This document summarizes the results of a study conducted by Group #2 of the adaptations of flora in El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest in Puerto Rico. It discusses the various adaptations that allow plants to survive in each ecosystem, which are driven by differences in climate, soil composition, and other environmental factors. It then outlines the methodology used to study soil characteristics in El Yunque and floral distributions in Guánica Dry Forest. The results sections provide data collected on altitude, location coordinates, temperature, pH, wind velocity, and humidity in El Yunque, as well as distribution patterns of different plant species in Guánica Dry Forest.
The document reports on research conducted by students at the University of Puerto Rico on two ecosystems: El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. The students measured various environmental factors at different locations in each ecosystem and observed adaptations of the local flora. In El Yunque, they found plants adapted to high rainfall through features like large leaves and symbiotic relationships with fungi. In Guánica, plants like mangroves and cacti had adaptations for drought and high salt concentrations, such as small leaves and water storage. The document provides tables of their findings and discusses differences in adaptations between the two ecosystems.
The document reports on research conducted by a group at the University of Puerto Rico on two ecosystems in Puerto Rico: El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. The group measured various environmental factors at sites in each forest and observed adaptations of the local flora. In El Yunque, they analyzed soil properties and recorded temperature, humidity, wind and more. They observed adaptations of plants to the tropical climate. In Guánica Dry Forest, the group studied the plant community using line and belt transects and analyzed the distribution of a cactus species. The results showed large differences in environmental conditions and plant adaptations between the two forests.
The document summarizes research conducted by a group on two Puerto Rican ecosystems - El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. In El Yunque, the group studied soil properties at different locations and observed plant adaptations to the tropical rainforest environment. In Guánica Dry Forest, the group used line and belt transect methods to analyze plant distributions and adaptations to the dry conditions, such as small leaves and succulent structures. The results provided data on soil, climate and plant population measurements from the two field sites.
Ecuador Regeneration Of Natural Landslides (Ohl Y Bussman Citado)Sebastián 1264
The study examines the regeneration of vegetation on natural landslides in tropical mountain forests of southern Ecuador. Landslides are common in the region due to steep slopes, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and weathered substrate. The researchers analyzed plant species composition and succession along an altitudinal gradient using space-for-time substitution. Early successional stages are dominated by ferns like Gleicheniaceae and shrubs from families like Melastomataceae and Ericaceae. Colonization is heterogeneous with bare, sparse, and dense patches. Succession varies in duration depending on distance to undisturbed vegetation and ongoing sliding.
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
Climate Increases Regional Tree Growth Variability In Iberian Pine ForestsHibrids
This study analyzed tree ring width data from 38 pine forest sites across the Iberian Peninsula to examine changes in tree growth patterns and climate response over time. Principal component analysis identified a common macroclimatic signal shared among the tree chronologies. Tree growth variability, the frequency of narrow rings, and interannual growth sensitivity increased markedly in the second half of the 20th century, indicating that climate had a stronger limiting effect on growth. A shift was also detected around the mid-20th century, with growth becoming more strongly correlated with late summer/autumn temperatures of the previous year. This suggests increased water stress may be linked to higher growth synchronization among sites driven by climate changes.
Environmental Changes and Effects on a Population of Smooth Newt Lissotriton ...IJEAB
The population of Lissotriton meridionalis in the area of “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park are monitored since 1995. From 2004 to 2005 in the area it was carried out a massive cutting of dead trees with evidence of alteration of the undergrowth. The study aims to verify, through the index of the population estimate, if the species has suffered changes in the size of the population following environmental changes. For the research were chosen three ponds in the wood and the data collection took place from the breeding season of 1995 – 1996 to 2014 – 2015, in each of the seasons was made an estimation of the population density. The data obtained are been compared in order to make assessments on the conservation status and persistence of the species in the site, also as a result of environmental changes suffered by “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park. The analysis of the population estimate, used in this work as an index of the conservation status of the species in the Park, confirms that, in the previous period and in the period following the die-off of trees and cutting plant health, we have substantially the same values of population size.
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoCSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study analyzed litter decomposition rates in different land uses in Mexico's Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve. Litter bags were placed in forest, agricultural, and pasture sites with varying levels of vegetation cover. After 6 months, the remaining litter weight and carbon/nitrogen content were measured. Pastures generally had the fastest decomposition rates, while maize crops were slowest. The site with the most vegetation cover (Lopez Mateos) saw slower decomposition than areas with less cover. Land use and litter quality influenced decomposition rates more than differences in vegetation cover alone. Further study is needed to understand the effects of microclimate and soil fauna on decomposition in this threatened protected area.
The document reports on research conducted by students at the University of Puerto Rico on two ecosystems: El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. The students measured various environmental factors at different locations in each ecosystem and observed adaptations of the local flora. In El Yunque, they found plants adapted to high rainfall through features like large leaves and symbiotic relationships with fungi. In Guánica, plants like mangroves and cacti had adaptations for drought and high salt concentrations, such as small leaves and water storage. The document provides tables of their findings and discusses differences in adaptations between the two ecosystems.
The document reports on research conducted by a group at the University of Puerto Rico on two ecosystems in Puerto Rico: El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. The group measured various environmental factors at sites in each forest and observed adaptations of the local flora. In El Yunque, they analyzed soil properties and recorded temperature, humidity, wind and more. They observed adaptations of plants to the tropical climate. In Guánica Dry Forest, the group studied the plant community using line and belt transects and analyzed the distribution of a cactus species. The results showed large differences in environmental conditions and plant adaptations between the two forests.
The document summarizes research conducted by a group on two Puerto Rican ecosystems - El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. In El Yunque, the group studied soil properties at different locations and observed plant adaptations to the tropical rainforest environment. In Guánica Dry Forest, the group used line and belt transect methods to analyze plant distributions and adaptations to the dry conditions, such as small leaves and succulent structures. The results provided data on soil, climate and plant population measurements from the two field sites.
Ecuador Regeneration Of Natural Landslides (Ohl Y Bussman Citado)Sebastián 1264
The study examines the regeneration of vegetation on natural landslides in tropical mountain forests of southern Ecuador. Landslides are common in the region due to steep slopes, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and weathered substrate. The researchers analyzed plant species composition and succession along an altitudinal gradient using space-for-time substitution. Early successional stages are dominated by ferns like Gleicheniaceae and shrubs from families like Melastomataceae and Ericaceae. Colonization is heterogeneous with bare, sparse, and dense patches. Succession varies in duration depending on distance to undisturbed vegetation and ongoing sliding.
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
Climate Increases Regional Tree Growth Variability In Iberian Pine ForestsHibrids
This study analyzed tree ring width data from 38 pine forest sites across the Iberian Peninsula to examine changes in tree growth patterns and climate response over time. Principal component analysis identified a common macroclimatic signal shared among the tree chronologies. Tree growth variability, the frequency of narrow rings, and interannual growth sensitivity increased markedly in the second half of the 20th century, indicating that climate had a stronger limiting effect on growth. A shift was also detected around the mid-20th century, with growth becoming more strongly correlated with late summer/autumn temperatures of the previous year. This suggests increased water stress may be linked to higher growth synchronization among sites driven by climate changes.
Environmental Changes and Effects on a Population of Smooth Newt Lissotriton ...IJEAB
The population of Lissotriton meridionalis in the area of “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park are monitored since 1995. From 2004 to 2005 in the area it was carried out a massive cutting of dead trees with evidence of alteration of the undergrowth. The study aims to verify, through the index of the population estimate, if the species has suffered changes in the size of the population following environmental changes. For the research were chosen three ponds in the wood and the data collection took place from the breeding season of 1995 – 1996 to 2014 – 2015, in each of the seasons was made an estimation of the population density. The data obtained are been compared in order to make assessments on the conservation status and persistence of the species in the site, also as a result of environmental changes suffered by “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park. The analysis of the population estimate, used in this work as an index of the conservation status of the species in the Park, confirms that, in the previous period and in the period following the die-off of trees and cutting plant health, we have substantially the same values of population size.
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoCSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study analyzed litter decomposition rates in different land uses in Mexico's Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve. Litter bags were placed in forest, agricultural, and pasture sites with varying levels of vegetation cover. After 6 months, the remaining litter weight and carbon/nitrogen content were measured. Pastures generally had the fastest decomposition rates, while maize crops were slowest. The site with the most vegetation cover (Lopez Mateos) saw slower decomposition than areas with less cover. Land use and litter quality influenced decomposition rates more than differences in vegetation cover alone. Further study is needed to understand the effects of microclimate and soil fauna on decomposition in this threatened protected area.
This study examines land cover change and fire patterns within the Bay of Jiquilisco Reserve mangrove forest region of El Salvador between 2001-2015. Satellite imagery analysis shows a decrease in forest cover and an increase in water cover within the Monte Cristo mangrove subset between 2002-2014. Few fires were detected in the region, though some occurred at the forest-agriculture interface, indicating fire may be used for deforestation. Overall fire patterns in El Salvador correlate with agricultural and wooded areas. Community management of the reserve lands may contribute to lower fire frequency within the mangroves compared to surrounding areas.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Landscape dynamics of Abies and Fagus in the southern Pyrenees during the la...Hibrids
This document discusses the landscape dynamics of Abies alba (silver fir) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech) forests in the southern Pyrenees over the last 2,200 years. It finds that Abies alba reached its maximum extent around 2,200-2,000 years ago, but then experienced selective human impacts. Fagus sylvatica expanded between 2,000-1,300 years ago, but beginning 1,300 years ago, agricultural deforestation increased and beech disappeared by 800 years ago. Both tree species' dynamics were influenced by natural disturbances and increasing human impacts over the past millennia.
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
Research focuses on monitoring landscapes downgrading in specific conditions of Arctic ecosystems with cold climate conditions (marshes, permafrost, high humidity and moisture). Specific case study: cryogenic landslides typical for cold environments with permafrost. Area: Yamal Peninsula. Aim: analysis of the environmental changes caused by cryogenic landslides in northern land- scapes affecting sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Thaw of the permafrost layer causes destruction of the ground soil layer and activates cryogenic landslide processes. After disaster, vegetation coverage needs a long time to recover, due to the sensitivity of the specific northern environment, and land cover types change. ILWIS GIS was used to process 2 satellite images Landsat TM taken at 1988 and 2011, to assess spatiotemporal changes in the land cover types. Research shown ILWIS GIS based spatial analysis for environmental mapping.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Interdisciplinarity in action - Linking science and policy to preserve biodiv...luissantamariagaldon
The document discusses interdisciplinarity in preserving biodiversity and restoring ecosystems. It describes how protected areas and coverage have increased since 2002 but biodiversity loss targets were not met by 2010. A case study of Doñana Nature Reserves is presented, identifying values, pressures, impacts and flooding patterns. Interviews and workshops brought together water resource managers and nature conservators to develop recommendations including shared objectives, improved monitoring, and incorporating research and public participation in policy-making."
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
This document provides background information on phytoplankton and factors that influence their growth. It discusses how phytoplankton require sunlight, water and nutrients. Their distribution is affected by environmental conditions like pH, temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are especially important for their growth. The document also examines how eutrophication from increased nutrients can lead to algal blooms and oxygen depletion, harming other organisms. It provides context on Sampaloc Lake which is experiencing signs of eutrophication from human activities.
This document summarizes a study on the invasion of alien grasses in Brazilian savannas, known as cerrados. Two alien African grasses, Melinis minutiflora and Brachiaria decumbens, were found to be highly abundant in the study site, with very high importance values. Light availability was found to be the most important environmental factor related to graminoid distribution, strongly correlated with M. minutiflora abundance. Both alien grasses were negatively associated with most native graminoids, suggesting they exert strong competitive pressure on the native herbaceous community. The introduction and spread of alien species poses a threat to the natural biodiversity of cerrados.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
MAMMALS, EDGE EFFECTS, AND THE LOSS OF TROPICAL FOREST DIVERSITY Asquith & Me...Fundación Natura Bolivia
This document summarizes a study that experimentally tested how changes in mammal communities and wind exposure have affected tree diversity on forest fragments in Panama. The study assessed seed and seedling survival on islands and forest sites with different mammal compositions (no mammals, rats only, intermediate communities) and wind exposures (exposed, protected, interior). It was predicted that fragments with fewer mammal species would have lower seed dispersal, seed survival, and higher seedling herbivory, while exposed sites would have lower germination, seedling establishment and survival, especially in dry seasons. The results provide evidence that changes in biotic and abiotic conditions have reduced tree diversity on forest fragments by imposing multiple barriers to seedling recruitment.
This document provides a proposal for an ecological restoration project at the North Creek Forest site in Bothell, Washington. It describes the site conditions and outlines goals, objectives, and approaches for removing invasive species, establishing native vegetation, improving habitat and watershed functions, and engaging the local community. The long-term vision is to restore the site to a mature, native forest that benefits both wildlife and water quality in the North Creek watershed.
Liolaemus occipitalis is a small lizard found in coastal sand dunes in southern Brazil. The study examined the annual activity patterns of L. occipitalis over one year. It found that the lizard is active year-round but its daily and seasonal activity varies according to climate changes. Most activity occurred under sand (73%), followed by under vegetation (14%). Activity peaks in spring and summer occurred in the morning and afternoon, diminishing during hottest parts of the day. Thermoregulation, involving movement between sunlight and shade, is an important factor influencing the lizard's habitat use and activity patterns.
ABSTRACT- Fresh water resources are not unlimited. The high rate of increase of human population of Nepal and the
rapid rate of industrialization have created problems of disposal of waste water products. The domestic wastes, excretory
materials of both human and animals and industrial effluents are discharged into the nearly lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
tanks and even in the catchment area of the above water bodies. The undesirable substances are regularly mixed into the
water of pond through surface run-off that degrades the water quality. Since last several years, there have been added an
array of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, which are further seriously aggravating the problem of pollution both for
public health and aquaculture. The detailed information of water quality and status of affected living organisms of water
bodies are necessary for the implementation of any management plan. The present investigation encompasses on plankton
identifying the ecological quality of Chhapakaiya pond Birgunj, Nepal. Seasonal sampling from all the sampling sites (site
A, B, C, D) in winter, summer and rainy season for period of 12 months (November 2014 – October 2015) at 9:00-11: 00
AM. A total of 27 taxa from different classes of zooplankton were reported. The zooplanktons were reported to be
maximum (774.4 unit/L) during summer and minimum (539.2 unit/L) during the rainy season in Chhapakaiya pond.
Key-words- Zooplankton, Biological productivity, Habitat degradation
Bill hlubik and team nj 3rd place nat winner for switchgrass poster nacaa ...nacaa
This study evaluated the establishment and production of five switchgrass cultivars (two upland and three lowland ecotypes) grown for biofuel in New Jersey. The cultivars were planted in July 2010 and evaluated for germination rates after 30 days and dry biomass yields in November 2011. The results showed the lowland cultivars, particularly Alamo, had significantly higher yields than the upland cultivars. After one year, Alamo yielded 3.06 tons/acre compared to 1.85 tons/acre for High Tide. Standard farm equipment can be used to plant and harvest switchgrass. Irrigation was important for establishment but switchgrass can be harvested once annually and provide wildlife habitat and biofuel
WOODY PLANT RICHNESS AND NDVI RESPONSE TO DROUGHT EVENTS IN CATALONIAN (NORT...Hibrids
This study examines the relationship between woody plant species richness and the impact of drought events on forest canopy cover, as measured by NDVI anomalies, across different forest types in Catalonia, Spain. Forest plot data on species richness were compared to satellite imagery showing NDVI responses during a major drought in 2003. The relationship between richness and NDVI response differed among forest types and interacted with climate, as summarized by the Thorntwaite index. In some drier forest types, lower richness was linked to greater NDVI decreases during drought, while the opposite pattern emerged in some moister forest types. The results suggest the diversity-stability relationship shifts across the regional climatic gradient.
The document discusses two hypotheses for the origin of earth mounds in central Brazil - that they formed through termite activity in grasslands or through erosion of savanna lands. Soil samples from mounds, grasslands and savannas were analyzed for carbon isotope composition, chemical properties, texture, and plant species to determine the mounds' origin. Isotopic signatures and soil traits below mounds resembled savanna, not grassland. Plant species on mounds were also typical of savanna. The evidence supports the hypothesis that differential erosion of savanna lands, not termite activity, formed the mound fields. Deciphering mound origins allows better understanding of landscape and vegetation changes in this region.
This document contains a list of 76 references cited by another work. The references are organized alphabetically and include journal articles, book chapters, reports, and theses related to topics like soil acidification, nutrient cycling, aluminum chemistry, and pine ecosystems. Many of the references are from the 1970s-1990s and cover research conducted in locations like Europe, North America, China, South Africa, and New Zealand.
The document summarizes the reflections of a student on study trips to two forests in Puerto Rico: El Yunque Tropical Forest and Guánica Dry Forest. [1] The trips highlighted the drastic differences between the ecosystems, with El Yunque receiving 200 inches of rain per year compared to less than 30 inches in Guánica Dry Forest. [2] Observations of plant adaptations showed taller trees with larger leaves in the wetter El Yunque forest, while plants in Guánica had smaller leaves and were lower to cope with the dry conditions. [3] Both trips provided valuable hands-on learning experiences about the island's natural environments.
Time of day influences foraging behavior of waterbirds in the Kruger National...Joseph Galaske
This project, conducted under the supervision of Mduduzi Ndlovu Ph.D., was conducted within the Kruger National Park and looked at foraging behavior of waterbirds in response to time of day. Our results present evidence that time of day mediates foraging activity and supports the optimal foraging theory for waterbirds found in the Kruger National Park.
Comparison of the forests of puerto rico= yunque bosque secogustavomartinezmuniz
The document compares the Dry Forest of Guanica and El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico. It summarizes that the Dry Forest of Guanica receives less rainfall than El Yunque and has adapted flora and fauna with adaptations like vertical leaf orientation and deeper roots. El Yunque receives more rainfall and its vegetation can grow taller. Both forests face threats from tourism, construction, global warming, and deforestation.
This study examines land cover change and fire patterns within the Bay of Jiquilisco Reserve mangrove forest region of El Salvador between 2001-2015. Satellite imagery analysis shows a decrease in forest cover and an increase in water cover within the Monte Cristo mangrove subset between 2002-2014. Few fires were detected in the region, though some occurred at the forest-agriculture interface, indicating fire may be used for deforestation. Overall fire patterns in El Salvador correlate with agricultural and wooded areas. Community management of the reserve lands may contribute to lower fire frequency within the mangroves compared to surrounding areas.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Landscape dynamics of Abies and Fagus in the southern Pyrenees during the la...Hibrids
This document discusses the landscape dynamics of Abies alba (silver fir) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech) forests in the southern Pyrenees over the last 2,200 years. It finds that Abies alba reached its maximum extent around 2,200-2,000 years ago, but then experienced selective human impacts. Fagus sylvatica expanded between 2,000-1,300 years ago, but beginning 1,300 years ago, agricultural deforestation increased and beech disappeared by 800 years ago. Both tree species' dynamics were influenced by natural disturbances and increasing human impacts over the past millennia.
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
Research focuses on monitoring landscapes downgrading in specific conditions of Arctic ecosystems with cold climate conditions (marshes, permafrost, high humidity and moisture). Specific case study: cryogenic landslides typical for cold environments with permafrost. Area: Yamal Peninsula. Aim: analysis of the environmental changes caused by cryogenic landslides in northern land- scapes affecting sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Thaw of the permafrost layer causes destruction of the ground soil layer and activates cryogenic landslide processes. After disaster, vegetation coverage needs a long time to recover, due to the sensitivity of the specific northern environment, and land cover types change. ILWIS GIS was used to process 2 satellite images Landsat TM taken at 1988 and 2011, to assess spatiotemporal changes in the land cover types. Research shown ILWIS GIS based spatial analysis for environmental mapping.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Interdisciplinarity in action - Linking science and policy to preserve biodiv...luissantamariagaldon
The document discusses interdisciplinarity in preserving biodiversity and restoring ecosystems. It describes how protected areas and coverage have increased since 2002 but biodiversity loss targets were not met by 2010. A case study of Doñana Nature Reserves is presented, identifying values, pressures, impacts and flooding patterns. Interviews and workshops brought together water resource managers and nature conservators to develop recommendations including shared objectives, improved monitoring, and incorporating research and public participation in policy-making."
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
This document provides background information on phytoplankton and factors that influence their growth. It discusses how phytoplankton require sunlight, water and nutrients. Their distribution is affected by environmental conditions like pH, temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are especially important for their growth. The document also examines how eutrophication from increased nutrients can lead to algal blooms and oxygen depletion, harming other organisms. It provides context on Sampaloc Lake which is experiencing signs of eutrophication from human activities.
This document summarizes a study on the invasion of alien grasses in Brazilian savannas, known as cerrados. Two alien African grasses, Melinis minutiflora and Brachiaria decumbens, were found to be highly abundant in the study site, with very high importance values. Light availability was found to be the most important environmental factor related to graminoid distribution, strongly correlated with M. minutiflora abundance. Both alien grasses were negatively associated with most native graminoids, suggesting they exert strong competitive pressure on the native herbaceous community. The introduction and spread of alien species poses a threat to the natural biodiversity of cerrados.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
MAMMALS, EDGE EFFECTS, AND THE LOSS OF TROPICAL FOREST DIVERSITY Asquith & Me...Fundación Natura Bolivia
This document summarizes a study that experimentally tested how changes in mammal communities and wind exposure have affected tree diversity on forest fragments in Panama. The study assessed seed and seedling survival on islands and forest sites with different mammal compositions (no mammals, rats only, intermediate communities) and wind exposures (exposed, protected, interior). It was predicted that fragments with fewer mammal species would have lower seed dispersal, seed survival, and higher seedling herbivory, while exposed sites would have lower germination, seedling establishment and survival, especially in dry seasons. The results provide evidence that changes in biotic and abiotic conditions have reduced tree diversity on forest fragments by imposing multiple barriers to seedling recruitment.
This document provides a proposal for an ecological restoration project at the North Creek Forest site in Bothell, Washington. It describes the site conditions and outlines goals, objectives, and approaches for removing invasive species, establishing native vegetation, improving habitat and watershed functions, and engaging the local community. The long-term vision is to restore the site to a mature, native forest that benefits both wildlife and water quality in the North Creek watershed.
Liolaemus occipitalis is a small lizard found in coastal sand dunes in southern Brazil. The study examined the annual activity patterns of L. occipitalis over one year. It found that the lizard is active year-round but its daily and seasonal activity varies according to climate changes. Most activity occurred under sand (73%), followed by under vegetation (14%). Activity peaks in spring and summer occurred in the morning and afternoon, diminishing during hottest parts of the day. Thermoregulation, involving movement between sunlight and shade, is an important factor influencing the lizard's habitat use and activity patterns.
ABSTRACT- Fresh water resources are not unlimited. The high rate of increase of human population of Nepal and the
rapid rate of industrialization have created problems of disposal of waste water products. The domestic wastes, excretory
materials of both human and animals and industrial effluents are discharged into the nearly lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
tanks and even in the catchment area of the above water bodies. The undesirable substances are regularly mixed into the
water of pond through surface run-off that degrades the water quality. Since last several years, there have been added an
array of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, which are further seriously aggravating the problem of pollution both for
public health and aquaculture. The detailed information of water quality and status of affected living organisms of water
bodies are necessary for the implementation of any management plan. The present investigation encompasses on plankton
identifying the ecological quality of Chhapakaiya pond Birgunj, Nepal. Seasonal sampling from all the sampling sites (site
A, B, C, D) in winter, summer and rainy season for period of 12 months (November 2014 – October 2015) at 9:00-11: 00
AM. A total of 27 taxa from different classes of zooplankton were reported. The zooplanktons were reported to be
maximum (774.4 unit/L) during summer and minimum (539.2 unit/L) during the rainy season in Chhapakaiya pond.
Key-words- Zooplankton, Biological productivity, Habitat degradation
Bill hlubik and team nj 3rd place nat winner for switchgrass poster nacaa ...nacaa
This study evaluated the establishment and production of five switchgrass cultivars (two upland and three lowland ecotypes) grown for biofuel in New Jersey. The cultivars were planted in July 2010 and evaluated for germination rates after 30 days and dry biomass yields in November 2011. The results showed the lowland cultivars, particularly Alamo, had significantly higher yields than the upland cultivars. After one year, Alamo yielded 3.06 tons/acre compared to 1.85 tons/acre for High Tide. Standard farm equipment can be used to plant and harvest switchgrass. Irrigation was important for establishment but switchgrass can be harvested once annually and provide wildlife habitat and biofuel
WOODY PLANT RICHNESS AND NDVI RESPONSE TO DROUGHT EVENTS IN CATALONIAN (NORT...Hibrids
This study examines the relationship between woody plant species richness and the impact of drought events on forest canopy cover, as measured by NDVI anomalies, across different forest types in Catalonia, Spain. Forest plot data on species richness were compared to satellite imagery showing NDVI responses during a major drought in 2003. The relationship between richness and NDVI response differed among forest types and interacted with climate, as summarized by the Thorntwaite index. In some drier forest types, lower richness was linked to greater NDVI decreases during drought, while the opposite pattern emerged in some moister forest types. The results suggest the diversity-stability relationship shifts across the regional climatic gradient.
The document discusses two hypotheses for the origin of earth mounds in central Brazil - that they formed through termite activity in grasslands or through erosion of savanna lands. Soil samples from mounds, grasslands and savannas were analyzed for carbon isotope composition, chemical properties, texture, and plant species to determine the mounds' origin. Isotopic signatures and soil traits below mounds resembled savanna, not grassland. Plant species on mounds were also typical of savanna. The evidence supports the hypothesis that differential erosion of savanna lands, not termite activity, formed the mound fields. Deciphering mound origins allows better understanding of landscape and vegetation changes in this region.
This document contains a list of 76 references cited by another work. The references are organized alphabetically and include journal articles, book chapters, reports, and theses related to topics like soil acidification, nutrient cycling, aluminum chemistry, and pine ecosystems. Many of the references are from the 1970s-1990s and cover research conducted in locations like Europe, North America, China, South Africa, and New Zealand.
The document summarizes the reflections of a student on study trips to two forests in Puerto Rico: El Yunque Tropical Forest and Guánica Dry Forest. [1] The trips highlighted the drastic differences between the ecosystems, with El Yunque receiving 200 inches of rain per year compared to less than 30 inches in Guánica Dry Forest. [2] Observations of plant adaptations showed taller trees with larger leaves in the wetter El Yunque forest, while plants in Guánica had smaller leaves and were lower to cope with the dry conditions. [3] Both trips provided valuable hands-on learning experiences about the island's natural environments.
Time of day influences foraging behavior of waterbirds in the Kruger National...Joseph Galaske
This project, conducted under the supervision of Mduduzi Ndlovu Ph.D., was conducted within the Kruger National Park and looked at foraging behavior of waterbirds in response to time of day. Our results present evidence that time of day mediates foraging activity and supports the optimal foraging theory for waterbirds found in the Kruger National Park.
Comparison of the forests of puerto rico= yunque bosque secogustavomartinezmuniz
The document compares the Dry Forest of Guanica and El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico. It summarizes that the Dry Forest of Guanica receives less rainfall than El Yunque and has adapted flora and fauna with adaptations like vertical leaf orientation and deeper roots. El Yunque receives more rainfall and its vegetation can grow taller. Both forests face threats from tourism, construction, global warming, and deforestation.
El Yunque National Forest and Guanica Dry Forest are two distinct ecosystems in Puerto Rico. El Yunque is a tropical rainforest located in the northeast receiving over 200 inches of rain annually, supporting diverse flora like 240 tree species. Guanica Dry Forest in the southwest is hot and dry, receiving little rain with vegetation adapted to conserve water like vertical leaves and stem photosynthesis. A field trip to each forest highlighted their differences and showed plant adaptations to environmental conditions, furthering understanding of evolutionary responses to habitat.
The document summarizes a field trip conducted by oceanography students to Nijhum Dwip island. The objectives of the trip were to learn field study techniques, collect samples of plants, soil, water and plankton, and assess water quality parameters and the socioeconomic conditions of local communities. During the trip, students assessed intertidal plant communities, collected phytoplankton and zooplankton samples, measured water quality, and learned sampling methods. The island was described as having diverse and productive ecosystems important for fisheries and declared as a national park and marine protected area.
This document provides an environmental assessment of the flora and fauna at Gondwana Sanctuary, a 40-hectare property in Tyagarah, Australia that is applying to convert to a community title development. A survey found no threatened plant species but identified potential for habitat development. Fauna surveys identified three vulnerable mammal species, nine regionally significant species, and that 36-50% of species in a nearby nature reserve are now present at Gondwana. The assessment concludes that while no species are currently threatened at Gondwana, continued habitat development has benefits for vulnerable and significant local species.
This document summarizes a study measuring the success of reforestation efforts in abandoned pastures in the Cerro Candelaria Reserve in Ecuador. The study collected data on tree diameter, height, location and species from 16 reforestation plots established between 2008-2010. Diversity indices were calculated to analyze the data and assess the progress of the reforestation project over time. The results showed general progress in reforesting the abandoned pastures and increasing tree diversity compared to when the project first began.
TERN Supersites and Carbon Monitoring_Mike LiddellTERN Australia
The document summarizes research from several TERN supersites on carbon monitoring across Australia. The supersites provide baseline carbon measures, link field data to carbon dynamics at different scales, connect high resolution data to remote sensing, and inform ecosystem modeling. Specific sites discussed include the Great Western Woodlands, FNQ Rainforest, and Warra Tall Eucalypt supersites. Research at these sites measures vegetation, biomass, carbon stocks, and contributes long-term data to understand carbon cycles and impacts of changes like forest management.
This study examined the diversity and abundance of fruit-feeding butterflies across four habitat types in a Costa Rican cloud forest: primary forest, natural secondary regrowth forest, planted secondary regrowth forest, and pastureland. The researchers trapped 174 butterflies of 27 species over six weeks. They found that planted secondary regrowth forest had the highest species richness, diversity, and evenness, indicating reforestation efforts were improving diversity. Climate change may be causing butterflies to move to new elevations.
Reflection about the el yunque national forestcelizbetscolon
The student went on a guided hike through El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico with professors to collect soil samples at different elevations. They measured wind velocity, GPS coordinates, humidity, and temperature at stops to later analyze the samples for phages. While they did not analyze the samples, the student enjoyed the experience of hiking in the rainforest and being able to view the coast from the top of the mountain, finding it an enriching experience.
The document analyzes the loss of tidal wetlands in New York from 1880 to 2000 based on a study by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, finding a 48% loss from the 1880s to 2000 and an additional 19% loss from 1970 to present despite protective legislation passed in the 1970s, indicating wetland decline continues to be a problem. It discusses how wetlands provide important ecosystem services like habitat for marine organisms and nutrient cycling. The main cause of ongoing wetland loss is increased amounts of open water on marsh surfaces due to excess nitrogen leading to the wetland's demise, though laws in the 1970s aimed to protect from draining and filling wet
Droughts in the drylands of northwestern Nigeria negatively impact smallholder farming communities. The study analyzed rainfall data from 1952-2013 to identify drought patterns in Dawakin Tofa and Rimi. It found periods of severe and extreme drought, especially in Rimi. The droughts were associated with deteriorating vegetation, drying water sources, and degraded soils. The study interviewed farmers to identify their drought coping strategies, such as adjusting diets, obtaining relief aid, and replanting. While these strategies provided some resilience, the study recommended enhancing them and incorporating additional strategies like obtaining drought forecasts and agricultural insurance.
The document compares the Yunque Rainforest and Guanica Dry Forest biomes in Puerto Rico. The Yunque Rainforest receives 200-400 cm of annual precipitation and contains a high diversity of plant and animal species adapted to constant rainfall. In contrast, the Guanica Dry Forest receives only 150-200 cm annually and has a long dry season, forcing adaptations like leaf drop and thorns. Key differences between the biomes include precipitation levels, dominant plant species, and the effects of seasonal changes in water availability.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Response of hydro-physical properties of a Chromic Luvisol in Ghana to differ...IJEAB
The document discusses a study that assessed the response of hydro-physical soil properties of a Chromic Luvisol in Ghana to different application methods of Mucuna pruriens as a soil amendment. Mucuna pruriens was applied as a green manure, live mulch, and in-situ mulch. The study found that Mucuna pruriens applied as a live mulch significantly reduced bulk density and increased total porosity and aeration porosity compared to the control. Mucuna pruriens applied as an in-situ mulch improved aggregate stability and maintained optimal soil temperature. Of the treatment methods, in-situ mulch recorded the optimal values for volumetric moisture content,
Conserving Biodiversity through an IWEco Approach in Caribbean SIDSiweco-project
An introduction to the UN Environment Programme Global Environment Facility-funded Integrating Water, Land and Ecosystem Management (IWEco) Project approach to Biodiversity Conservation in Caribbean Small Island Developing States, June 2020.
Conserving Biodiversity through an Integrated approach to Water, Land and Eco...iweco-project
The Integrating Water, Land and Ecosystems Management in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (IWEco) project aims to preserve Caribbean ecosystems and livelihoods through improved water resource management, sustainable land management, and sustainable forest management. The project involves 8 countries and focuses on enhancing biodiversity in key sites through activities like reforestation, controlling invasive species, and habitat rehabilitation. Highlights from the project in different countries include restoring the Negril Great Morass wetland in Jamaica, reforesting watersheds in Cuba, and training community members in Trinidad and Tobago to rehabilitate degraded quarry sites.
The document summarizes a research project to study the ecology and biodiversity of the Sabangau peat-swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives are to conduct surveys of different species groups like cats, primates, bats, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. It will also collect measures of forest structure, condition, productivity, regeneration processes and impacts of disturbance. Methods include comparing diversity between disturbed and undisturbed areas, monitoring permanent forest plots, and establishing plots to measure natural regeneration in different forest types. The fieldwork will be based at the Natural Laboratory for Peat-swamp Forest study site for one year from January 2010 to January 2011.
This document summarizes a conference on the topic of "Rainbow water: rainfall, the water cycle, forests and trees". It includes the conference schedule with different blocks and presentations on topics like precipitation patterns, the role of trees in climate variability and change, climate policy, and linking emerging science to policy actions. It also includes diagrams on topics like the holistic forest and tree view of the world, vegetation effects on rainfall, and the relationship between global climate models and local hydrology models.
Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of...Innspub Net
Deadwood (DW) is an important carbon component for conservation and management of biodiversity resources. They are ubiquitous in many semi-arid ecosystems although its estimation is still posing lots of challenges. At Chimwaga woodland in Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania, seasonal quantification of DW produced by two Acacia spp. was done to evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and to determine their ecological role in conservation of semi-arid ecosystem. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the course of a completely randomized design (CRD). Thirty trees from each species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica were studied. Results portray that DW biomass was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rain season whereby A. tortilis produced 669.0 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and only 74.3 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season) while A. nilotica produced 426.1 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and 36.5 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season). DW biomass did not correlate significantly (P > 0.05) with Dbh and canopy area. Inter-specific interactions were encountered from experimental areas where DW was littered that facilitated ecosystem balance in semi-arid areas. This information is important for estimating amount of dead wood biomass required to be retained in the forest provided that, at the expense of ecology, they are refuge for arthropods, fungi, bryophytes and other important soil microbes representing primary components of Biodiversity in semi-arid ecosystems.
The document reflects on a semester spent learning various lab techniques through workshops given by professors. These workshops covered topics like PCR, electrophoresis, and chromatography, and allowed students to apply the techniques. Students also attended seminars on topics like cancer, pulmonary hypertension, and neuroscience. The seminars helped students learn scientific terms and techniques for writing summaries. Additionally, students gained hands-on research experience by working with mentors on projects and conducting their own research for class assignments. Overall, the semester's activities helped students become better prepared for research both on and off the island by teaching important scientific skills and values like perseverance, focus, commitment, and teamwork.
This study measured nitrate levels in a lake and river before and after an extreme precipitation event. Nitrate levels were higher after the event in both water bodies. The lake levels increased from 0.079-0.469 mg/L before the event to 0.469 mg/L after, while the river increased from 0.211-0.791 mg/L. The results suggest precipitation can increase nitrate levels in surface waters. Further study over longer periods is needed to better understand the impacts.
Lisandra, a fellow student studying for her PhD in chemistry, discussed a review paper on proteomics biomarker discovery with Eduardo Rivera Cintron and other students. The paper explained that discovering biomarkers requires more than just mass spectrometry. Biomarkers could enable earlier disease diagnosis and improved treatment. New proteomics technologies developed over the past decade, such as shotgun proteomics, plasma/tissue analysis, and cell-based assays, have intensified the search for biomarkers. Lisandra emphasized the importance of biomarkers for medicine and the benefits they could provide through earlier disease detection.
Dr. Sidney Kushner from the University of Georgia gave a seminar titled "Polyadenylation Helps Regulate Function tRNA Levels in Escherichia Coli." He explained that polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA molecule and that tRNAs in E. coli undergo various post-transcriptional modifications, including the conversion of adenosine to inosine. Through experiments separating tRNA fragments using enzymes, Dr. Kushner's team found that there is competition between enzymes that break down tRNA and that polyadenylation helps regulate the production and function of tRNAs in E. coli, findings that improve understanding of functional mechanisms within tRNAs.
Roselyn Rosario, a graduate of UPR Cayey who is continuing her studies in the states, gave a seminar on her lab's research into using polymers in novel biodegradable drug delivery systems. Her lab is exploring combining polymers with morphine, a commonly used but highly addictive pain reliever, to reduce morphine's addictiveness, need for redosing, and impact period. Early tests combining polymers with morphine have shown positive results in reducing addictiveness and need for redosing while maintaining pain relief, offering promising benefits for patients if further research bears out.
Dr. Sonia Flores gave a seminar discussing the association between HIV infection and pulmonary hypertension. Studies have shown pulmonary hypertension is more common in those with HIV than the general population. Her lab aimed to determine the connection between HIV and pulmonary hypertension. Using non-human primate HIV models and human patients, they found the HIV-1 Nef gene was present in two patients with both HIV and pulmonary hypertension, but not in those with only HIV. This led them to hypothesize that changes to the Nef protein's amino acid sequence in those with pulmonary hypertension could alter vascular cell function.
Dr. Julio Soto discussed his lab's examination of the potential anti-cancer activities of recombinant disintegrins. His study found that some cancer cells induce hormones to create blood vessels connecting to the cancer, complicating treatment, and that some cancer cells have fewer chromosomes than normal cells and can promote cancer growth. Preliminary experiments with various disintegrins found that two caused cell death, suggesting disintegrins may help inhibit cancer progression, but more research is needed to identify those that can inhibit blood vessel growth and metastasis.
Ms. Comenencia, a graduate student from the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, gave a seminar on her research into the modulation of GABAa receptor trafficking by neurosteroids. Her research focuses on how neuroactive steroids can alter the GABAa receptor and affect its presence in brain cell membranes. Preliminary findings suggest increasing the level of GABAa receptors in membranes through neurosteroid modulation may help reduce side effects of conditions like autism and epilepsy.
Dr. Roberto Zayas gave a seminar titled "It's lack of innovation, stupid" about patents. He discussed how patents give exclusive rights to inventors for 20 years in exchange for publicly disclosing their inventions. Patents are increasing in the US, especially for computer software. Dr. Zayas related patents to science, mentioning a case where researchers tried to patent human genes. Patents are generally good for science and the economy by incentivizing investment, but there are limits, such as not allowing the modification of human genes or patenting someone's DNA without consent. The student found Dr. Zayas' combination of a PhD and law degree inspiring and the seminar topic interesting because it showed the connection
Lisandra, a fellow student studying for her PhD at the University of Buffalo, discussed a review paper titled "Proteomics biomaker discovery: It's more than mass spectrometry" with Eduardo Rivera Cintron and other students. The paper argues that discovering biomarkers requires more than just mass spectrometry and that biomarkers could enable earlier disease diagnosis and improved treatment. It also describes new proteomics technologies developed in recent decades like shotgun proteomics and plasma/tissue analysis that have aided biomarker discovery. However, the biomarker validation process is complex and typically only reaches the qualification step.
The study compared nitrate levels in a lake and river in Puerto Rico over 5 days. Samples collected in the morning and evening were analyzed. Nitrate levels in the lake ranged from 0.079 to 0.469 mg/L, lower than the river which ranged from 0.211 to 0.791 mg/L. Both water bodies showed increased nitrate levels after a major precipitation event on April 30th, supporting the hypothesis that rainfall increases nitrate concentration in bodies of water. Higher agricultural activity near the river likely contributed to its elevated nitrate levels.
The document discusses studies on whether coffee and tea consumption causes or prevents cancer. It summarizes several studies that found: 1) Drinking 4 or more cups of coffee per day was associated with a higher risk of bladder cancer. 2) Drinking hot tea (over 75C) or very hot tea was associated with higher risks of esophageal cancer than warm/lukewarm tea. 3) High intake of 5 or more cups of coffee and tea per day was associated with lower risks of brain tumors. The studies showed contradictory results, so further research is still needed to understand the effects of specific coffee and tea ingredients on cancer risk.
This document summarizes several studies on the relationship between coffee/tea consumption and health risks. It finds that coffee/tea intake can have contradictory effects depending on the type of cancer. A study in Spain found increased risk of bladder cancer only in those drinking 4 or more cups of coffee per day. A study in Iran associated intervals of drinking tea of 2-3 minutes or less than two minutes with higher risk of esophageal cancer. Another study found a lower risk of brain tumors among those drinking 5 or more cups of coffee per day. In conclusion, the effects of coffee/tea on cancer risk depend on the specific cancer and more research is needed to understand the active ingredients involved.
Leidy Alvarado, a PhD student at Purdue University, presented her research on using metabolite profiling to detect recurrent breast cancer earlier. Her research utilized NMR and GC x GC-MS to analyze blood serum metabolites and identify biomarkers. She found that metabolite profiling could detect 75% of recurring breast cancer patients, compared to 16% for the standard CA 27.29 marker, diagnosing recurrences on average 13 months earlier. Her results suggested that earlier detection through combined biomarker analysis could enable improved treatments. The student found Leidy's presentation and message about continuing to learn and lead as a PhD student inspiring.
Jessian Muñoz was the speaker at the first seminar, discussing his recent study on the relationship between brain tumors, microRNAs, and stem cells. During his presentation, he explained in detail his experience conducting the experiment and defined scientific terms. After the seminar, he discussed an article on glioblastoma multiforme and recent findings in human cancer and mouse models. Brain tumors can affect many people in the future. Because of the relationship between stem cells and cancer cells, there may be new ways to conduct cancer treatments.
Dr. Fabian's presentation discussed recent studies on HIV and cognitive disorders. He explained that HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting immune cells and potentially causing cancer. It can be transmitted through bodily fluids. His research looked at how HIV infects brain cells and the gastrointestinal tract. He also discussed sphingolipids that enrich the central nervous system and their role in signal transduction. His study injected HIV in three types of monkeys to compare effects to humans.
Dr. Fabian's presentation discussed recent studies on HIV and cognitive disorders. He explained that HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting immune cells and potentially causing cancer. It can be transmitted through bodily fluids. His research looked at how HIV infects brain cells and the gastrointestinal tract. He also discussed sphingolipids that enrich the central nervous system and their role in signal transduction. To study this, the presentation compared HIV infection in three types of monkeys injected with the virus to the effects in humans.
This document is a written proposal from Eduardo E. Rivera Cintrón for a study on whether excessive cell phone use causes glioma tumors and ipsilateral exposure in Puerto Rico. The proposal outlines background research showing links between cell phone use and brain tumors found in the Interphone study. It then describes the methodology for a study in Puerto Rico comparing cell phone usage patterns and brain tumor rates in two groups over several years. Possible results from the Puerto Rico study are discussed, noting factors like culture that may lead to different outcomes than international studies.
The document discusses a proposed study to determine if excessive cell phone use causes glioma brain tumors and ipsilateral exposure in Puerto Rico. The study would examine the relationship between long-term cell phone use and risk of glioma tumors over 10 years. Participants would be surveyed about their cell phone use patterns and monitored for tumor development. The expected results are that heavy cell phone users would show an increased risk of both glioma tumors and ipsilateral exposure on the side of head used for calling.
Eduardo E. Rivera nació el 20 de julio de 1993 en Chicago, Illinois. Asistió a Dayspring Christian Academy desde los 3 años y pasó varios años de su niñez en Puerto Rico.
1. lolUniversity of Puerto Rico at Cayey
Rise Program
Dr. Edwin Vazquez
Report on El Yunque National Rainforest and The Guánica Dry Forest
Group #2
BIOL 3009
Session 1300
July 10, 2011
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2. Index
Introduction 3
Discussion of adaptations of flora
- El Yunque National Rainforest 4
- Guánica Dry Forest 7
Methodology
- El Yunque National Rainforest 9
- Guánica Dry Forest 9
Results
- Individual results for El Yunque National 11
Rainforest
- Grouped results for El Yunque National 12
Rainforest
- Individual results for Guánica Dry Forest 14
- Grouped results for Guánica Dry Forest 16
Results analysis (graphics)
- Individual graphics for El Yunque National 23
Rainforest
- Grouped graphics for El Yunque National 26
Rainforest
- Individual graphics for Guánica Dry Forest 28
- Grouped graphics for Guánica Dry Forest 30
Conclusion 35
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3. Discussion 36
Appendix 38
Credits 40
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4. Introduction
Living in an island relatively small can have a different perspective about what are
distances. In Puerto Rico running from side to side, for example from Fajardo to Mayaguez,
can last about 4 hours driving a car. It might be raining in the north while in the south might
be warm. Because of this we have evidence that a small region can have a diversity of
ecosystems. To learn more about our natural resources, we entered two Puerto Rican
ecosystems that differ from many essential features: El Yunque National Rainforest and
Guanica Dry Forest. While visiting those places, several tests were made. In the Tropical
Rainforest, the soil was the matter studied, while in the dry forest Floral ecosystem. This
report discusses diferences between the adaptations of the plants in each bioma, exposes all
the data taken, and also offers several graphics.
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5. Discussion: Adaptations of flora in El Yunque National Rainforest
Since El Yunque is a tropical forest, there are many environmental factors that affect
the growth and development of flora in this area, such as the climate, the temperature, the
minerals in the soil, the fauna, the distribution of water, between others. Because of the
effect of these factors, plants have made several noticeable adaptations to survive in this
ecosystem.
Ever since we got on our first stop in El Yunque, we were able to see some of those
adaptations. One of them was the symbiotic relationship of the Cadam’s tree roots with the
fungal microorganism Myccorrhiza so that they would both help each other to survive by
interchanging food and protection by the means of resistance to toxicity. Other adaptations
were the Caoba’s tree resistance to mite, the ability of Yagrumo’s stem to float and
proliferate, the Bamboo’s ability to dominate a specific area by modifying the soil, capturing
all the sunlight and, therefore, keeping other plants species from growing beneath them. We
also saw an interesting adaptation of bromeliad, which was a type of epiphyte, and which had
a dimorphism adaptation, meaning that it had 2 ways of growing in the same tree according
to the stage of growth on which it was. These 2 ways of growth were the phototropic growth,
which is in direction to sunlight, and the geotropic growth, which is in direction to the soil. We
were also able to see the special adjustment of the big trees’ roots to the unstable and rocky-
bottomed soil of the forest by growing perpendicular to the soil. Also on the big trees, we
could see that their leaves were adapted to the weather by being big and wide, a trait that
allows them to eliminate excess water and to capture more sunlight for photosynthesis. In
terms of the Sierra Palms, they have a special stabilizing root system which allows them to
live in unstable and saturated soils. We were also able to observe one of the most amazing
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6. adaptations of plants in the forest: the adventitious roots, which are roots that do not form in
the radical of the embryo, but on any other part of the plant, mostly in the stems. This allows
the plant to climb or to extend on the soil’s surface, reproducing more easily and reaching for
sunlight to complete photosynthesis.
In conclusion, the flora of El Yunque has evolved very specifically to reach the survival
requirements of this ecosystem.
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7. Discussion: Adaptations of flora in Guánica Dry Forest
The extreme conditions in Guánica Dry Forest limit greatly the growth of flora in this
ecosystem. The scarceness of water, the high salt concentration, the action of strong winds,
the recurrent fires, and the presence of so few nutrients in the soil are some of the factors
that restrict the normal development of plants in this area and that promote the improvement
of adaptations in the plants.
Since the beginning of our tour in the dry forest, we started observing that the plants of
the area were very different from those of El Yunque or even from Cayey, so we inferred that
they had special adaptations to survive in this extreme weather. One of the first plants that
we found was the mangrove, which leaves were very little, as most of the other tree’s leaves
in the dry forest. This adaptation allows them to retain water by avoiding transpiration. The
mangrove also has a special adaptation to secrete the salt of his inside by means of his
leaves, as if it sweated, and therefore, this allows it to maintain a balance on salt
concentration and to not dehydrate. The most evident adapted plants of this area are the
succulents and cactus which make a water and nutrient reserve inside their leaves, their
thorns and their stems. This helps them to survive the drought times and to preserve their
energy sources safely. Due to the dryness, the salt concentration and the high temperature
of the area, another obvious adaptation arises on the height of most of the trees, which keep
a short to medium height in order to preserve their nutrients and energy.
In conclusion, all of these vegetation species vary in their adaptations, but they all use
them to survive in the hostile conditions of this extraordinaire environment.
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8. In this journey Yunque wanted to accomplish many things but the most
comprehensive besides going to take soil samples, pH, humidity, altitude, and etc. Was to
reach the top of this.
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9. Methodology
I. Methodology for Soil analysis of El Yunque National Rainforest:
1. Go to El Yunque National Rainforest .
2. Make eight stops and take the coordinates and altitude with the help of a GPS.
3. In those stops messure the:
a. Soil’s humedity
b. Soil’s pH
c. Temperature
d. Wind’s velocity
4. A sample of soil can be taken in each stop so then the presence of fages could be
analyzed. In the test tube write details like humidity, pH, temperature, and wind’s
velocity
II. Methodology for Guánica Dry Forest:
A. Line Transect Method:
1. Lay a measure tape along the ground in a straight line between two poles as a
guide to a sampling method used to measure the distribution of organisms (from 0
to 50 meters).
2. Record the organisms that are actually touching the line.
B. Belt transect:
1. Using a quadrant, measure the percents of abiotic and biotic factors inside the box.
2. Other group will examine the effect of salt spray on the plant community
progressing from the coast line to the forested areas
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10. 3. Also will determine the distribution and frequency of a specific plant ( Agave).
4. They will locate a population of their plants and then measure the distribution of
their plant in the area.
5. Later, will describe the dispersion pattern for their species.
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11. Results
I. Results of El Yunque National Rainforest
A. Individual results of El Yunque National Rainforest
Altitude Coordinates Temperature pH Wind’s velocity Humidity
49p N 18ᵒ 21.987' W 056ᵒ 46.223' 95.1ᵒ F 6 Min 80p/m 4
Max 346p/m
706p N 18ᵒ 18.1989' W 065ᵒ 47.394' 94.1ᵒF 4 Min 0p/m 2
Max 15p/m
165p N 18ᵒ 21.985' W 065ᵒ 46.225' 84.6ᵒ F 4 Min 0 p/m 4.5
Max 15p/m
1,630p N 18ᵒ 18.749' W 0.65ᵒ 42.219' 89.1ᵒ F 4 Min 0p/m 6
Max 202p/m
2,181p N 18ᵒ 186' W 065ᵒ 46.227' 80.9ᵒF 4.9 Min 0 p/m 5
Max 133p/m
2,405p N 18ᵒ 18.218' W 065ᵒ 47.361' 80.6ᵒF 4.9 Min 0 p/m Max 3
7p/m
2,571p N 18ᵒ 18.328' W 065ᵒ 42.356' 77.6ᵒF 4.2 Min 0p/m 4.5
Max 244p/m
2,878p N 18ᵒ 18.257' W 065ᵒ 47.539' 76.0ᵒF 5 Min 0p/m 2
Max 53p/m
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12. B. Grouped results of El Yunque National Rainforest
Results from Group #1
Velocity of the
Altitude Coordinates Humidity pH Temperature wind
18 20.298'N 065
706 45.732'W 5 80 F
18 18.1989'N 065
2,483 47.394'W 84% 73F
18 21.985'N 065
56 46.225'W 80F 206 F/M
18 298'N 065
26,622 47.394'W 71F
18 18.65'N 065
1,605 46.227'W 25% 6.5 78F
18 18.633'N 065
3,425 47.546'W 7%
18 18.136'N 065
2,153 47.047'W 70%
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13. Results from Group #3
Velocity of
Coordinates Altitude Temperature pH the wind Humidity
N 18˚ 21.985 W 065˚
46.228 49 ft 83˚ F 30˚ C 6.8
N 18˚ 18.335 W 065˚
47.347 2664 ft 70˚ F 24˚ C 5 60
N 18˚ 18.284 W 065˚
47.587 2888 ft 71˚ F 24˚C 5 20
N 18˚ 20.273 W 065˚ 45.734 83˚ F 30˚ C 6.8 40.9
N 18˚ 18.297 W 065˚
47.721 2513 Ft 80* F 4.2 30
N 18˚ 18.144 W 065˚
47.003 2571 Ft 81.5* F 4.2 40.5
N 18˚ 18.568 W 065˚
47.664 3394 ft 76* F 5 20
N 18˚ 18.38 W 065˚ 47.26 3352 ft
N 18˚ 19.121 W
065˚46.288 1579 ft 4.5 70%
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14. II. Results of Guánica Dry Forest
A. Individual results
Individual results of Guánica Dry Forest of Line transect
Meters Object found in specific centimeter
Limestone Bushes Grass
1m 10.20 10.20 -
5m - 0- 100 -
10m - 20.10 -
15m - 0-100 -
20m - 20.10 -
25m 25.1 25.106 -
30m 40.10 - -
35m 35.02 35.201 -
40m 40.02 - 20.10
45m 10.70 - 70.10
50m 10.80 - 50.110
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15. Individual results of Guánica Dry Forest of Belt transect
Objects in quadrant (percent)
Meters
Limestone Bushes Grass
1m 0% 100% (White Mangrove) 0%
5m 99% 1% 0%
10m 0% 100% 0%
15m 0% 100% 0%
20m 40% 60% 0%
25m 0% 100% 0%
30m 0% 100% 0%
35m 75% 20% 5%
40m 35% 65% 0%
45m 40% 60% 0%
50m 80% 20% 0%
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16. B. Results of other groups Guánica Dry Forest
Results of Line transect of Group #3
Meter Percent Objects
1m - -
5m - -
83% grass
10m
17% plant
67% grass
15m
33% cotton
57% grass
13% rock
20m
7% plant( orange)
3% seashell
25m 100% grass
92% grass
30m
8% rock
15% Rock
35m 68% burnt grass
17% plant (red)
63% dry
40m 28% grass
9% plant rock(white)
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17. 40% grass
12% seashells
45m
24% soil(red)
24% rock
40% grass
27% plant
50m 14% dead vegetation
7% ants
12% seashells
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18. Results of Belt Transect of Group 3
Meter Percent and object
98% grey dirt (quicksand)
5m
2% spider
50% rock
10m
50% quicksand
5% cotton
75% rock
15m
19% plants (small)
1% sea shell
80% black rock
20m 3% sea shell
17% plant(orange)
25m 100% grass
85% grass
30m
15% rock
50% grass
35m
50% rock
95% rock
40m
5% ants
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19. 75% grass
45m 5% ants
20% red soil
97% rock
50m
3% leaf
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20. Results of Belt transect of “Group 1”
Meter Percent Objects
1m - -
5m a) 100% a) Lime stone
a) 80% a)Button Mangrove
10m
b) 20% b)Lime stone
a) 30% a)Acacia
15m
b) 70% b)lime stone
20m a)100% a)Grass
a) 85% a)Grass
25m
b)15% b) Lime stone
30m a) 100% a)Grass
a) 40% a)Grass
35m
b)60% b)Lime stone
a)90% a)Lime Stone
40m
b)10% b) Grass
a)10% a)Cactus
45m b) 5% b) Grass
c) 75% c) Lime stone
a)20% a)Lime Stone
50m
b)80% b) grass
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26. B. Graphics for other groups’ data
Comparison
between
the
groups
average
temperature
data
recolected
in
El
Yunque
Rainforest
78
77.5
Temperature
(ᵒF)
77
76.5
76
Temperature2
75.5
75
Group
1
Group
2
Group
3
Data
per
group
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28. II. Graphicsfor Guánica Dry Forest
A. Graphics for individual results
Graphic
of
ConMnuous
Sampling
Line
Transect
Method
in
Bosque
Seco
of
Guánica,
Puerto
Rico
in
July
27,
2011
120
100
Specific
locaMon
(cm)
80
60
Lime
stone
Bushes
40
Grass
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
EsMmated
locaMon
(m)
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29. Graphic
of
AbioMc
and
BioMc
Components
in
Bosque
Seco
of
Guánica,
Puerto
Rico
using
Belt
Transect
Method
messured
by
Quadrants
on
July
27,
1011
120
100
80
Abundance
(%)
60
Soil
VegetaAon
40
Lime
stone
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
LocaMon
(m)
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30. B. Graphics for other groups’ data
Graphic
from
the
data
of
the
Line
transect
of
“Guánica
G3”
at
Guánica
Dry
Forest
150%
grass
Percent
(%)
coEon
100%
rock
50%
plant
seashell
0%
dead
vegetaAon
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
animal
Meters
(m)
gray
dirt
Graphic
of
the
data
from
Line
transect
of
“Group
1”
at
Guánica
Dry
Forest
120%
100%
Percent
(%)
80%
Lime
stone
60%
VegetaAon
40%
Grass
20%
Cactus
C. Graphics0%
Melocactus Analysis
for the
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Meters
(m)
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31.
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32. Graphic for Melocactus #1
data analysis by Group #4
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35. Conclusion
After visiting El Yunque National Pluvial Forest and the Guánica Dry Forest we can determine that the
differences between these two ecosystems are drastically evident. According to our inquire and as
shown by the soil’s condition as well as by the organisms’ adaptations, while El Yunque receives
about 200 inches of water per year, the Guánica Dry Forest remains with less than 30 inches.We can
conclude that this is caused by their different geographical locations and altitude. By our experience
on both ecosystems, we can determine that the humidity in El Yunque is a lot higher than in Guánica,
while the temperature is lower in the Pluvial Forest; unfortunately we didn’t have quantitative data
from Guánicaon these topics to compare. Because of the qualitative evidence shown by the
adaptations of plants on both forests, we can also deliberate that evolutionary variations result from
adjustments of the organisms to their environmental requirements. We could observe the evident
differences between the variations of the vegetation that have resulted from natural selection: in El
Yunque, most of the plants were taller, leafier and had bigger leaves, while in Guánica Dry Forest the
plants had smaller, fewer leaves and were lower. As we can see, the survival conditions of the
organisms are directly related to the conditions of their habitat. According to our observations, some
other factors, such as the pH, the wind velocity, the competition of other organisms in the area, the
different reproduction cycles, between others also seem to affect the organisms’ variations according.
While comparing the data collecting methods used on both expeditions we can conclude that they are
very different from each other, but that they both reached their inquire objectives very well. As a
group, we would recommend to use the same research techniques on both forests because that way
it would be easier and more effective to compare the obtained facts. In conclusion, we would say that
this trips were enriching experiences because they allowed us to see some of the natural resources
of our Island form both a tourist and a scientific perspective.
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36. Discussion
Our trip to El Yunque was a meaningful experienced to our lives. Just the fact that we
walked so much to go to the top of the mountain and once we arrived the view in the rock on
the top of the mountain was something outstanding. Mostly what we did was to take samples
of soil to later see if we could find and see if we can find some kind of new bacteria or virus.
We learned new techniques on how to take the ph of the soil where we extracted the soil and
the humidity, the wind in that area and many other things. Our objective was to experiment
the feeling of going to a tropical forest and taking samples of soil and other tests. We also
saw how within that forest are many animals and the majority of them are endangered
species. Some images to the trip can be seen in Figure 1 in the Appendix.
In our trip to Bosque Seco in Guánica was an outstanding experience. First of all we
learned a lot about that forest peculiar things. When we were there our main focus was on
two plants the mellow cactus and Agave. The cactus reproduces sexually and the Agave
reproduces asexually. One of the many interesting fact learned in this trip was how the trees
adapt to the forest by dropping their leaves, this process is called disguise. In this trip we did
to different experiments. One was quadrant lines that was to measure from the beach up to
fifty meters into the forest and see what was in the surroundings and the quadrant to more
specific in the way be made a possible percentage of how much rocks and vegetation was
there. This experiment increased our knowledge and was a wonderful and great experience.
A collage of the pictures taken in this trip appears in the Figure 2 in the Appendix.
One irony that we all saw was when we went to El Yunque, it did not rain but when we
went to Bosque Seco in Guánica it rain a lot, it was horrible. We found it weird knowing that
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37. El Yunque is a tropical forest and it rains almost every day, but in Guánica is a hot forest
where the cactus lives and hardly doesn’t rain. Now we know that these things happen.
These two fieldtrips were amazing and unforgettable; acknowledging that all these things that
we did and learned will be useful and constructive for a near future. Also the techniques
learned will be very helpful for future studies. The beauty of our island and the wonders are
unexplainable and it’s so miserable how people are damaging it and destroying our nature.
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38. Appendix
Figure 1 Pictures taken by Group 2 at El Yunque National Rainforest in June 20, 2011
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39. Guánica
Dry
Forest
Figure 2: Pictures taken by Group 2 at Guánica Dry Forest on June 27, 2011.
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40. Credits
Work Done by
1. Title Page Nicholson Silva
2. Introduction Grethel Montañez
3. Discussion of adaptations of Flora Angélica González
in El Yunque National Rainforest
and Guanica Dry Forest
4. Methodology of Soil Analysis in El Adrián Rojas
Yunque National Rainforest
5. Methodology of Line Transect and Luis Alvelo
Belt transect in Guánica Dry
Forest
6. Recopilation of data tables Celizbets Colón
7. Individual Graphics of El Yunque Gustavo Pérez
National Rainforest
8. Individual Graphics of Guánica Dry Celizbets Colón
Forest
9. Groupal Grahics of Guánica Dry Gustavo Pérez and Celizbets Colón
Forest
10. Conclusion Grethel Montañez and Angélica González
11. Discussion Eduardo Rivera
12. Collage Nicholson Silva
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