Economic development refers to sustained efforts to promote economic health and living standards in a region. It involves initiatives like developing infrastructure, education, health, and environmental sustainability. While economic growth is measured by increases in GDP, development aims for broader social and economic well-being. The concept has evolved since industrialization, and development economics emerged after WWII to study improving conditions in poorer nations. Underdevelopment occurs when resources are not fully utilized, resulting in slower local progress due to internal and external factors.
This document provides an overview of economic development concepts and issues. It defines development as a multi-dimensional process involving social and economic reorganization to improve quality of life. Traditional views saw development as economic growth, while newer views emphasize reducing poverty and inequality. Sen's capabilities approach sees development as expanding freedoms. The document also discusses objectives of development, characteristics of developing nations, differences between growth and development, and indices like HDI and MDGs that measure development progress.
The document discusses differing views on the concept of development over time. It describes how development was initially viewed primarily as economic growth, but perspectives broadened to incorporate social, environmental, and human dimensions. Sustainable development emerged as a concept that aims for growth that meets current needs without compromising future generations by considering economic, social and environmental factors. The human development index was also introduced as a measure that goes beyond just economic indicators.
Economists determine a country's level of economic development using indicators like GNP, per capita income, industrialization, and social indicators. Development progresses through stages from hunting and gathering to pastoral/nomadic, agricultural, handicraft, and industrial. The Philippines saw development from a pre-Spanish agricultural economy to growth under American rule in agriculture and exports, then postwar reconstruction and development planning. Social indicators also reflect development levels.
This chapter reviews prominent theories of economic development by beginning with early views on prosperity. It then examines four classical theory clusters: linear growth stages; structural change; international dependence; and neoclassical counter-revolution models. Contemporary theories like new growth and coordination failure are also reviewed. The chapter concludes by discussing how development goals have evolved from a sole focus on growth to incorporate quality of life and sustainability concerns.
This document provides an overview of various concepts related to economic development, including:
1) Definitions of economic growth and development, characteristics of developing countries, and theories of development such as modernization theory and dependency theory.
2) Core values and modern definitions of development according to thinkers like Sen, including concepts like capabilities and functioning.
3) Characteristics commonly found in developing countries like low incomes, populations, and industrialization.
4) Theories of economic growth and development including linear stages models, structural change models, and international dependence models.
The document discusses four classic theories of economic development:
1) The linear-stages-of-growth model viewed development as a series of successive stages all countries must pass through, with the key being increasing investment and growth.
2) Structural-change theories focused on the internal process of changing economic structures as countries industrialize.
3) Dependence theories emphasized external and internal constraints like exploitation and unequal power relationships that hindered development.
4) Neoclassical theories emphasized the role of free markets and privatization in development and saw lack of development primarily as a result of too much government intervention.
The document discusses four classic theories of economic development:
1) The linear-stages-of-growth model proposed by Walt Rostow which viewed development as a series of successive stages all countries must pass through.
2) Theories of structural change which focused on the internal process of structural transformation required for sustained economic growth.
3) Dependence theories which viewed underdevelopment as resulting from exploitative internal and external power structures and institutions.
4) Neoclassical theories which emphasized the role of free markets and viewed underdevelopment as stemming from excessive government intervention. Current approaches draw from all four perspectives.
The document discusses national development and national security in the Philippines. It provides context on the Philippine Development Plan from 2011-2016 which aims to pursue rapid economic growth through initiatives like improving governance, boosting industry competitiveness, and enhancing access to social services. It also discusses laws passed in the Philippines regarding obtaining foreign loans to finance infrastructure projects that support national development goals. National security is defined as maintaining a nation's survival through economic and military power, while ensuring values like economic, energy, and environmental security.
This document provides an overview of economic development concepts and issues. It defines development as a multi-dimensional process involving social and economic reorganization to improve quality of life. Traditional views saw development as economic growth, while newer views emphasize reducing poverty and inequality. Sen's capabilities approach sees development as expanding freedoms. The document also discusses objectives of development, characteristics of developing nations, differences between growth and development, and indices like HDI and MDGs that measure development progress.
The document discusses differing views on the concept of development over time. It describes how development was initially viewed primarily as economic growth, but perspectives broadened to incorporate social, environmental, and human dimensions. Sustainable development emerged as a concept that aims for growth that meets current needs without compromising future generations by considering economic, social and environmental factors. The human development index was also introduced as a measure that goes beyond just economic indicators.
Economists determine a country's level of economic development using indicators like GNP, per capita income, industrialization, and social indicators. Development progresses through stages from hunting and gathering to pastoral/nomadic, agricultural, handicraft, and industrial. The Philippines saw development from a pre-Spanish agricultural economy to growth under American rule in agriculture and exports, then postwar reconstruction and development planning. Social indicators also reflect development levels.
This chapter reviews prominent theories of economic development by beginning with early views on prosperity. It then examines four classical theory clusters: linear growth stages; structural change; international dependence; and neoclassical counter-revolution models. Contemporary theories like new growth and coordination failure are also reviewed. The chapter concludes by discussing how development goals have evolved from a sole focus on growth to incorporate quality of life and sustainability concerns.
This document provides an overview of various concepts related to economic development, including:
1) Definitions of economic growth and development, characteristics of developing countries, and theories of development such as modernization theory and dependency theory.
2) Core values and modern definitions of development according to thinkers like Sen, including concepts like capabilities and functioning.
3) Characteristics commonly found in developing countries like low incomes, populations, and industrialization.
4) Theories of economic growth and development including linear stages models, structural change models, and international dependence models.
The document discusses four classic theories of economic development:
1) The linear-stages-of-growth model viewed development as a series of successive stages all countries must pass through, with the key being increasing investment and growth.
2) Structural-change theories focused on the internal process of changing economic structures as countries industrialize.
3) Dependence theories emphasized external and internal constraints like exploitation and unequal power relationships that hindered development.
4) Neoclassical theories emphasized the role of free markets and privatization in development and saw lack of development primarily as a result of too much government intervention.
The document discusses four classic theories of economic development:
1) The linear-stages-of-growth model proposed by Walt Rostow which viewed development as a series of successive stages all countries must pass through.
2) Theories of structural change which focused on the internal process of structural transformation required for sustained economic growth.
3) Dependence theories which viewed underdevelopment as resulting from exploitative internal and external power structures and institutions.
4) Neoclassical theories which emphasized the role of free markets and viewed underdevelopment as stemming from excessive government intervention. Current approaches draw from all four perspectives.
The document discusses national development and national security in the Philippines. It provides context on the Philippine Development Plan from 2011-2016 which aims to pursue rapid economic growth through initiatives like improving governance, boosting industry competitiveness, and enhancing access to social services. It also discusses laws passed in the Philippines regarding obtaining foreign loans to finance infrastructure projects that support national development goals. National security is defined as maintaining a nation's survival through economic and military power, while ensuring values like economic, energy, and environmental security.
War has significant negative economic impacts according to the document. It increases national debt, shrinks economies, causes hyperinflation and diverts resources from productive uses. Infrastructure is destroyed, the labor force is disrupted and GDP declines sharply. The legacy of war includes debt, unemployment and depressed economic growth. However, some positive effects are innovation and changes to social attitudes. The document recommends pursuing peace using measures like the Global Peace Index and developing societies based on eight pillars of peace including sound business environment and gender equality.
The meaning of development has changed over time. Originally, development referred primarily to economic growth, measured by increases in GDP and per capita income. In the post-World War II era, development took on a broader definition as a multi-dimensional process involving social and economic reorganization. More recently, development is understood as improving living standards and access to resources while also increasing individual freedoms and promoting sustainability.
The document discusses the UN's contributions to development thinking and practice over its first 60 years. Some of the key points made include:
1. The UN has made important intellectual contributions to ideas, analysis, and policymaking in economic and social areas, which is one of its most significant achievements.
2. Many of the UN's ideas and thinking on development issues have had major positive impacts in many countries, though they initially faced controversy.
3. The UN's role has been to take the stance of "constructive dissent", pioneering ideas that were later adopted by organizations like the World Bank and IMF.
This document discusses the evolution of concepts of development from the post-World War 2 era to present times. It notes that while development was initially conceived as a process for industrializing and modernizing backward countries, the reality is that poverty has increased greatly. The dominant paradigm of development focused on unlimited economic growth, exploitation of nature, and top-down large projects. However, this has led to severe environmental degradation and widening social inequalities. The document proposes alternative approaches centered around human development, sustainable development, and grassroots participation that emphasize meeting basic needs rather than unlimited growth.
NEW DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONSKetiboa Blay
The document discusses concepts related to development and food security. It defines development as positive changes across socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and political-psychological dimensions that improve people's standard of living. Food security is defined as the availability and accessibility of food, including factors like production capacity, infrastructure, income, and inflation. The document proposes a District Food Security Index that assesses indicators like crop yields, drought, disease, food supply, water access, wages, and inflation to measure food security in a district, with a score below 72 indicating issues that require intervention.
The developmental state: the nature of statal policy and institutional reformCosty Costantinos
1. The document discusses the concept of developmental states and their applicability in Africa. It analyzes the experiences of developmental states in Asia and their differences compared to African states.
2. It examines Ethiopia's potential to establish a developmental state through policy and institutional reforms. Key recommendations include enhancing the state's role in economic transformation through disciplined planning, building democratic developmental states, and ensuring state interventions avoid rent-seeking.
3. The author argues that for Ethiopia to nurture a developmental state, it needs political will and capacity for policies derived through consultation, a competent bureaucracy based on merit, and a developmentalist coalition between leadership, private sector, and civil society.
The document discusses different perspectives on what constitutes development. It is defined as a multidimensional process involving transformation in structures, attitudes, and institutions to accelerate economic growth, reduce inequality, and eradicate poverty. Development aims to increase access to basic necessities and raise living standards. It also extends economic and social choices available to individuals and nations. The document outlines various scholars' views on development in economic, social, political, and institutional contexts.
This document discusses definitions and concepts of development from an economic and human development perspective. It begins by defining development based on sources like the Business Dictionary and others as the systematic use of knowledge to meet objectives, the extension of theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, and a process of social and economic transformation based on cultural and environmental factors. It then discusses Todaro's widely accepted definition of development as involving expanding people's choices and capabilities. The document outlines the evolution of thinking around development from purely economic growth perspectives to a human development approach adopted by the UNDP in 1990 focusing on enlarging people's choices rather than just income. It provides examples of related indicators at national and international levels and discusses concepts like the Millennium Development Go
The paper deals with the changing nature and manifestation of the ‘World Order’. The focus has been on nthe South Asian region. China has been undertaken the driver of this ‘New World Order’, and it is discussed that how it has become a challenge to the Indian Foreign Policy in the recent times – both regionally and globally. Chinese policies and India’s responses has been discussed. It further deals with the inherent weaknesses in the Chinese model and discusses that how the post-Cold war, globalized world is essentially a multi-polar world and no one country can establish itself as the superpower. The paper
attempts to deal with the various facets – from hard to soft power – and explains the nuances of the recent developments in the region and its implications at the global level and vice versa.
The document introduces the human development and capability approach to development. It discusses two perspectives on development - one focused on economic growth, the other on expanding people's real freedoms and abilities. The human development approach shifts the focus from the economy to people, and assesses development based on what people can do and be. It values plural information and is multidimensional, covering education, health, culture, participation and more. Human development reports produced by UNDP bring this perspective to assess and debate issues impacting people's lives. The approach emphasizes human agency, values, and expanding choices.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an overview of the history of economic development theories from World War 2 to modern times. It discusses how development economics emerged as a field in response to the needs of developing countries after the war. Early theories focused on modernization, industrialization, and linear stages of growth. Later, structuralism and dependency theory argued external factors influenced underdevelopment. Neoclassical theories emphasized free markets. Contemporary theories include endogenous growth theory examining knowledge-driven growth.
The document discusses key concepts related to economic development. It defines development as a multidimensional process aimed at improving people's well-being and opportunities rather than just economic growth. Development is measured using economic, social, and demographic indicators like GDP, literacy rates, and life expectancy. Core values of development include meeting basic needs, improving self-esteem, and increasing freedom. The objectives are raising living standards, enhancing well-being and economic choices. Countries are classified by levels of development from least to most developed. Factors like poverty, population growth, and exploitation have hampered development in less developed countries.
Challenges of development include measuring growth accurately, promoting human development, and establishing strong institutions. Development requires economic growth as well as improvements in social, political, and economic structures. Theories of development attempt to explain how countries progress, but modernization theory was too simplistic. Development is influenced by values, natural resources, population, education, health, political stability, corruption, debt, and foreign aid. Achieving sustainable development remains difficult due to these many complicating factors.
Theories Concepts and Models of Developmented gbargaye
The document discusses different perspectives on development from various scholars and organizations. It defines development as a multi-dimensional process involving economic growth as well as improvements to education, health, living standards, and individual freedoms. Development is viewed through social, political, and economic lenses. Key aspects of development discussed include increasing incomes, raising standards of living, expanding economic and social choices, building strong institutions, and achieving greater democracy, civil society, and governance.
The document provides an overview of concepts related to development theories and strategies. It defines key terms like evolution, progress, change, social change, modernity, growth, and development. It discusses how development has been defined over time, from solely economic growth to a multidimensional process of improving lives. Development involves changes across economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions. The document also distinguishes concepts like developed vs. developing countries, and the North-South divide.
War has significant negative economic impacts according to the document. It increases national debt, shrinks economies, causes hyperinflation and diverts resources from productive uses. Infrastructure is destroyed, the labor force is disrupted and GDP declines sharply. The legacy of war includes debt, unemployment and depressed economic growth. However, some positive effects are innovation and changes to social attitudes. The document recommends pursuing peace using measures like the Global Peace Index and developing societies based on eight pillars of peace including sound business environment and gender equality.
The meaning of development has changed over time. Originally, development referred primarily to economic growth, measured by increases in GDP and per capita income. In the post-World War II era, development took on a broader definition as a multi-dimensional process involving social and economic reorganization. More recently, development is understood as improving living standards and access to resources while also increasing individual freedoms and promoting sustainability.
The document discusses the UN's contributions to development thinking and practice over its first 60 years. Some of the key points made include:
1. The UN has made important intellectual contributions to ideas, analysis, and policymaking in economic and social areas, which is one of its most significant achievements.
2. Many of the UN's ideas and thinking on development issues have had major positive impacts in many countries, though they initially faced controversy.
3. The UN's role has been to take the stance of "constructive dissent", pioneering ideas that were later adopted by organizations like the World Bank and IMF.
This document discusses the evolution of concepts of development from the post-World War 2 era to present times. It notes that while development was initially conceived as a process for industrializing and modernizing backward countries, the reality is that poverty has increased greatly. The dominant paradigm of development focused on unlimited economic growth, exploitation of nature, and top-down large projects. However, this has led to severe environmental degradation and widening social inequalities. The document proposes alternative approaches centered around human development, sustainable development, and grassroots participation that emphasize meeting basic needs rather than unlimited growth.
NEW DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONSKetiboa Blay
The document discusses concepts related to development and food security. It defines development as positive changes across socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and political-psychological dimensions that improve people's standard of living. Food security is defined as the availability and accessibility of food, including factors like production capacity, infrastructure, income, and inflation. The document proposes a District Food Security Index that assesses indicators like crop yields, drought, disease, food supply, water access, wages, and inflation to measure food security in a district, with a score below 72 indicating issues that require intervention.
The developmental state: the nature of statal policy and institutional reformCosty Costantinos
1. The document discusses the concept of developmental states and their applicability in Africa. It analyzes the experiences of developmental states in Asia and their differences compared to African states.
2. It examines Ethiopia's potential to establish a developmental state through policy and institutional reforms. Key recommendations include enhancing the state's role in economic transformation through disciplined planning, building democratic developmental states, and ensuring state interventions avoid rent-seeking.
3. The author argues that for Ethiopia to nurture a developmental state, it needs political will and capacity for policies derived through consultation, a competent bureaucracy based on merit, and a developmentalist coalition between leadership, private sector, and civil society.
The document discusses different perspectives on what constitutes development. It is defined as a multidimensional process involving transformation in structures, attitudes, and institutions to accelerate economic growth, reduce inequality, and eradicate poverty. Development aims to increase access to basic necessities and raise living standards. It also extends economic and social choices available to individuals and nations. The document outlines various scholars' views on development in economic, social, political, and institutional contexts.
This document discusses definitions and concepts of development from an economic and human development perspective. It begins by defining development based on sources like the Business Dictionary and others as the systematic use of knowledge to meet objectives, the extension of theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, and a process of social and economic transformation based on cultural and environmental factors. It then discusses Todaro's widely accepted definition of development as involving expanding people's choices and capabilities. The document outlines the evolution of thinking around development from purely economic growth perspectives to a human development approach adopted by the UNDP in 1990 focusing on enlarging people's choices rather than just income. It provides examples of related indicators at national and international levels and discusses concepts like the Millennium Development Go
The paper deals with the changing nature and manifestation of the ‘World Order’. The focus has been on nthe South Asian region. China has been undertaken the driver of this ‘New World Order’, and it is discussed that how it has become a challenge to the Indian Foreign Policy in the recent times – both regionally and globally. Chinese policies and India’s responses has been discussed. It further deals with the inherent weaknesses in the Chinese model and discusses that how the post-Cold war, globalized world is essentially a multi-polar world and no one country can establish itself as the superpower. The paper
attempts to deal with the various facets – from hard to soft power – and explains the nuances of the recent developments in the region and its implications at the global level and vice versa.
The document introduces the human development and capability approach to development. It discusses two perspectives on development - one focused on economic growth, the other on expanding people's real freedoms and abilities. The human development approach shifts the focus from the economy to people, and assesses development based on what people can do and be. It values plural information and is multidimensional, covering education, health, culture, participation and more. Human development reports produced by UNDP bring this perspective to assess and debate issues impacting people's lives. The approach emphasizes human agency, values, and expanding choices.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an overview of the history of economic development theories from World War 2 to modern times. It discusses how development economics emerged as a field in response to the needs of developing countries after the war. Early theories focused on modernization, industrialization, and linear stages of growth. Later, structuralism and dependency theory argued external factors influenced underdevelopment. Neoclassical theories emphasized free markets. Contemporary theories include endogenous growth theory examining knowledge-driven growth.
The document discusses key concepts related to economic development. It defines development as a multidimensional process aimed at improving people's well-being and opportunities rather than just economic growth. Development is measured using economic, social, and demographic indicators like GDP, literacy rates, and life expectancy. Core values of development include meeting basic needs, improving self-esteem, and increasing freedom. The objectives are raising living standards, enhancing well-being and economic choices. Countries are classified by levels of development from least to most developed. Factors like poverty, population growth, and exploitation have hampered development in less developed countries.
Challenges of development include measuring growth accurately, promoting human development, and establishing strong institutions. Development requires economic growth as well as improvements in social, political, and economic structures. Theories of development attempt to explain how countries progress, but modernization theory was too simplistic. Development is influenced by values, natural resources, population, education, health, political stability, corruption, debt, and foreign aid. Achieving sustainable development remains difficult due to these many complicating factors.
Theories Concepts and Models of Developmented gbargaye
The document discusses different perspectives on development from various scholars and organizations. It defines development as a multi-dimensional process involving economic growth as well as improvements to education, health, living standards, and individual freedoms. Development is viewed through social, political, and economic lenses. Key aspects of development discussed include increasing incomes, raising standards of living, expanding economic and social choices, building strong institutions, and achieving greater democracy, civil society, and governance.
The document provides an overview of concepts related to development theories and strategies. It defines key terms like evolution, progress, change, social change, modernity, growth, and development. It discusses how development has been defined over time, from solely economic growth to a multidimensional process of improving lives. Development involves changes across economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions. The document also distinguishes concepts like developed vs. developing countries, and the North-South divide.
The document discusses several theories of development, including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory. Modernization theory views development as a linear process of progressing through stages from traditional to modern societies. It was criticized for being ethnocentric and not accounting for alternative paths. Dependency theory argues underdevelopment is caused by the core-periphery global economic system that benefits wealthy nations at the expense of poorer ones. World systems theory builds on dependency theory by analyzing development at the global level and emphasizing the exploitative relationship between the core and periphery in the capitalist world system. The document provides overviews and criticisms of each theory.
This document provides an overview of development economics concepts and approaches. It begins by defining development economics as the study of the economic development of third world nations. It then discusses key concepts like economic growth versus development, noting that while growth is necessary, development requires broader social and economic changes. The document also outlines three core values of development according to Professor Goulet: life sustenance, self-esteem, and freedom from servitude. It concludes by discussing challenges in measuring development and comparing countries internationally.
This document discusses different approaches to development issues and global inequality. It begins by outlining key questions in development and then examines global inequality since 1945. Several designations for developed and developing states are presented. Patterns of global inequality are shown relative to GDP per capita in 2010. Consequences of inequality like poverty and hunger are addressed. Definitions of relative and absolute poverty are provided. Explanations of hunger look at both absolute numbers and distribution of resources. Mainstream approaches to development like embedded liberalism, modernization theory, and neoliberalism are outlined as well as alternative approaches focusing on basic needs, sustainability, and human development.
Globalization refers to the increased interconnectedness between people, nations, and cultures through technological advancement. Some sociologists see globalization as a result of capitalism seeking growth and expansion over centuries. According to sociologist T. Evans, globalization is the "space-time compression" that brings together economies and cultures.
India has experienced both benefits and challenges from globalization since the 1990s. Positives include access to new technologies, cultural exchange boosting tourism, and GDP growth making India a top 5 economy. However, agriculture has not improved as much as services, foreign companies exploit land and resources, and trade deficits widen inequality between developed and developing nations.
Western nations have dominated the global economy, military,
chapter 1 Economic Antroplogy, Concept, apparoachs and measures.pptselam49
The document summarizes different theories and approaches to economic development from the 1950s to present day, and Ethiopia's experience with each approach. It discusses early theories that focused solely on economic growth through industrialization. It then covers later approaches that emphasized reducing poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The document also introduces Amartya Sen's capability approach and the UNDP's Human Development Index as more holistic measures of development.
This document discusses the role of technocrats in development. It defines a technocrat as an expert in technology who makes managerial or administrative decisions based on technical information. Technocrats play important roles in economic development through new inventions, building new industries, and using expertise in management, finance, and marketing. The document also examines different perspectives and theories of development, including the roles of technology, social change, politics, and economics.
1. Modernization theory proposed that societies progress through evolutionary stages from traditional to modern.
2. Theorists like Rostow described these stages as traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
3. Modernization theory has been criticized for being overly simplistic, ethnocentric, and promoting Western capitalist values over traditional ones.
W2L3_Lecture 6-Strategies of economic development and growth-I (1).pdfAMBIKABHANDARI5
This document discusses various economic growth models. It begins by recapping key concepts from the previous lecture, such as historical growth rates and Kuznets' characteristics of modern economic growth. It then outlines several classical and neoclassical growth models, including the Harrod-Domar model and Solow growth model. Several trends in development thinking are also summarized, such as development as economic growth, modernization, and structural change. The document concludes by discussing balanced growth theory and key aspects of the Harrod-Domar and Solow growth models.
This document discusses several topics related to globalization and the contemporary world, including:
- The concepts of the "Global North" and "Global South", with the North generally referring to developed Western nations and the South encompassing Latin America, Africa, parts of Asia, and other developing regions.
- The roles and functions of the United Nations in maintaining international peace and security as well as promoting cooperation among states.
- Challenges of globalization in the 21st century, including issues like climate change, pandemics, and international migration.
- The impact of globalization on nation-states and their continued relevance amid increasing interdependence between countries.
The document discusses various topics related to social changes, economic systems, and development in India. It covers:
1. Alvin Toffler's theory of social change occurring in three waves - the agricultural revolution (First Wave), the industrial revolution (Second Wave), and the information revolution (Third Wave).
2. An overview of India's economic planning system and the objectives of economic planning such as economic growth and reducing economic inequalities.
3. Key aspects of India's Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) economic reforms in the 1990s including foreign investment reforms and deregulation.
The document outlines Rostow's five phases of economic development: 1) Traditional society, characterized by subsistence agriculture; 2) Preconditions for take-off, where manufacturing begins and prerequisites for growth are established; 3) Take-off, marked by industrialization in specific sectors and intense growth; 4) Drive to maturity, a long period of rising living standards through reinvestment and technology; 5) Age of mass consumption, where a society focuses on issues like equality, luxury, or security with an established economy. The phases involve qualitative and quantitative economic changes over time from agricultural to industrialized societies.
Development administration emerged in the 1960s to help implement policies and plans for nation-building and socio-economic progress in developing countries. It aims to strengthen administrative machinery to facilitate defined programs of social and economic progress by making change attractive to populations. Key elements include planned and coordinated efforts, a goal-oriented and people-centered approach, and creating management capacities. Problems include a lack of experienced administrators and modern techniques as well as procedural delays and poor implementation. The nature of development has changed from a 19th century focus on individualism and economic growth to a post-WWII emphasis on state-led development and goals like poverty reduction, self-reliance, and resource mobilization.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on macroeconomics. It includes:
1. The names and roll numbers of the group members giving the presentation.
2. The topics to be discussed, including an introduction to macroeconomics, its objectives and basics, its development over time, applications, future, and limitations.
3. An introduction defining microeconomics as focused on individual actors, and macroeconomics as dealing with whole economy performance, structure, and behavior.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
2. What is Development
• 1- Economic Progress is an essential
component of Development
• 2-It must encompass more than material and
financial side of people lives
• 3-New event
• 4-deveoping country=a poor country that is
trying to develop or improve its economy
3. Economic growth
• 1-Economic growth =Growth of national
income of the country
• 2-It increase in a net national product in a
given period of time say a year
• 3- The country will registered economic
growth only if per capita income was gone up
when the national income growth at a higher
rate than the growth rate of population
4. • The scope of economic
development includes the process
and policies by which a nation
improves the
economic, political, and social well-
being of its people.[2]
5. Economic development
• Economic development is a term
that generally refers to the
sustained, concerted effort of
policymakers and community to
promote the standard of living and
economic health in a specific area.
6. ------------
• . Such effort can involve multiple
areas including development of
human capital, critical
infrastructure, regional
competitiveness, environmental
sustainability, social
inclusion, health, safety, literacy, an
d other initiatives.
7.
8. Development
• Such effort can involve multiple areas
including development of human
capital, critical infrastructure, regional
competitiveness, environmental
sustainability, social
inclusion, health, safety, literacy, and other
initiatives. Economic development differs
from economic growth
9. ---
• . Whereas economic development is a policy
intervention endeavor with aims of economic
and social well-being of people, economic
growth is a phenomenon of market
productivity and rise in GDP.
Consequently, as economist Amartya Sen
points out: “economic growth is one aspect
of the process of economic development.” [1]
10. Economic Development
• The scope of economic
development includes the process
and policies by which a nation
improves the
economic, political, and social well-
being of its people
11. Economic Development
• 'Economic development' is a term that
economists, politicians, and others have used
frequently in the 20th century. The
concept, however, has been in existence in
the West for centuries.
Modernization, Westernization, and
especially Industrialization are other terms
people have used when discussing economic
development.
12. Economic development
• Although no one is sure when the concept
originated, most people agree that
development is closely bound up
with the evolution of capitalism and
the demise of feudalism
13. Mansell&Wehn
• Mansell and Wehn also state that economic
development has been understood since the World
War II to involve economic growth, namely the
increases in per capita income, and attainment of a
standard of living equivalent to that of industrialized
countries.[4][5] Economy development can also be
considered as a static theory that documents the
state of economy at a certain time. According to
Schumpeter (2003), the changes in this equilibrium
state to document in economic theory can only be
caused by intervening factors coming from the
outside
14. Economic development
• In economics, the study of economic
development was borne out of an extension
to traditional economics that focused entirely
on national product, or the aggregate output
of goods and services. Economic
development was concerned in the
expansion of people’s entitlements and their
corresponding
capabilities, morbidity, nourishment, literacy,
education, and other socio-economic
indicators.
15. Economist
• . Borne out of the backdrop of
Keynesian, advocating government
intervention, and neoclassical
economics, stressing reduced
intervention, with rise of high-growth
countries (Singapore, South Korea, Hong
Kong) and planned governments
(Argentina, Chile, Sudan, Uganda),
16. Economic Development
• economic development, more generally
development economics, emerged amidst these
mid-20th century theoretical interpretations of
how economies prosper.[1] Also, economist Albert
O. Hirschman, a major contributor to
development economics, asserted that economic
development grew to concentrate on the poor
regions of the world, primarily in Africa, Asia and
Latin America yet on the outpouring of
fundamental ideas and models.
17. Economic development
• Economic development typically involves
improvements in a variety of indicators such
as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty
rates. GDP does not take into account other
aspects such as leisure time, environmental
quality, freedom, or social justice; alternative
measures of economic well-being have been
proposed (
18. -----------
• .More Essentially, a country's economic
development is related to its human
development, which encompasses, among
other things, health and education. These
factors are, however, closely related to
economic growth so that development and
growth often go together
19. Underdevelopment
• Underdevelopment is a term often
used to refer to economic
underdevelopment, symptoms of
which include lack of access to job
opportunities, health
care, drinkable
water, food, education and housing
20. International Relation
• Although international relations and
international trade have existed for
many hundreds of years, it is only in
the past century that international
development theory emerged as a
separate body of ideas.]
21. ----------------
• ]More specifically, it has been
suggested that 'the theory and practice
of development is inherently
technocratic, and remains rooted in the
high modernist period of political
thought that existed in the immediate
aftermath of the Second World War'.[6]
22. -----------
• Throughout the 20th
century, before the concept of
international development
became a common word, four
aspects were used to describe
the idea
23. -
• political and economic liberalism, and the
significance of "free markets"
• social evolution in extremely hierarchized
environment
• Marxist critiques of class and imperialism
• anti-colonial take on cultural differences and
national self-determination
24. Post World War II
• The second half of the 20th century
has been called the 'era of
development'.[The origins of this
era have been attributed to:
•the need for reconstruction in the
immediate aftermath of World War
25. Colonialism
•The evolution of colonialism or "colonization"
into globalization and the establishment of new
free trade policies between so-
called 'developed' and 'underdeveloped'
nations.
the start of the Cold War and the desire
of the United States and its allies to
prevent the Third World from drifting
towards communism
26. Independence-
• International Development in its very
meaning is geared towards colonies that
gained independence. The governance of the
newly independent states should be
constructed so that the inhabitants enjoy
freedom from poverty, hunger, and insecurity
27. Marshal Plan
• The launch of the Marshall Plan was another
important step in setting the agenda for
international development, combining
humanitarian goals with the creation of a
political and economic bloc in Europe that
was allied to the U.S
28. -----
• This agenda was given conceptual support
during the 1950s in the form of
modernization theory espoused by Walt
Rostow and other American economists] The
changes in the 'developed' world's approach
-to international development were further
necessitated by the gradual collapse of
Western Europe's empires over the next
decades; now independent ex-colonies no
longer received support-
29. Marshal Plan
• The Marshall Plan (officially the European
Recovery Program, ERP) was the large-scale
American program to aid Europe where the
United States gave monetary support to help
rebuild European economies after the end of
World War II in order to combat the spread of
Soviet communism.[1] The plan was in operation
for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals
of the United States were to rebuild a war-
devastated region, remove trade
barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe
prosperous again
31. • By the late 1960s, the critics of modernization were
advancing a dependency theory to explain the evolving
relationship between the West and the Third
World.[citation needed] In the 1970s and early 1980s, the
modernists at the World Bank and IMF adopted the
neoliberal ideas of economists such as Milton
Friedman or Bela Balassa, which were implemented in
the form of structural adjustment programs,[11] while
their opponents were promoting various 'bottom up'
approaches, ranging from civil disobedience and
conscientization to appropriate technology and Rapid
Rural Appraisal.[
32. • By the 1990s, there were some writers for whom
development theory had reached an impasse[13]
and some academics were imagining a post
development era.[14][15] The Cold War had
ended, capitalism had become the dominant
mode of social organization, and UN statistics
showed that living standards around the world
had improved over the past 40 years.[16]
Nevertheless, a large portion of the world's
population were still living in poverty, their
governments were crippled by debt and concerns
about the environmental impact of globalization
were rising.
33. Underdevelopment
• Underdevelopment takes place when resources
are not used to their full socio-economic
potential, with the result that local or regional
development is slower in most cases than it
should be. Furthermore, it results from the
complex interplay of internal and external
factors that allow less developed countries only
a lop-sided development progression.
Underdeveloped nations are characterized by a
wide disparity between their rich and poor
populations, and an unhealthy balance of
trade.[2]
35. History of Underdevelopment
• The world consists of a group of rich nations and
a large number of poor nations. It is usually held
that economic development takes place in a
series of capitalist stages and that today’s
underdeveloped countries are still in a stage of
history through which the now developed
countries passed long ago. The countries that
are now fully developed have never been
underdeveloped in the first place, though they
might have been undeveloped.[4]
36. Per Capita Income
•
• Per capita income is often used as a measure of
the wealth of the population of a
nation, particularly in comparison to other
nations. It is usually expressed in terms of a
commonly-used international currency such as
the Euro or United States dollar, and is useful
because it is widely known, easily calculated from
readily-available GDP and population estimates
and produces a straightforward statistic for
comparison
39. The Vicious Circle
Low Income
Low
Productivity - Low Saving
Low Investment
40. What is Vicious Circle
• 1-The Economic Development is
impossible
• 2-People are too poor to save
• 3-No investment in the country
• 4-Low level of productivity
41. Factors determining the rate of
Economic development
• 1-Availablity of natural resources
• 2-The rate of capital formation
• 3-Capital-out put ratio
• 4-Technological progress
• 5-Dynamic Entrepreneurship
• 6-Rate of growth of population
• 7-Socail overheads like education &health
• 8-Non-Economic factor
42. Underdevelopment
• Is a term often used to refer to
economic
underdevelopment, symptoms
of which include lack of access to
job opportunities, health
care, drinkable
water, food, education and
43. • Underdevelopment takes place when resources
are not used to their full socio-economic
potential, with the result that local or regional
development is slower in most cases than it
should be. Furthermore, it results from the
complex interplay of internal and external factors
that allow less developed countries only a lop-
sided development progression. Underdeveloped
nations are characterized by a wide disparity
between their rich and poor populations, and an
unhealthy balance of trade