The document discusses the key components and considerations of ecotourism. It defines ecotourism as having three main components: natural-based activities, education of visitors, and sustainable management. The natural-based component involves nature-focused activities and experiences. The education component aims to increase visitors' understanding and appreciation of the natural environment. The sustainable management component emphasizes environmental, social, cultural, and economic sustainability. The document also examines factors like the local community's involvement, potential impacts, and how revenue can support conservation efforts.

2. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
The popular appearance of ecotourism in the late 1980s was treated as a panacea to all
tourism-related problems in the destination areas. Its popularity (Blamey, 2001;
Orams, 2001) claimed to be associated with the:
•General search for natural attractions during a holiday
•Eagerness to achieve sustainable development by any means
•Potential employment opportunities in natural areas
•Shift towards planning in protected areas

3. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
According to (WTO, 1998) it increases the visits for ecotourism-related purposes, which
it is claimed, accounts for around 20% of total tourism arrivals.
Ecotourism is treated both as a sub-component of alternative tourism and as natural-based
tourism, being part of the concept of sustainability.
In addition, other sustainable products (i.e. agrotourism, wine tourism, rural tourism)
claim to have similarities with ecotourism as well as being part of nature-based and
alternative tourism (jaakson, 1997).

4. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS OF ECOTOURISM
Orams (1995) suggests that the majority of ecotourism definitions lie between the passive
position (i.e. concentrates solely on ecotourism development, not enhancing the
antagonistic impacts or the ecotourist’s need to be satisfied) and the active position
(i.e. actions of protecting the environment and the behavioral intentions of ecotourists).
Ecotourism was first defined as “Traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated
natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery
and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past
and present) found in these areas’.

5. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Other researchers elaborated this definition by emphasizing certain aspects of it.
Ziffer (1989) conservation, natural based, economic and cultural components.
Boo (1991) not only natural and conservation components, but also the economic
and educational elements.
Forestry Tasmania (1994) emphasized the nature-based, educational, social and
sustainability components of ecotourism by distinguishing between ecotourism
and nature-based tourism.
Blamey’s (1995) four main components: nature-based, environmentally educated,
sustainably managed and distance/time.
Lindberg and McKercher’s (1997) highlights the natural-based and sustainability
components of ecotourism.

6. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
A comparison of these definitions indicates that ecotourism tends to have three main
components:
1. Natural-based
2. Educational
3. Sustainable management
that includes economic, social, cultural and ethical issues. Although these themes
are more or less clear, limitations arise by attempts to express all these components with
a single definition that is applied in all circumstances and in all ecotourism research settings.
Unlike tourism definitions, there is no one established conceptual and technical definition
of ecotourism.

7. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Trade-off technical definitions of ecotourism
Definition Elements
VERY WEAK Core Emphasis:
Natural-based component: protected and non protected areas.
WEAK Core Emphasis:
Natural-based Component: protected and non protected areas.
Less emphasis:
Educational component: Interpretation and training programs
Sustainability Component: economic and/or socio-cultural elements.
STRONG Core Emphasis:
Natural-based component: protected and non-protected areas
Educational component: interpretation and training programs
Sustainability Component: equal emphasis on economic and socio cultural
Elements

8. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
VERY STRONG Core Emphasis
Natural-based component: protected and non-protected areas
Educational component: interpretation and training programs
Sustainability component: emphasis on socio-cultural elements
rather than on economic elements
For ecotourism to be close to its main principles, only the strong and very strong definitions
can be operationalized.

9. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
The Natural Based Component
As ecotourism initially developed in tropical regions, the natural-based experiences
have seen to take place in a protected area, which is an area dedicated primarily to the
protection and enjoyment of natural or cultural heritage, to maintenance of biodiversity
and ecological life support services.

10. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
In general tems, natural-based tourism has been claimed to contain three main components:
First, the nature of experience which is nature dependent, containing attributes such as
intensity of interaction with nature and social sensitivity.
Second, the style of this experience, where different product elements such as willingness
to pay, group size and type, and length of stay are considered to be significance.
Third, the location of the natural-based tourism experience , such as accessibility, ownership
of location and the fragility of the resources used.

11. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Activities of Ecotourism in a natural setting
Three main categories of natural-based tourism
Activities dependent on nature (e.g. Birdwatching)
Activities enhanced by nature (e.g. Camping)
Activities where the natural setting is incidental (e.g. swimming)

12. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
In a discussion concerning the classification of water recreational activities, smarton (1998)
list four generalized types of recreation activity:
•Kinetic experiences were non-mechanically powered activities such as hiking, diving, swimming
•Situation-based experiences entail a strong association with the destination as a unique
characteristic
•A substitution or aesthetic experience includes observation of natural phenomena,
(e.g. birdwatching).
•Harvest-based experience does not apply to activities such as hunting and the collection of
flora and fauna because ecotourism discourage consumption of natural resources.

13. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Treated activities in terms of human and wildlife interaction
The non-consumptive use activities are those in which the organism is not affected by
human interaction (e.g. bird watching, whale watching, nature walks and photography.)
The consumptive use activities impose certain purposefully intended impacts on the organism
such as forms of hunting and fishing.

14. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
SUSTAINABILITY COMPONENT
Sustainability- one of the significant aspects of ecotourism.
In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable
development as growth that brings benefits to people today without damaging resources
or prospects for future generations.
Sustainable management concerns resource management. It recognizes the that world’s
resources are limited and they being used up everyday without consideration of
replenishing or protecting them.

15. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Tourism’s interest in sustainable development becomes therefore very logical, considering
this industry sells the environment and the resources it provides as its product.
For local inhabitants, sustainable development concentrates on promoting the well being
of people through the stipulation of healthy and supportive economic and social conditions.
Sustainable tourism development concerns not only developing environmentally friendly
products, but also those aspects of the industry that make all stakeholders more resource
conscious.

16. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Planning for sustainability regarding the tourism sector involves not only in the host
community but also the government on both regional and national levels.
All stakeholders need to be involved, this includes the locals, the private sector, the
government and visitors.
Carrying Capacity is interlinked with the concept of sustainability.
this relates to predetermined limits of development, population, pressure and
infrastructure in a particular area.
Three areas that are subjects to limits are the ENVIRONMENT, SOCIETY AND ECONOMY.

18. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Local Issues
One of the most vital elements of ecotourism is the involvement of the host community.
Indirect Form such as share of revenue generated, employment and most importantly,
control in development and implementation of ecotourism.
Empowerment: The community is given the responsibility to make decisions or, at least,
to be part of the decision-making process.

20. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
There are at least five areas where local people can help to bring about nature tourism
activities:
1. Information Gathering
2. Consultation
3. Decision Making
4. Initiating action
5. Evaluation
The local community needs to be involved from the beginning of the project to establish
the area as an ecotourism destination.

21. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
The multiplier effect increases through improved employment and higher earnings of the
local population.
Import leakages decline and revenue earned by expatriate workers also diminish.
Care must be taken so the local population is not actually being exploited by introducing
ecotourism to the area. In several destinations, the indigenous population is promoted
as a major attraction, they are used as guides and provide accommodation in traditional
villages and houses.

23. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Educational Component
Ecotourism appeals to people who wish to interact with the environment and, to varying
degrees, develop their knowledge, comprehension and appreciation of it. The aim of
ecotourism is to educate the visitor about the value of natural environments.
Ecotourism operators are in an incomparable position to offer environmental and cultural
interpretation . This type of information can be provided during and after the event in
the form of brochures, videos, local guides and through walks and talks.

24. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
The visitor will encounter different learning experiences during an ecotourism journey, the
main focus is the natural environment but also, where indigenous people are involved,
their traditions and culture will be part of the individual learning process.
Providing education and interpretation as a part of the experience makes the visitor aware
of the environment and how their actions can contribute to the conservation of the same.
This third criterion is interlinked with the second, concerning sustainability. In the desire to
understand and appreciate the natural attractions of a destination lies a desire to ensure
that those attractions are not destroyed but sustained for future visitors.

26. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
ECOTOURISM MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: IMPACTS PERSPERCTIVE
Governments and private organizations around the world are developing and promoting
ecotourism in protected areas to benefit local communities and to help preserve the
environment and different ecosystems.
However, as with all forms of tourism, impacts of both a positive and negative nature do
follow.

27. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
•To reinforce the positive impacts of ecotourism, it is necessary for the inhabitants to be
integrated in the planning and development of ecotourism projects at an early stage.
•Locals should be attentive to the impacts and supportive of the development.
•The locals should have a crucial level of awareness of the prospective benefits and costs
of tourism to contribute effectively in the planning process.
• Evaluation of the knowledge of ecotourism impacts can be considered by understanding
the host community’s sensitivity of the positive and negative environmental, economical
and social impacts of ecotourism.

29. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
The impacts of ecotourism, or any economic activity, can be classified into three categories:
Direct- arising directly from tourist spending,
Indirect- when a restaurant is purchasing supplies in order to cater to tourists
Induced- When an employee who works in a restaurant buys goods and services from wages
earned.
One main advantage of ecotourism is that expenditure by ecotourists is, in general, greater
that that of the average tourist.

30. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
The revenue that is gained can be used for various development projects, infrastructure and
to ensure long-term sustainability of local areas.
Employment, even in small numbers, does make a positive impact on the economy.
In protected areas, ecotourism also plays a significant role as it raises political and financial
awareness and support for the conservation, which is one of the goals of ecotourism.

31. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Environmental Impacts
The environment is the natural asset that ecotourism thrives on; if it is not developed and
managed properly ecotourism can result in negative environmental impacts which would
undermine the whole concept of sustainability.
Environmentally, ecotourism is anticipated to offer motivation and incentives for
preservation of natural areas and regions.
Ecotourism will help to raise environmental awareness and ethics which will take back
with them to their home destination.

33. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Ecotourism is usually concentrated in sensitive and unique environments, which may have
limited capability to resist use pressures and ultimately will cause negative impacts on
the environment. (harassments of the animals and disturb the natural settlement.)
Other negative impacts include damage to plants, forest clearance, soil compaction, pollution
(water, noise and air) and marine resource destruction such as coral damage and over
fishing.

35. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Social Impacts
Occur everywhere when people from different cultures and societies meet and especially
when tourism development takes place it becomes more noticeable.
To benefit local communities and be socially sustainable, ecotourism must foster
environmental and cultural understanding, appreciation and conservation.

36. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
There are different factors that influences the socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism,
including the following.
1. Scale of Tourism Development – this concerns the number of tourists in relation
to the host population.
2. Economic level of host community – in many locations, the residents if the Third World
are visited by people from highly developed countries.
3. Cultural differences bet. Host & guest- when tourists arrive in their destination, they
bring with them different beliefs, values and behaviors that will influence the contact they
have with the host population.

37. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
There are several positive impacts that do arise from encounters between visitor and
host population. New facilities and services become accessible to the host population.
New Facilities and services
The create of unique jobs
Funds to re-establish the local arts, traditions and cultural activities.
Value the natural and cultural assets and take pride in its heritage.
Social impacts cause more immediate changes in a local community’s social structure and
way of life while cultural impacts cause longer-term changes in community norms and
standards, social relationships and cultural practices .

38. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
It becomes important to protect the host population from negative socio-cultural impacts.
Example:
Changes in Value systems,
traditional lifestyle,
family relationships
 individual behavior of community structure.

39. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Ecotourism Management considerations: A marketing perspective
According to USDA, marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception,
pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create and maintain
exchanges that satisfy individual, organizational, and societal goals in the systemic
context of a global environment.
Can sustainability and profitability go hand in hand?
The same goes for long-term vs. short term goals.

40. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Ecotourism is related to ecological and social marketing.
Ecological marketing- is the study of positive and negative aspects of marketing activities
on pollution, energy depletion and nonenergy resource depletion.
Social Marketing- seeks to influence social behaviors not to benefit the marketer but to
benefit the target audience and the general society.

41. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Marketing 4Ps,
•Product
•Place
•Price
•Promotion
One of the main difficulties concerning eco tourism products and services is that there is no
set definition of the word ecotourism.

42. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Eco Tourism Management considerations: a demarketing perspective
Demarketing and ecotourism is a relative new concept (Beeton, 2003.
Three Classifications of demarketing:
1. General demarketing: required when an organization wants to shrink the level of total
demand
2. Selective demarketing: required when a company wants to discourage the demand
coming from certain customer classes.
3. Ostensible demarketing: Involves the appearance of trying to discourage demand as a
device to actually increase it.

43. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
Ecotourism Management Considerations: A practitioner’s perspective
Code of Practice for ecotourism operators
1. Strengthen the conservation effort for and enhance the natural integrity of the place
visited
2. Respect the sensitivities of other cultures
3. Be efficient in the use of natural resources (water, energy).
4.Develop a recycling programme.
5.Supports principals (i.e. hotels, carriers etc.) who have a conservation ethic.
6. Keep abreast of current political and environment issues, particularly of the local area.
7.Network with other stakeholders (particularly those in local area) to keep each other
informed of developments and encourage the use of this Code of Practice.
8. Endeavor to use distribution networks (e.g. catalogues) and retail outlets to raise
environmental awareness by distributing guidelines to consumers.

44. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change
9. Support ecotourism education/training for guides and managers
10. Employ tour guides well versed in and respectful of local cultures and environments.
11. Give clients appropriate verbal and written education (interpretation) and guidance with
respect to the natural and cultural history of the areas visited.
12. Use locally produced goods that benefit the local community, but do no buy goods made
from threatened or endangered species.
13.Never intentionally disturb or encourage the disturbance of wildlife or wildlife habitats.
14. Keep vehicles to designated roads and tracks.
15. Abide by the rules and regulations of natural areas.
16. Commit to the principle of best practice.
17. Comply with Philippine Safety Standards.
18. Ensure truth in advertising.
19. Maximize the quality of experience for hosts and guests.

45. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

46. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

47. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

48. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

49. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

50. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

51. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

52. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

53. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

54. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

55. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

56. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change

57. Determine carrying capacity by considering
Number of visitors
Amount or type of use by average visitor
Quality of resource management and facility
development/design
Number of area residents and their quality of life needs
Number of other visitors
Carrying capacity changes when any one or more
of above variables change