residues discharged into soil .There is clear evidence of changes in soil
characteristics at both recycling sites and this directly relates to the activities
and input materials of the waste recycling sector.
The report clearly indicates changes in soil quality in the recycling areas and this
change is attributable to the recycling activities being conducted in these areas.
The water quality at both sites also demonstrates some impacts of pollution but
this requires further investigation. The study could not assess health impacts on the
population engaged in recycling activities or living in the neighbourhood, but this
needs to be investigated.
"IMPACT OF COAL BED METHANE MINING IN KORBA AND RAIGARH DISTRICT OF CHHATTISG...Neeraj Parashar
Neeraj Parashar, has presented a case study on Coal Bed Methane Mining in Korba and Raigarh District of Chhattisgarh State, India to draw attention how EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Reports are rigged to seek approval for greenfield projects in Ministry of Environment and Forest.
Issues and remedies of sewage treatment and disposal in islamabad, pakistanAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses issues related to sewage treatment and disposal in Islamabad, Pakistan due to rapid urbanization and population growth overloading the existing sewerage system.
2) It finds that the traditional underground sewerage system is insufficient to handle the additional biological loadings from increased housing development and settlements. This is causing environmental pollution and other problems.
3) The document recommends adopting measures like installing modern sewage treatment plants (STPs), increasing public awareness, and providing sufficient funding to holistically address sewage-related problems plaguing major urban areas in Pakistan. STPs are found to be a cost-effective and sustainable solution that can treat sewage while also generating reusable resources.
The NEERI Chennai Zonal Laboratory has been conducting environmental research and assisting local industries since 1969. It focuses on areas like pollution monitoring, biotechnology, waste management, and more. The laboratory has contributed significantly to solving pollution problems in southern India and conducted many projects with international organizations. It has provided important wastewater treatment solutions and environmental impact assessments for major projects.
IRJET- Treatment of Ground Water Affected by Heavy Metals by Reverse OsmosisIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing groundwater samples from three locations affected by heavy metals from industrial waste. Samples were collected from Taloja MIDC, Vashi MIDC, and Thane and analyzed for physical, chemical, and heavy metal parameters. High levels of aluminum, iron, lead, mercury, and borates were detected. A reverse osmosis system was used to treat water from Vashi MIDC, reducing heavy metal levels to permissible limits and making the water potable. Reverse osmosis provides an effective treatment method for groundwater contaminated with heavy metals from industrial activities.
Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite...ijtsrd
Mobility and distribution of some selected trace metal was carried out using Tessier et al 1979sequential extraction method and the results obtained shows from dumpsite A, samples taken from 0 - 5cm the result ranges from 0.56 - 21.56 , 0.34 - 40.66 , 1.34 - 29.18 , 0.06 to 45.91 and 0.37 - 12.95 for the exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic carbonate and residual fractions respectively. For the samples taken from 10 - 15cm at dumpsite A, the results of the fractions are 0.42 - 13.63 , 0.03 - 18.48 , 1.01 - 25.34 , 0.03 - 35.19 and 0.27 - 9.31 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual fractions. The results of dumpsite Bare 0.48-27.36 , 0.28-40.07 , 2.93-31.15 , 3.87-42.50 and 0.84-30.67 for exchangeable, Fe-Mn oxide, Organic, carbonate and residual fractions for sample taken from 0-5cm while for samples taken from 10 - 15cm the results show 0.32 - 36.38 , 0.23 - 16.49 , 0.53 - 15.83 , 1.53 - 34.88 and 0.04 - 5.27 for exchangeable Fe - Mn oxide, carbonate and residual fractions respectively. The dumpsite C has the concentration of the various fractions ranging from 0.25 - 18.34 , 2.73 to 15.58, 4.02 - 23.28 , 0.07 - 45.25 and 1.57 - 37.43 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual for samples taken from 0 - 5cm while for samples taken between 10 - 15cm the concentrations are 0.42 - 12 .62 0.80 - 11.59 , 2.16 - 17.33 , 9.86 - 34.48 and 0.99 - 32.99 respectively. Gube-Ibrahim Mercy Ayinya | Ibrahim Ezekiel Gube "Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite in Lafia, Nasarawa State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19106.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/19106/mobility-and-distribution-of-some-selected-trace-metals-in-soil-from-dumpsite-in-lafia-nasarawa-state/gube-ibrahim-mercy-ayinya
IRJET- Design of Leachate Bioreactor for Dilkap CollegeIRJET Journal
This document describes a study conducted to design a leachate bioreactor for Dilkap College in Maharashtra, India. Specifically:
- Researchers created a model tank containing layered gravel, soil, food waste from the college canteen, and additional soil to treat leachate generated from the waste.
- The leachate collected from the model would be used in an anaerobic bioreactor to convert it into methane gas, which could then be used as an energy source.
- The document reviews several other studies on leachate treatment methods, such as using solar photocatalysis and membrane bioreactor technologies to reduce leachate pollution and convert it into usable fuels.
Health Effects of Occupational Lead Exposures among Informal Automobile Repai...Premier Publishers
This study assessed the health effects of occupational lead exposure among 30 informal automobile repair workers in Nakuru, Kenya. The workers had significantly higher average blood lead levels (25.36 μg/dl) compared to unexposed controls (14.17 μg/dl), exceeding international standards. Workers engaged in battery repair, spray painting and welding had the highest exposures. The workers also had significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR), a measure of kidney function, than controls, indicating increased risk of kidney damage from lead exposure. However, liver enzymes were similar between groups. The study concluded the workers faced health risks from chronic lead exposure and recommended public health interventions to address occupational hazards.
This study examined air pollution in Rajakkad village, India with a focus on vehicular pollution. A survey was conducted with 15 local vehicle owners. The findings showed that average air quality has declined and will likely continue to worsen over the next 5 years. Vehicular pollution, especially from diesel vehicles, is a major contributor to air pollution in the area. Air pollution was found to adversely affect human health by causing respiratory issues. Improving public transportation and reducing individual vehicle use were suggested as ways to help lower air pollution levels.
Effects of mining activities on access to potable water households’ perceptiAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of mining activities on access to potable water in the Konongo and Odumasi communities in Ghana. The study found that:
1) Households in the communities perceive the local Owere and Agogowa streams as dirty due to mining activities. As a result, they have stopped using the streams as a water source and now rely on alternative sources like pipe-borne water and hand dug wells.
2) The majority of households (82.2%) have changed their main water source and the distance to that source in the past 15 years, citing mining activities as destroying nearby streams or making them unhealthy.
3) Mining activities have indirectly limited access to
Americium is a man-made radioactive element with an atomic number of 95 that was discovered in 1944 at the University of California, Berkeley by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, and Albert Ghiorso. It is commonly used in smoke detectors due to its ability to activate an alarm when tiny amounts of smoke enter the chamber, and has an atomic weight of 243 with a half-life of 7388 years.
Lead is a soft, malleable heavy metal that occurs naturally in the environment. It has a bluish-white color and is used in building construction, batteries, bullets, weights, and as a radiation shield. Lead is toxic and can damage the nervous system, kidneys and other organs if absorbed in large quantities. It has been commonly used for thousands of years due to its abundance and ease of extraction and working. Ancient civilizations like Rome and Greece extensively mined and used lead.
The document summarizes testing results that found issues with many bed pads, with 79% containing excessive lead, 83% containing other heavy metals like cadmium and mercury over European standards, and 92% delaminating or leaking before 150 laundry cycles. In response, Caretex introduces their Abso line of bed pads that are certified by an independent lab to be free of lead, heavy metals, and phthalates, providing a healthier and safer barrier option.
Lead is a dense, weak metal with an atomic number of 82. It has various industrial uses like in batteries, pipes, bullets, and to shield radiation, but can be dangerous if consumed. Lead exposure can cause brain damage, kidney damage, and ultimately death by destroying the nervous system. Historically, lead-based white paint and lead nitrate explosives posed health risks, especially to children who might ingest lead by chewing on painted surfaces.
This document summarizes the history of lead use and exposure, health effects of lead poisoning, and strategies for protecting against lead exposure. It discusses how lead was used in ancient Rome to sweeten wine and in the 19th century as an insecticide. In the late 19th century, lead paint was found to be toxic to children. Several case studies show cognitive and academic impacts of low levels of childhood lead exposure. The document recommends testing homes for lead, especially older homes, and reducing lead exposure through diet, hygiene and abatement if needed.
Lead is a bluish-white metallic substance that is soft, malleable and ductile but a poor conductor of electricity. It is primarily obtained through mining the mineral galena and has many current and historic uses including in batteries, ammunition, plumbing, and paints. Lead exposure poses major health risks like brain, nervous system and kidney damage especially in children and can be from sources such as lead paint, gasoline and water distribution systems. Remediating lead contamination can involve covering, removing and recycling lead as well as transforming it into less toxic forms.
Heavy metal emerged in the late 1960s from genres like blues rock and psychedelic rock. It originated from bands like Black Sabbath in Birmingham, England that played heavily amplified, blues-influenced rock. In the 1980s, heavy metal became hugely popular commercially in the US and abroad, diversifying stylistically and attracting a more gender-balanced audience from various classes. However, the lyrics and imagery of many metal bands were criticized for celebrating misogyny, violence, and toxic masculinity. This led to parental advisory labels and Senate hearings over heavy metal's influence in the 1980s.
Lead is a toxic heavy metal that can cause lead poisoning when levels become elevated in the body. Lead poisoning was common historically from sources like lead paint and gasoline, and it still impacts an estimated 500,000 children in the US. Symptoms range from vague issues to encephalopathy and death. Diagnosis is made via blood lead level testing. Treatment focuses on chelation therapy, prevention of further exposure, and supportive care, though long-term effects can be permanent. While efforts have reduced exposure, lead poisoning remains an important public health issue.
Lead poisoning is caused by exposure to the heavy metal lead and can damage multiple body organs and systems. Symptoms vary depending on the level and duration of exposure, but may include abdominal pain, weakness, and cognitive effects. Lead is found in paint, soil, water, and some industrial work environments. At-risk groups include children under 6, pregnant women, and occupational workers. Treatment focuses on chelation therapy to remove lead from the body after source identification and removal. Prevention emphasizes limiting exposure sources, handwashing, and blood lead level testing.
Lead poisoning can occur through occupational and environmental exposure to lead. It is commonly absorbed through inhalation of lead dust or fumes and ingestion of lead paint chips or contaminated water. Lead is stored in bones and teeth and distributed throughout the body. Symptoms of lead poisoning include abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, and neurological issues. It is diagnosed based on blood lead levels and other lab tests. Treatment focuses on removing lead from the body through chelation therapy or purges. Preventive measures include substituting lead, controlling dust and fumes, personal protection, and hygiene practices.
Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
Impact of E-Waste Recycling on Water and Soilhacyard
E-waste is globally associated with environmental contamination and serious health
issues due to its chemical constituents. In India, large volumes of such waste is
handled in the informal sector and recycled without any environmental safeguards.
However, there is a paucity of data and evidence to correlate the activities of this
sector and its impacts on the mediums of water and soil. This study has attempted
to establish a relationship between the activities and its impacts. The fi nal fi ndings
of the study suggest the following:
1. The areas of Loni and Mandoli, both on the outskirts of Delhi, support extensive
e-waste recycling.
2. Both sites discharge their effl uents into open lands in the absence of drains.
3. They also dispose of their solid waste in open lands, while most residual matter
is disposed by open burning.
4. The effl uents discharged at Mandoli are acidic, with very low pH values and high
levels of heavy metals. The levels of heavy metals and other physical param-
eters are much beyond the accepted limits for effl uents as provided by Indian
standards.
5. These effl uents, heavy in pollutants, are being directly discharged into soil, thus
impacting the soil.
6. The water quality at Loni is better as compared to Mandoli. There is a wide vari-
ation in the levels of zinc and nickel, though within the standards for drinking
water, suggesting change in water quality at various locations. High mercury
levels in one of the samples are a reason for concern. This result throws up seri-
ous questions on the use of this water for drinking purposes and the need for
further intensive studies.
7.
Soil results at both sites confi rm changes in soil parameters as compared to
the respective control samples and also if compared to standards from other
countries. The levels of heavy metals in soil are much higher in the Mandoli area
as compared to Loni. Some of the metals found in the soil are the input materi-
als or residues discharged into soil .There is clear evidence of changes in soil
characteristics at both recycling sites and this directly relates to the activities
and input materials of the waste recycling sector.
The report clearly indicates changes in soil quality in the recycling areas and this
change is attributable to the recycling activities being conducted in these areas.
The water quality at both sites also demonstrates some impacts of pollution but
this requires further investigation. The study could not assess health impacts on the
population engaged in recycling activities or living in the neighbourhood, but this
needs to be investigated.
"IMPACT OF COAL BED METHANE MINING IN KORBA AND RAIGARH DISTRICT OF CHHATTISG...Neeraj Parashar
Neeraj Parashar, has presented a case study on Coal Bed Methane Mining in Korba and Raigarh District of Chhattisgarh State, India to draw attention how EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Reports are rigged to seek approval for greenfield projects in Ministry of Environment and Forest.
Issues and remedies of sewage treatment and disposal in islamabad, pakistanAlexander Decker
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Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite...ijtsrd
Mobility and distribution of some selected trace metal was carried out using Tessier et al 1979sequential extraction method and the results obtained shows from dumpsite A, samples taken from 0 - 5cm the result ranges from 0.56 - 21.56 , 0.34 - 40.66 , 1.34 - 29.18 , 0.06 to 45.91 and 0.37 - 12.95 for the exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic carbonate and residual fractions respectively. For the samples taken from 10 - 15cm at dumpsite A, the results of the fractions are 0.42 - 13.63 , 0.03 - 18.48 , 1.01 - 25.34 , 0.03 - 35.19 and 0.27 - 9.31 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual fractions. The results of dumpsite Bare 0.48-27.36 , 0.28-40.07 , 2.93-31.15 , 3.87-42.50 and 0.84-30.67 for exchangeable, Fe-Mn oxide, Organic, carbonate and residual fractions for sample taken from 0-5cm while for samples taken from 10 - 15cm the results show 0.32 - 36.38 , 0.23 - 16.49 , 0.53 - 15.83 , 1.53 - 34.88 and 0.04 - 5.27 for exchangeable Fe - Mn oxide, carbonate and residual fractions respectively. The dumpsite C has the concentration of the various fractions ranging from 0.25 - 18.34 , 2.73 to 15.58, 4.02 - 23.28 , 0.07 - 45.25 and 1.57 - 37.43 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual for samples taken from 0 - 5cm while for samples taken between 10 - 15cm the concentrations are 0.42 - 12 .62 0.80 - 11.59 , 2.16 - 17.33 , 9.86 - 34.48 and 0.99 - 32.99 respectively. Gube-Ibrahim Mercy Ayinya | Ibrahim Ezekiel Gube "Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite in Lafia, Nasarawa State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19106.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/19106/mobility-and-distribution-of-some-selected-trace-metals-in-soil-from-dumpsite-in-lafia-nasarawa-state/gube-ibrahim-mercy-ayinya
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Health Effects of Occupational Lead Exposures among Informal Automobile Repai...Premier Publishers
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THE INFLUENCE OF SILICONE ANTIFOAM FROM LEATHER AND DYING WASTE WATER EFFLUE...IJSIT Editor
This study investigates the influence of silicone antifoam agent on waste water from Gashash leather
and Nigerian Spinning and Dying industries (NSD). Waste water from the outlet of the industries were
collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Silicone antifoam was added to the wastewater to
determine the impact of the silicone antifoam on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD)
concentrations. The result shows that both turbidity and COD values significantly increased even when small
concentration of the silicone antifoam was added. Further, independent t-test was used to identify the
variance between the mean value of the wastewater from leather, spinning and dying industries, the results
indicated that there are no significant differences (observed t 0.544, critical t 2.015, and p value 0.589)
between the waste water in leather and dying industries.
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ABSTRACT- Transportation-related pollutants are one of the largest contributors to unhealthy air quality. Delhi, the capital of India, is one of the most significant polluted urban areas in the world. Given the high traffic volume combined with heterogeneous traffic composition ranging from non-motorized vehicles to two-and-three wheelers, to cars, buses and trucks; it is pivotal to understand whether the commuter can associate the everyday symptoms of sickness to the level of pollution caused by the various modes of transport. In this study a survey was conducted to assess the effects of air pollutants on commuters using public and private transportation. The findings of the study revealed that commuters face health problems like headache, fatigue/drowsiness, nasal congestion, eye irritation, nose irritation, sneezing, skin irritation, respiratory problems and throat irritation. Maximum commuters also opined that cancer and respiratory morbidity are the major long term health effects of transport-related air pollution.
KEY WORDS: Air pollution, Commuters, Health effects, Pollutants, Transport, Urban area
This document summarizes a study that investigated the removal of nitrate from groundwater using activated carbon prepared from rice husk and sludge from a paper industry wastewater treatment plant. The key findings are:
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- Increasing the ratio of ZnCl2 used for activation improved adsorption capacity, with a 1:
The document discusses the challenges of solid waste management in Monrovia, Liberia. It finds that the majority of solid waste generated is leftover food, plastic, and paper. On average, each person produces 0.3kg of waste daily. Nearly all respondents admit to never separating recyclables from other waste. Most waste collection is done informally by children. Most respondents also acknowledge disposing of waste through unsafe and illegal means like burning or dumping, with no formal waste management system. The study calls for the government to increase education on waste policies and introduce better management strategies.
Effect of the ODD-EVEN Traffic Formula in Delhi on the Photosynthetic Activit...theijes
In an effort to reduce the alarming levels of pollutions in Delhi, the government implemented the odd – even traffic program as an emergency action, the first phase of which was implemented from the 1st to 15th of January 2016, where exclusively odd or even numbered vehicles were allowed to ply on the roads on odd and even dates respectively. The present study was carried out to assess the impact of this decreased vehicular pollution on the photosynthetic activity of Cassia fistula trees growing along some selected roads of the city associated with heavy vehicular pollution and high traffic congestion during normal times. Sampling was done from trees growing close to the roads (less than 5m) at four locations faced with heavy traffic volume normally, while control sampling was done from a location away from traffic exposure. Measurement of photosynthetic pigments was done spectrophotometrically. All measured parameters like Chlorophyll ‘a’, Chlorophyll ‘b’, carotenoids and total chlorophyll were found to be significantly increased when thecomparison was made between values obtained during normal traffic and the ones obtained after the reduction in vehicular pollution. The maximum increase in concentration was as high as 14.47%, for Chlorophyll a (South Extension), 12.8% for Chlorophyll b (R. K. Puram), 12.3% for total chlorophyll (South Extension) and 17.2%for Carotenoids (R K Puram). Samples from control site did not show much change in the concentration of studied pigment on these two dates. This study clearly shows that decreased vehicular pollution has a significant impact on the photosynthetic pigments inCassiafistula
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticlesijtsrd
In todays world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular for water treatment. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials TiO2, Fe3O4 Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3 and the related processes for the treatment of various water resources which have been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, radionuclides, bacteria and viruses. Gajendra Kumar Tardia "Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50327.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50327/purification-of-wastewater-by-metal-oxide-nanoparticles/gajendra-kumar-tardia
IRJET- Assessment of Ground Water Pollution Near Landfill Site at Pune and Su...IRJET Journal
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Effect of occupation on the levels of lead in human blood in kenya
1. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.4, 2013
1
Effect of Occupation on the Levels of Lead in Human Blood in
Kenya
Richard Mogwasi1, 2, 4*
Benuel Nyagaka2,4
, Enock Okiambe 2,4
, Hudson Nyambaka 1
, Jane Murungi 1
, Zachary
Getenga3
, Enock Amboga 4
, Evans Onyancha4
, Samuel Abuga4
, Evans Kenanda4
1. Chemistry Department, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
2. Applied Science Department, Gusii Institute of Technology, P.O Box 222, Kisii, Kenya
3. Department of Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University, P.O Box 195, Kakamega, Kenya
4. Department of Health Sciences, Kisii University College, P.O Box 408, Kisii, Kenya
* E-mail of the corresponding author: mogwasirichard@yahoo.com
Abstract
The occupation an individual is involved in exposes him or her to different levels of lead from the work
environment. The main occupation of the study subjects included working in the petrol stations, teaching, nursing,
street hawking, doing clerical work, working in public vehicles, farming and schooling. The aim of the study was to
determine the effect of occupation on the lead levels in human blood in Nairobi City and Nyamira District, Kenya.
The subjects involved in the different occupations were randomly selected and recruited for the study. The study
used a questionnaire to assess lead exposure factors of the recruits, while atomic absorption spectroscopy and
differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry were used for determining the lead levels. The street hawkers in
Nairobi City centre had the highest mean blood lead level of 36.8516.98 μg/ dl while the teachers of Nyamira
Town had the lowest mean blood lead level of 8.1 5.3 μg/ dl. The study provides an additional data pointing to
elevated blood lead levels in occupationally exposed individuals.
Key words: Occupational exposure, BPb, AAS, DPASV.
1. Introduction
The occupation of an individual exposes them to different environmental lead levels. The main sources of human
exposure to lead include leaded gasoline, industrial process such as lead smelting and coal combustion, lead-based
paint, lead containing pipes or lead based soldier in the water supply systems and use of glazed ceramics (Mogwasi
et al., 2012; Mbaria, 2007). Lead is taken into the human body by either inhalation or ingestion. Inhalation of lead
occurs mainly from the polluted atmosphere that comes from industrial emissions or vehicular exhausts. The latter
has been the most important source in many cities due to high densities of vehicles that use leaded gasoline (Ankrah
et al., 1996). Lead is added to petrol in the form of organic lead compounds but the exhausts contain predominantly
inorganic lead aerosols. Thus the atmospheric concentration of lead particles is usually high in areas where there is
heavy vehicles traffic. The lead particles remain in the air from where some are inhaled by human beings and some
are brought to the ground by rain. Lead in the soils and ground water may be taken up by plants and enters the food
chain, leading to man (Onyari et a.l, 1991). Food becomes contaminated with lead at the source or during
preparation. Canned food, water from distribution systems with lead pipes and food prepared, stored or served in
lead glazed earthen ware have been found to contain high levels of the metal (Mogwasi et al., 2012). Studies carried
out in Nigeria revealed that the occupational exposure of human subjects to lead significantly increased blood lead
(59.6 ± 15.9 μg/ dl) compared with non exposed subjects blood lead ( 35 ± 7 μg/ dl; p< 0.01) (Dioka et al.,2004).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Sampling and Sampling Procedures
Four hundred subjects both male and female aged between 18 and 70 years were randomly recruited from four study
sites in Nairobi City and Nyamira District. In Nairobi City the Central Business Center assumed to be highly
polluted from high vehicular densities, close proximity to industries and other activities and a suburban region with
medium level of pollution and subjects involved in different occupations. In Nyamira District participants from the
Nyamira Town as an upcoming town with subjects involved in different occupations and therefore expected to have
medium levels of pollution similar to Nairobi suburban, and a rural region with very few vehicles and no industries
2. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.4, 2013
2
nearby were sampled. The subjects filled a questionnaire and provided blood samples. A questionnaire was used to
collect information on occupation, known risk factors for increased lead exposure including traveling, smoking, use
of glazed ceramics, and distance of residence from the road and working or living near factories/industries
(Mogwasi et al., 2012).
The research protocol was approved by the Kenyatta National Hospital Ethics and Research Committee and the
relevant Medical Officers in the study areas. All participants were explained of the study objectives and procedures
and counseled on the lead exposure reduction procedures, and their willingness to participate sort. Blood samples, 5
ml, was collected from each subject into lead free vacutainer tubes containing 5 drops of EDTA anticoagulant by a
qualified laboratory technician. The blood was stored in a cool box and transported to either Nyamira District
Hospital or Kenyatta National Hospital for the preservation. Analysis for blood lead was carried out at Kenyatta
University, Department of Chemistry Laboratory using an AAS procedure.
2.2 Laboratory Procedures
To 5 ml of whole blood sample 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid was added in a beaker and digested slowly below
boiling point for 3 hours on a hot plate in a fume chamber. When the volumes had been reduced to about a third, 5
ml of 30 % hydrogen peroxide solution was added, evaporated at the same temperature and then the residues were
dissolved in 10 ml of 1 % nitric acid and filtered. The digested blood samples were placed in 10 ml plastic
vacutainer tubes which were free from lead and taken to Kenyatta University for analysis. The treatment [by wet
digestion] of blood was done at Nyamira District Hospital for samples collected in Nyamira while those collected in
Nairobi were treated at Kenyatta National Hospital. Strict precautions were taken when handling the blood samples
to minimize HIV infection including disinfecting working area with a 5 % phenol.
The lead levels in digested samples were determined in triplicate by AAS (Buck Scientific Model 210 VGP) and
DPASV (Buck Scientific Model 780 ZPV) procedures, which were validated using calibration, co-efficiency of
variation and recovery methods. Freshly prepared standard solutions, together with a blank solution were used to
construct the calibration curve and its regression equation used to determine concentration in samples. The
relationships between the blood lead levels and the occupation of individuals were determined by correlation
coefficient and linear regression. Further linear regression equations were used where applicable to enable
prediction or estimation of the blood lead levels. The t-test was carried to determine the contribution of occupation
of the subjects on the lead levels in the human blood.
3. Results
The subjects in Nairobi City Centre, Nyamira Town and Nairobi Suburban were more exposed than Nyamira Rural
in terms of there working conditions. In Nairobi City Centre, Nyamira Town and Nairobi Suburban 28 %, 20 % and
16 % of the subjects worked in petrol stations, respectively, while14 %, 16 % and 20 % respectively were either
involved in driving/conducting that possibly highly exposed them to lead. 26 % , 22 % and 14 % of Nairobi City
Centre , Nyamira Town and Nairobi Suburban subjects respectively were involved in street hawking which mildly
exposed them to lead and the rest of the subjects were involved in the occupations which lowly exposed them to lead
(Teaching, nursing, farming and working in non lead factories). Nairobi Suburban subjects were exposed to lower
environmental pollution than those at the City Centre while Nyamira Rural subjects were least exposed to
environmental pollution.
The majority of the Nairobi City Centre subjects had monthly income of below 10,000 (54 %) while 46 % earned
between Ksh 10,000-30,000. Most of the Nyamira Town subjects had an income of below Ksh 10,000 (78 %). The
majority of the Nairobi Suburban subjects recruited had a monthly income of between Ksh 10,000-30,000 (38 %)
while the majority of the subjects recruited from Nyamira Rural had a monthly income of below 10,000 (70 %).
There were no subjects recruited who had a monthly income of above Ksh 30,000 for Nairobi city centre and
Nyamira Rural, while 28 % of those from Nairobi Suburban earned above Ksh 30,000.
The street hawkers in Nairobi City Centre had the highest mean BPb level of 36.85+16.98 μg/dl, while clerks in
Nyamira Town had the lowest mean BPb level (13.2+6.83 μg/dl) among the subjects recruited. Those who worked
in occupation such as driving/conducting of public vehicles, petrol station attending and street hawking had high
blood lead levels than those who worked in occupations like teaching, farming, nursing and clerical jobs. The
differences in the mean BPb levels of those involved in other occupation and the clerks was statistically significant
(p < 0.05) for Nairobi City Centre, Nyamira Town and Nairobi Suburban.
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The results show that working in the petrol station, street hawking, driving/conducting of public vehicles exposed
the subjects to high levels of lead. This is because there are lead emissions into their working environment by
vehicles which are still using leaded gasoline (Mbaria, 2007).
The levels of BPb decreased with rise in monthly income. The subjects with no income had the highest BPb level in
Nairobi City Centre, Nairobi Suburban and Nyamira Rural subjects with mean BPb levels of 34.47+19.89,
29.97+16.88 and 25.44+8.27 μg/dl, respectively. Those who earned above ksh30,000 had the lowest mean BPb
levels in Nairobi City Centre, Nyamira Town and Nairobi Suburban with mean BPb levels of 19.70+5.42,
15.25+3.89 and 22.31+11.31 μg/dl, respectively. The mean BPb levels of subjects with incomes of above Ksh
30,000 and those with an income of below Kksh 10,000 were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in Nairobi City
Centre, Nyamira Town and Nairobi Suburban. The subjects recruited in Nyamira Rural had income of less than Ksh
10,000 per month.
4. Discussion of results
The fact that the lowest income group in each area had the highest BPb level showed vulnerability of the low
income. Mahaffey (1995) noted that BPb values of 10 μg/dl and above was common among children from low
income population in the U.S. The association of the low income groups with high BPb levels could be due to risky
marginal malnutrition, which besides increasing absorption of lead also increases susceptibility to the toxicity of the
metal (USCDC, 2004). The subjects who worked in those occupations which required them to travel frequently
using vehicles which are still using leaded gasoline or in the atmosphere which had high levels of lead had high
blood lead levels. Those subjects who earned higher salaries were found to have low levels of lead. This was
because they had enough resources which enabled them to feed on diets rich in calcium, phosphorus and zinc which
mitigated the levels of lead in their blood. These our results agree with those found by other authors, for example
studies by Dioka et al (2004) in Nigeria revealed that occupationally exposed human subjects had significantly
increased blood lead levels compared to those that are not exposed.
The high BPb levels of those living close to or working in factory/industry or working near factory suggest that
some factories emit lead to the environment. The mean BPb levels of subjects working in various Korean industries
ranged from 55.4 μg/dl for those who worked in plastic product industries to 123 μg/dl for those who worked in
radio and television broadcasting apparatus (KMOL, 2004; Kim et al., 2005). The work place is the primary source
of lead exposure to adult workers in many industries including bridge building, house painting, battery
manufacturing and radiator repair (USEPA, 2005). Paints and paint varnishes are known to contain a lot of lead
(KMOL, 2004). Two subjects from Nyamira Town who had very high lead levels (117 μg/dl) worked with paints
daily. The two subjects also resided within a range of 50 M from the moderate roads and were frequent users of
glazed ceramics.
The results showed that blood lead levels were dependent on environmental as well as dietary factors. The main
environmental risk factors identified were use of glazed ceramics, working or staying within 50 meters from a road
busy with vehicular traffic, working/living near factory and cigarette smoke. The subjects who consumed diets rich
in zinc, calcium and phosphorus had low levels of lead.
5. Conclusions
The subjects who were recruited for the study in the various study areas were exposed to different levels of
environmental exposure to lead and they had diverse feeding habits. The main factors which were established to
expose human beings to lead included; use of glazed ceramics, traveling, cigarette smoke, living/working near
factories and residing within 50m of a busy road. Most individuals whose occupations exposed to these factors were
found to have higher mean BPb levels than those whose occupations limitedly exposed.
The subjects from Nyamira rural (control) had the lowest mean BPb levels than those from Nairobi City Centre,
Nairobi Suburban and Nyamira town. This was as a result of limited environmental exposure to lead in the rural
setting as compared to towns. On the other hand, diets influenced the BPb level of the subjects. For instance, most of
Nairobi suburban subjects earned better salaries enabling them to feed on balanced diets rich in Ca, Zn and P as
compared with those from Nyamira town. The Nairobi Suburban subjects had lower mean BPb level (26.12+17.96
μg/dl) than that of Nyamira town (27.69+32.29 μg/dl) and Nairobi city centre (29.9+16.91 μg/dl). The differences
between the mean BPb levels of Nyamira Rural and Nairobi City Centre were statistically significant (P < 0.05, df =
99). The results also revealed that those subjects who worked in well paying jobs feed on diets that had higher levels
of Ca, Zn and P (Nairobi suburban residents) in their blood and had lower levels of lead. This is because the Ca, Zn
and P tend to mitigate the levels of lead in the human body (mahaffey, 1985). These elements hinder the absorption
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and retention of lead in the human body. The study was able to reveal that the occupation of the individual
determined his or her blood lead level.
References
Ademuyiwa,O., Arowolo,T., Ojo,D.A., Odukoya,O.O. and Yusuf, A.A.( 2000). Lead levels in blood and urine of
some residents of Abeokuta, Nigeria. Trace elements and electrolytes ISSN 0946-2104; 19(2): 63-69.
Ankrah,N.A., Kamiya,Y., Appia-opong,R., Akyeampony,A. and Addae,M.M.(1996). Lead levels and related
biochemical findings in Ghanian subjects occupationally exposed to lead. East African medical journal
ISSN0012-835X CODEN EAMJAV; 73(6); 375-379.
Dioka,C.E., Orisake,O.E., Adeniyi,F.A. and Meludu,S.C. (2004). Liver and renal function tests in artisans
occupationally exposed to lead in mechanic village in Nnewi,Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 1: 21-25.
Kim, K. R., Lee, S. W. and Paik, N. W. (2005). Cross section analysis on blood levels on entire Korean lead
workers,Seoul, 318-327.
Korean Ministry of Labour (KMOL), (2004). 2003 Workers health surveillance results. KMOL, Seoul., 23-68.
Lovei, M. and Levy, B.S. (1997). Lead exposure and health in central and eastern Europe: Evidence from Hungary,
Poland and Bulgaria. In: Magda lovei, ed., Phasing out of lead from Gasoline in Central and Eastern Europe; Health
issues, Feasibility, and policies. Washington, D.C. World Bank.298-345
Mahaffey, K.R. (1995). Nutrition and Lead: strategies for public health. Environ health perspect, 10(6): 191-196.
Mbaria, J. (2007). “False start on battle against lead’’. The Daily Nation (25th march), Nairobi, Kenya: 28-33.
Mogwasi, R., Nyambaka, .H, Murungi1, J., Getenga, Z., Kimoro, L., Okiambe, E., Nyagaka, B.(2012). Effect of
environmental exposure on the lead levels in human blood in kenya, Journal of Environment and Earth
Science,ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948;2(10):53-63.
Onyari, M. J., Wandiga, S. O., Njenga, K. G, and Nyatebe, J. O. (1991). Lead contamination on street soils of
Nairobi and Mombasa Highland, Kenya. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46: 782-789.
USEPA. (2005). US Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention – lead poisoning – lead – 12853-094.
US CDC. (2004). Adult blood lead epidemiology and surveillance – United States 2002 MMWR 53: 578-582
US OSHA. (2005). US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - Region 1, 6, 6, 7,-727-7047
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List of tables
Table 1: The percentage distribution of the subjects in different occupations in the four study areas
Occupation
Percentage distribution
Nairobi city Nyamira Nairobi Nyamira
Centre Town Suburban Rural
Petrol station
attendants
Street hawking
Drivers/conductors
Teachers
Clerks
Farmers
Nurses
students
28 20 16 0
26 22 14 0
14 16 20 0
10 16 10 0
10 18 30 0
0 0 0 70
12 10 10 0
0 0 0 30
Table2: The percentage distribution of the monthly income of the subjects in the four study areas.
Monthly income(Ksh) Percentage distribution
Nairobi city Nyamira Nairobi Nyamira
Centre Town Suburban Rural
No income
Below 10,000
10,000-30,000
Above 30,000
0 0 10 12
54 78 24 70
46 14 38 18
0 8 28 0
Table3: The mean and the range of BPb levels (μg/dl) of the subjects grouped according to their occupation in the
study areas.
Occupation Mean Lead Concentration (range) (μg/dl)
Nairobi City
Centre
Nyamira Town Nairobi Suburban Nyamira Rural
Petrol station
attendant
27.75 8.18
(29-68)
36.5 22.64
(32-117)
26.3 5.83
(23-34)
None
Street hawking 36.85 16.98
(35-107)
33.4 36.98
(0-107)
27.84 14.51
(8-53)
None
Driving/conducti
ng of public
vehicles
35.50 19.54
(35-85)
36.71 25.17
(19-83)
29.1 18.3
(23-64)
None
Teaching 18.24 8.26
(10-40)
8.1 5.3
(0-45)
17.24 7.32
(0-25)
None
Clerical jobs 16.3 3.34
(15-20)
13.32 6.83
(1-37)
15.52 13.32
(5-38)
None
Nursing 25.86 9.8
(10-48)
13.37 8.32
(6-17)
24.99 17.89
(10-82)
None
Farming None None None 21.2 8.7
(8-35)
Schooling None None None 25.98 7.01(10 -40)
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Table 4: The mean and the range of BPb levels (μg/dl) of the subjects grouped according to their monthly income in
the for study areas.
Monthly income Mean lead concentration (range) (μg/dl)
Nairobi City Centre Nyamira Town Nairobi Suburban Nyamira Rural
No income 34.47 19.89
(40-107)
None 29.97 16.88
(0-82)
25.44 8.27
(8-40)
Below 10,000 32.60 18.62
(10-85)
31.30 33.79
(0-117)
26.54 8.40
(14-48)
20.17 3.87
(12-26)
10,000-30,000 24.3 9.4
(30-54)
24.5. 22.39
(15-107)
24.89 4.82
(13-38)
None
Above 30,000 19.70 5.42
(15-30)
15.25 3.89
(10-21)
22.31 11.31
(0-62)
None
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