3. OPERATING SYSTEM
•Os is the collection of programs that acts as an
interface between a use of a computer and the
computer hardware
• An os is a control program. .. This program controls the
execution of user-programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer.
4. TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
TYPES OF OS
BATCH OS NETWORK OS
TIME-SHARING
OS
DISTRIBUTED
OS
REAL-TIME
OS
5. FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
PROCESSOR MANAGEMENT
DEVICE MANAGEMENT
FILE MANAGEMENT
SECURITY
JOB – ACCOUNTING
ERROR DETECTING AIDS
COORDINATION BETWEEN THE USER SOFTWARE AND USERS.
8. FEATURES OF WINDOWS OS
PROGRAM EXECUTION
PROVIDING INTERFACES
ERROR- HANDLING
HANDLING INPUT/OUTPUT OPERATIONS
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
35. MATHETICS PROGRAMMED LEARNING
The founder of mathetics is Thomas F. Gilbert.
“Mathetics is defined as a systematic application of reinforcement theory to
the analysis and construction of complex repertoires which represent the
mastery in subject matter.”
It is based on connectivist theory of learning. It is a reverse chaining
approach
36. FEATURES OF MATHETICS
• Frames size is organized in small step but in a reverse chain i.E. From complex content to its small,
simple units to attain mastery level;
• Frame structure is based on demonstration-prompts-release. There are two types of frames- 1.
Demonstration frames 2. Prescription frames.
• Responses are structured responses and responses determined by the programmer. Completion of
task provides reinforcement. Wrong responses are ignored. Error helps in discrimination but not in
learning. Its main purpose is to develop mastery of the content. Main focus is on mathematics and
grammar.
• It used for higher classes useful for complex and difficult task. It is useful for developing concepts of
mathematics and grammar. It can be used in distance education
37. LIMITATIONS OF MATHETICS PROGRAMMING
Main emphasis is on mastery of the content rather than
changes in behavior of the learner.
Retrogressive chaining of stimuli if not effective for terminal
behavior.
It is very difficult to develop retrogressive learning package
38.
39. CRITERION REFERENCED TEST
• A criterion-referenced test is an assessment and test that
measures student’s performance. Also, these measures the
performance of the students alongside fixed criteria. These
criteria’s include written and brief reports of what students are
capable of doing at different stages.
40. MEANING OF CRITERION-REFERENCED TEST
• Criterion reference test is a method which uses test score to judge students.
Also, they help to generate statements about students’ behavior. Also, they
use test scores as their reference. Criterion reference mostly uses quizzes.
The main objective of this is to check whether students have learned the
topic or not.
• These generally have multiple-choice, true-false, and open-ended questions.
They play an important role to take a decision about student’s performance.
41. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRITERION
REFERENCE TEST
• Authority
• Consistency
• Practically
• Subject Mastery
• Managed Local
42. WHAT ARE NORM-REFERENCED TESTS?
• A norm-referenced test is a uniform test. It ranks and compares students
in relation to one another. Also, they measure performance on the basis of
the theoretical average. Besides, it compares the result of a statistically
selected group.
• A norm reference test calculating process is known as “norm process”.
And its compare group is “norming group.
43. MEANING OF NORM-REFERENCED TEST
• It determines the position of students. Also, it assesses their
performance and measures their behavior. These guesses
derive from analysis test scores. This identifies students test is
better or worse than others.
44. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORM-
REFERENCED TEST
Defining
Pre set results
Quality of Grades
Changing Difficulty level
Fear of Failure
Be competitive
Being self-confident
45.
46.
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56.
57. MY RUBRICS ON RUBISTAR
• Link for my rubrics
http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php?screen=Cus
tomizeTemplateSaveDatabase&save_user_rubric=y
es&
78. HOW INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARDS WORK
• Every interactive whiteboard system requires three basic components: a computer, projector and the
interactive whiteboard.
• To use it, the projector is connected to both the computer and IWB so that the document or media
opened on the computer is displayed for the audience on the screen. In contrast to previous
conventional computer and projector setups, the user controls the IWB directly from the surface of
the screen either by using the special pens accompanied with the board or with the touch of a finger.
In this way, the user can interact with the IWB so as to more readily engage the audience. While
most IWBs only allow for one input or finger/pen to be used at a time, the new models recently
released in 2012 can allow up to four users to simultaneously select, write or draw on the board
79. CONTINUED…..
• interactive whiteboards are designed so that novice users, who are familiar with computer
software, can use it with minimal training. Then, as experience grows, the user can utilize the
related software, usually offered by the manufacturer of the IWB to carry out more advanced and
flexible operations.
80.
81. FEATURES OF INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARDS
• Content Interaction
• Audience Engagement
• Saving and Printing
• Peripheral Devices and Interconnectivity
82. USES OF INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD IN EDUCATION
Display
Record Lessons
Resources
Sharing Resource
Learning Styles
Internet Access
Interactivity
Preservation
83. VIDEO CLIP ON YOUTUBE
• https://youtu.be/3vOU6UHoP4c
84. AUDIO CLIP ON YOUTUBE
• https://youtu.be/LnkF6enKhls
86. DIGITAL LESSON PLAN
• KANWARJEET KAUR NANGLI
• M.ED
• EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
• GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY
• AMRITSAR
87. GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
Acquire the knowledge about the natural vegetation and
wild life.
Develops the skill in keen observation and mapping skills’
Applies their knowledge to find the varied natural
vegetations in the world
Understands the different vaeriations of natural
vegetation and wildlife.
88. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT PRESERVING
VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE.
• TO DEVELOP FEELING FOR WILDLIFE AND
NATURAL BEAUTY.
89.
90. INTRODUCTION OF LESSON
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
• WHAT IS NATURAL VEGETATION?
ANS: NATURAL WORLD,FORESTS,TREES,LAND THAT EXIXTS IN NATURAL
FORM
• IS NATURAL VEGETATION SAME ALL OVER THE WORLD?
ANS: NO
92. TOPICS DESCRIPTION
• Meaning of natural vegetation and wildlife
• Detailed study of types of natural vegetation
• Varied types of grasslands, forests and shrubs
• Wildlife and its preservation
93.
94. NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE
• Natural vegetation and wildlife exist only in the narrow zone of contact between
the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that we call biosphere. In the
biosphere living beings are inter-related and interdependent on each other for
survival. This life supporting system is known as the ecosystem. Vegetation and
wildlife are valuable resources. Plants provide us with timber, give shelter to
animals, produce oxygen we breathe, protects soils so essential for growing
crops, act as shelter belts, help in storage of underground water, give us fruits,
nuts, latex, turpentine oil, gum, medicinal plants and also the paper that is so
essential for your studies. There are innumerable uses of plants and you can
add some more.
95. CONITNUED…
• Wildlife includes animals, birds, insects as well as the aquatic life forms. They
provide us milk, meat, hides and wool. Insects like bees provide us honey, help in
pollination of flowers and have an important role to play as decomposers in the
ecosystem. The birds feed on insects and act as decomposers as well. Vulture due
to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a scavenger and considered a vital
cleanser of the environment. So animals big or small, all are integral to
maintaining balance in the ecosystem. Distribution of N
96. DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL VEGETATION
• The growth of vegetation depends primarily on temperature and moisture. The
major vegetation types of the world are grouped as forests, grasslands, scrubs and
tundra. In areas of heavy rainfall, huge trees may thrive. The forests are thus
associated with areas having abundant water supply. As the amount of moisture
decreases the size of trees and their density reduces. Short stunted trees and grasses
grow in the regions of moderate rainfall forming the grasslands of the world.
97. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL VEGETATION AND
WILDLIFE
• Forests are our wealth. Plants give shelter to the animals and together they
maintain the ecosystem. Changes of climate and human interferences can cause
the loss of natural habitats for the plants and animals. Many species have become
vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction. Deforestation,
soil erosion, constructional activities, forest fires, tsunami and landslides are some
of the human and natural factors which accelerate the process of extinction of
these resources
98. TEACHER WILL NOW SHOW VIDEO ON NATURAL
VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zHRdHvAyM0
STUDENT – TEACHER ACTIVITY:
• SO STUDENTS WHAT HAVE YOU VIEWED IN THE VIDEO PRESENTED.CAN ANY
ONE OF YOU TELL?
• ANS: We saw varied forests full of animals, birds and other insects but in the
ending we were made aware of preserving natural vegetation and wildlife
99. CONTINUED…..
• ONLINE NCERT BOOK CLASS 9
https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/hess402.pdf
PPT PRESENTATION
https://www.slideshare.net/saketjain29/natural-vegetation-and-
wildlife-15764220?qid=aefbccb7-1e98-4ff2-8aed-
c85f5770945a&v=&b=&from_search=4
100. RECAPTULATION
• (i) Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil
formation?
• (ii) Write any two reasons for land degradation today.
• (iii) Why is land considered an important resource?
• (iv) Name any two steps that government has taken to conserve
plants and animals.
• (v) Suggest three ways to conserve water.
101. EVALUATION
• COMPLETE THE ASSIGNMENT AND MAIL IT TO RESPECTIVE MAILS:
https://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-8/social-
science/geography-chapter-2/
