http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar/experience-renewable-electricity-support-schemes-europe-%E2%80%93-best-practices-and-challenges Which instruments should be chosen to support renewable electricity? What are their cost implications? Could renewables support be aligned across Europe? These are some of the hot questions of the European policy debate. The webinar will give an overview of renewable electricity support schemes currently applied in Europe. Corinna Klessmann will present best practices, trends and challenges in renewable energy policy design, based on recent assignments for the European Commission.

1. Experience with renewable
electricity (RES-E) support
schemes in Europe
Current status and recent trends
Dr. Corinna Klessmann
08/04/2014

2. © ECOFYS | |08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann2
• Feed-in tariff (FIT)
• Feed-in premium (FIP)
• Quota
• Tenders
Note: This map does not
include secondary support
instruments like tax incentives,
investment grants, etc. Source: Ecofys
What are the main RES-E support schemes in Europe?
Diversity of RES-E support
schemes in the EU-28

3. © ECOFYS | |
We will explore three major policy trends for RES-E
1. Quota schemes are losing ground
2. More and more countries use sliding feed-in premiums/contracts for
difference (Cfd)
3. More and more countries experiment with tendering schemes
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann3

4. © ECOFYS | |
A closer look will explain these trends…
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann4

5. © ECOFYS | |08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann5
• Feed-in tariff
• Feed-in premium
• Quota
• Tenders
Source: Ecofys
Trend 1: Quota schemes are losing ground
Trend 2: More countries use sliding FIPs/Cfds
 Countries that (plan to) phase out
their quota scheme
 Countries that have recently
introduced sliding FIP/Cfds (or
plan to do so)

6. © ECOFYS | |
The main support schemes expose RES-E producers to
different levels of risk
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann6
Market price
RES-support
Green
certificate
revenues
FIT FIP
sliding/
Cfd
cap &
floor
fixed
Quota
Volume basedPrice based support
Source: Ecofys

7. © ECOFYS | |
The main support schemes expose RES-E producers to
different levels of risk
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann7
Market price
RES-support
Green
certificate
revenues
FIT FIP
sliding/
Cfd
cap &
floor
fixed
Quota
Electricity market
price risk
Green certificate
market risk
No market
price risk
Limited market
price risk
Full electricity
market price risk
Certificate
market price
risk
RES-E producer sells directly to the market
Volume based
Market
integration
through TSO
Price based support Source: Ecofys

8. © ECOFYS | |
The level of risk exposure plays a crucial role for the
effectiveness and efficiency of support schemes
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann8
Low cost of capital
Low risk =
High investor certainty
Low support level
required (efficiency)
 Risk-mitigating support schemes can reduce levelised cost of
electricity and resulting support costs to consumers by up to 30%
(de Jager et al. 2011)
Many investors
attracted
Low risk =
High investor certainty
High RES-E growth
(effectiveness)

9. © ECOFYS | |
Conclusions on risk exposure
Risk-conscious RES-E support policies that limit risks to investors are
generally more effective and efficient than high-risk support schemes
 Several European countries have abandoned their quota schemes for
support schemes with potentially lower risk and cost to consumers
Exposure to certain market price risks may still be beneficial from a
macro-economic perspective, if the RES-E producer is able to react
 Several countries have introduced sliding FIPs/Cfds as compromise
between revenue security of investors and RES-E exposure to market
signals
 The European Commission calls all Member States to move from FITs to
FIPs (or other schemes with market exposure); discussion on whether this
is the right approach for supply-driven RES-E
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann9

10. © ECOFYS | |08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann10
• Feed-in tariff
• Feed-in premium
• Quota
• Tenders
Source: Ecofys
Trend 3: Countries experiment with tendering schemes
 Countries that have recently
introduced or are planning to
introduce tendering (price
competition)
Note: The draft State Aid
Guidelines by the European
Commission push for the
increased use of tendering
schemes

11. © ECOFYS | |
Some background on RES-E tenders/auctions
> A tender is not a support scheme by itself; it can be combined with all other
support schemes, most commonly with FITs or FIPs
> In traditional FIT/FIP schemes the support level is determined
administratively, usually based on estimated production cost (LCOE)
> In a tender/auction, the FIT/FIP is determined in a competitive procedure
(requirement: demand for support greater than tendered volume)
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann11
Volume (e.g. in MW)
Price(supportlevel)
Successful bids Unsuccessful bids
Tendered
volume
Clearing price

12. © ECOFYS | |08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann12
> Not all winning projects will be
implemented  risk of under-
fulfilling political targets
> Higher risk for RES-E producers than
FIT/FIP, favouring bigger market
actors
– Uncertainty in the preparation phase
– Sunk cost for unsuccessful bidders
– Penalty risk for successful bidders
> Risk of underbidding or winner‘s
curse leading to prices below costs
> Risk of strategic behaviour
(collusion) leading to high prices and
producer rents
> Control of maximum volume and
support cost
> Support level is determined by the
market, not the administration
> Competition between RES-E
producers may lower prices
(compared to administrative
FIT/FIPs)
> Potential to discover real
production cost of RES-E
Opportunities Challenges
Specific opportunities and challenges of tenders/auctions

13. © ECOFYS | |
The experience with tendering schemes in Europe is
mixed and limited
Too early to conclude on overall best practice for Europe – further
policy learning required
Some ingredients for potentially successful RES-E tender design
 Adjust the tender design to the specific RES-E market structure (requires
detailed knowledge on market actors, project risks, etc.)
 Find the right balance between stringent penalties/qualification requirements
and limiting risks for bidders (high implementation rates = high costs)
 Allow time for testing, evaluating and up-scaling tendering schemes
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann13

14. © ECOFYS | |
Trends and challenges ahead that cannot be further
explored in this presentation…
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann14

15. © ECOFYS | |
Further trends and challenges for RES-E policy
Some countries have stopped their support
schemes or changed them retroactively
 How to attract renewables investments
under strong budgetary constraints?
 When can support be phased out?
Not yet a trend: increased cooperation between
Member States, e.g. partial opening of RES-E
support schemes
 How to open support schemes?
 Role of cooperation beyond 2020?
High RES-E deployment impacts the electricity
system and markets
 How to further align RES-E policies and
general power market regulations?
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann15

16. © ECOFYS | |
Recent reports on RES-E policy in the EU
> Held et al. (2014). Design features of support schemes for renewable electricity.
http://www.ecofys.com/en/publication/renewable-electricity-support-schemes-and-
cooperation-mechanisms-in-/
> Klessmann et al. (2014). Cooperation between EU Member States under the RES
Directive. http://www.ecofys.com/en/publication/renewable-electricity-support-
schemes-and-cooperation-mechanisms-in-/
> Resch et al. (2014). Beyond2020 – Design and impact of a harmonised policy for
renewable electricity in Europe. http://www.res-policy-beyond2020.eu/downloads.html
> Klessmann et al. (2013). Policy options for reducing the costs of reaching the European
renewables target. Renewable Energy 57(2013), 390-430
> Ragwitz et al. (2012). RE-Shaping: Shaping an effective and
> efficient European renewable energy market. http://www.reshaping-res-policy.eu/
> Klessmann (2012). Increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of renewable energy
support policies in the European Union.
http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/218063
> Rathmann et al. (2011). Towards triple-A policies: More renewable energy at lower
cost. http://www.reshaping-res-policy.eu/downloads/Towards-triple-A-policies_RE-
ShapingD16.pdf
> de Jager et al. (2011). Financing Renewable Energy in the European Energy Market.
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/studies/doc/renewables/2011_financing_renew
able.pdf
08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann16

17. © ECOFYS | |08/04/2014 Dr. Corinna Klessmann17
Please contact us for more information
Ecofys Germany GmbH
Am Karlsbad 11
10785 Berlin
Germany
T: +49 (0)30 297 735 79-0
E: c.klessmann@ecofys.com
I: www.ecofys.com