2. The movement of people from one place to
another.
The permanent relocation of people from one
place to another.
The temporary movement of people from
one place to another.
NB –Temporary migration is not to be
confused with COMMUTING!
4. PERMANENT
Occurs when migrants do
not intend to return home.
Reasons for permanent
migration include: the
attainment of jobs, the
desire to move to the city
or the desire to establish a
farm.
TEMPORARY
Occurs when people leave
their permanent residence for
a short period of time.
May include persons leaving
their community or country
to study outside of that area
for a period of time before
returning home.
May also include persons who
travel to other countries to
engage in work programmes.
5. INTERNAL
This refers to the movement of people from
one area to another within a country.
It may be either temporary or permanent
Usually characterized by movement from
rural areas to urban areas.
Most likely consequence is urbanization
6. RURAL-TO-URBAN
Movement from rural areas
to urban areas
Usually movement from
farming communities to
towns or cities
Normally as a result of the
low wages received in rural
areas
Has led to decline in
demand for agricultural
workers
URBAN-TO- RURAL
Occurs when people
relocate to obtain jobs
People are attracted to
rural areas as they want to
leave polluted cities
People also leave urban
areas as they want to get
away from the outbreaks
of violence or from being
targeted by criminals
7. Rural-TO- RURAL
Occurs when people move from one rural area to
another rural area in search of work .
If the land they are tending becomes unproductive.
If agricultural land is taken over for another land use
such as mining or development
8. External migration occurs when people move
from one country to settle in another.
It may be either permanent or temporary.
Intra-regional migration- refers to movement
within the Caribbean.
Usually occurs for employment opportunities
and pursuit of higher education.
Most likely consequence is “brain drain”
9. SEASONAL
This is very common with
agricultural cycles
In Jamaica, people usually
migrate to North America
to reap crops such as
apples, oranges, tomatoes.
This is referred to as the
farm work programme.
Also, some people migrate
seasonally to work in the
hospitality industry.
FORCED
Also called deracination
It is characterized by
coerced movement of a
person or persons from
their home.
Sometimes it is
accompanied by religious
and political persecution
Example: Transatlantic
Slave Trade
10. Also called in-migration
Describes movement into a
country, island or region.
It is often controlled strictly
by government.
It is usually permanent
movement were the
immigrant leaves the
country of origin in order to
find a new job.
Also called out-migration
Describes movement out
of a country, island or
region.
It is not usually restricted
by governments.
It usually results in
permanent settlement and
application for citizenship
in the new country.
IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION
11. The causes of migration may be attributed to
push and pull factors.
A push factor is a forceful factor that exists
in the country of origin.
A pull factor is an attractive factor that
exists in the country of destination.
12. Lack of jobs
Political instability
Poor medical facilities
Lack of religious freedom
Poor educational
opportunities
Financial stress
Prevalence of natural
disasters
Lack of public amenities and
utilities
Infertile land
Job opportunities
Better living conditions
Political & religious
freedom
Better healthcare
Higher quality education
Social & financial security
Family reunion
Modern infrastructure
More reliable source of
food
13. Migration carries with it numerous consequences
for both the host/receiving country and the country
of origin as well as on an individual level.
Consequences may be either positive or negative
Effects of migration may also be categorized as
social, political or economic
14. POSITIVE
“Brain Gain”
Cultural diversity
Increase in labour force
Growth in total
population
Expansion of industries
NEGATIVE
Greater pressure on
resources of the country
Greater pressure on social
services of the country
Growth in total population
Financial resources
exported outside of
country
15. POSITIVE
Remittances benefit
economy
Migrants return with useful
skills
Population size decreased
Opening-up of job markets
NEGATIVE
“Brain Drain”
Down-sizing of industries
Population size
16. POSITIVE
Increase in income
New cultural experience
Learning new skills
Better educational and
health facilities
Greater access to
recreational facilities
NEGATIVE
Family instability
Burden of dependency
Culture shock
17. This is usually as a result of rural to urban
migration
Human movement to more central locations
lead to expansion into the surrounding
countryside
Such movement has a number of
consequences
18. Inadequate housing
Development of slums
Underemployment
increase in unemployment levels
Increase in social unrest and crime
Poor sanitation
Pests and diseases
Pollution
