The document discusses the evolution of the translation industry, emphasizing the integration of controlled languages (CL) and machine translation (MT) systems to improve translation accuracy and efficiency. It highlights the need for future translators to acquire skills in pre-editing and post-editing practices, particularly in industries such as aeronautics and automotive manufacturing, which rely heavily on controlled language guidelines. The paper proposes a new teaching scenario that addresses these needs, incorporating hands-on training in controlled translation and the use of various translation tools.

1. Controlled Translation: responsive translation industry ready to
deliver in a highly competitive
A New Teaching Scenario environment.
Tailor-made for the In this scenario, the use of MT
Translation Industry1 systems in the industry has spawned two
additional fields that require careful
Enrique Torrejón consideration by the professional
Celia Rico translator: the use of controlled languages
in specific industries (aeronautics,
Dpto. de Traducción e Interpretación
automotive industry, heavy-equipment
Universidad Europea manufacturers, software companies, etc.)
V. de Odón, E-29670 and the post-editing needs of documents
celia.rico@uem.es translated with MT systems. Future
professional translators need to be aware of
Abstract issues and skills such as what minimum
This paper introduces the concept of post-editing entails, which standard
controlled translation as the new working metrics are starting to be developed to
environment for the professional translator, score machine translation output, which
and advances the idea that a new teaching controlled languages are used in the
scenario should emerge to cater for the industry, how to write documents in
needs of this controlled environment. In controlled language to get better results
this context, we present how such scenario when using MT systems, etc. They also
can be tailor-made to answer the needs of need to have a thorough exposure to
the translation industry. Namely, we different professional and online MT
concentrate on the introduction of systems, not only from the user´s
controlled languages techniques to viewpoint but also from the developer´s
students, on training in pre-editing skills since only by a good understanding of the
for machine translation use, and on post- complexity of these systems can the future
editing practice. translator judge the quality of the output
and foresee what errors will be frequent.
1. Introduction
The translation industry has dramatically 2. Key Elements in Controlled
changed over the last ten years as the Translation
gradual process of introducing translation This triad of use of controlled languages,
memory (TM) and machine translation MT systems and post-editing processes
(MT) systems in the documentation and coupled with the ever-increasing use of
translation workflow has been gaining translation memory, CAT tools,
momentum. Also, the burgeoning terminology management systems, etc.
development of the software localization depict a new working environment for the
business in an increasingly globalized professional translator that we call
world presents a significant challenge to Controlled Translation.
the translation industry by multiplying the
number of languages that need to be 2.1. Controlled Languages
translated and by expecting shorter Controlled languages (CLs) have become
turnaround time of translations. Online more prevalent in the industry in recent
documentation and web delivery call for a years. They are used in technical
documentation systems in large
1 corporations since they improve the
This paper was originally presented at the 6th
EAMT Workshop, Teaching Machine Translation, readability of the documents by imposing
noviembre 14-15, 2002. European Association for clear and direct writing, they reduce
Machine Translation, pp. 107-116. syntactic and lexical ambiguities by

2. applying grammatical and lexical style (Wojcik, et al. 1990). The French
constraints, and they also increase the aerospace industries association (GIFAS)
translatability of the text, making it has also developed a CL in French (“le
amenable to MT (Mitamura & Nyberg, français rationalise”) which allows easy
1995). The resulting effect is consistency translation into Simplified English while
in the style of the documents, the improving readability for French speakers
reusability of texts, and the corresponding (Barthe, 1998).
savings in authoring and translation Caterpillar Inc., which
processes along with higher customer manufactures heavy-equipment machinery,
satisfaction because of better uses Caterpillar Technical English (CTE)
documentation and translation. as CL for all English technical
CLs impose a controlled documentation (Kamprath, et al., 1998).
vocabulary and a controlled grammar. The CTE consists of a controlled terminology
size of the vocabulary and the meanings inventory (over 70,000 terms) and a
per word are restricted to avoid lexical controlled grammar complex enough to
ambiguities. This is very advantageous write in a technical domain.
when the translation is performed by MT The automotive industry has also
systems (Baker et al. 1994). The rules for followed the path initiated by the
controlled grammar are intended to enforce aeronautic and heavy-equipment industry.
a clear style where elliptical constructions, General Motors, for instance, started in
multiple coordinated sentences, syntactic 1993 the CASL Project (Controlled
ambiguity (prepositional phrase Automotive Service Language) for
attachments, adjectival modifiers, technical documentation (Godden, 2000).
anaphoric expressions, etc.) are reduced to CASL is a subset of English that consists
a minimum. Usually, checkers are of 62 grammar rules and controlled
developed and integrated in the terminology. The Swedish manufacturer
documentation environment along with Scannia also explored the feasibility of
editing software, TM and MT, terminology defining a controlled Swedish for truck
management systems and CAT tools. maintenance documentation (Sagvall &
Mitamura (1999) provides a set of criteria Amqvist, 1996). BMW is considering a
that must be met in a specific application controlled German application developed
domain for a successful deployment of a by the Institute of Applied Information
CL for MT: the translation should be for Sciences (IAI) from Saarbrücken (Reuther
dissemination or outbound translation, the & Schmidt-Wigger, 2000).
authors should be highly trained, the CL It is expected that the use of CLs
should be enforced by a checker, and the for technical documentation will expand in
domain should be technical and very years to come beyond the fields described
specific. above to cover other areas such as software
It is not a coincidence that one of and hardware documentation, software
the first CLs to be developed was AECMA localization, information technology,
Simplified English (Farrington, 1996), telecommunications, digital technologies,
which is employed in the aeronautic web content, etc.
industry to tackle the increasing
complexity of the aircraft´s technical
documentation. An extension of AECMA 2.2. Pre-editing
Simplified English is Boeing Technical Pre-editing technical texts is also part of
English (BTE) which is used at Boeing to the working environment of Controlled
improve the readability and consistency of Translation. Translators need to have the
the technical documentation (Wojcik, et al. skills to adapt texts to the controlled
1998). A checker is used to help authors language guidelines from different
write text in BTE and maintain a consistent industries. These guidelines are employed

3. to achieve both consistency in the should always be introduced by a relative
authoring of source texts and improvement pronoun), and elliptical constructions, that
of the translatability of these texts by should be avoided altogether.
making them amenable to MT, as Wojcik et al (1998) provide a list
explained above. The guidelines can be of writing rules that are used in Boeing
often found in the literature on CLs when Technical English (BTE). These rules
grammatical and lexical constraints are specify, among other aspects, that : (a)
described. For example, Mitamura (1999) determiners such as the a, an, this, these,
explains that in KANT Controlled English etc. should be used when appropriate; (b)
there are lexical constraints (besides the passive sentences should be avoided in
controlled vocabulary that limits lexical descriptive writing, (c) sentence length
ambiguity) such as the following: use of should be limited to 25 words, (d) noun
functional words such as determiners clusters with more than three words should
should be encouraged, but use of pronouns be avoided, (e) there should not be more
and conjunctions should be discouraged than two adjectives modifying a noun or a
since they increase the syntactic noun cluster, (f) -ing forms should be
ambiguity; use of participial forms (-ing carefully avoided, (g) the word that should
and –ed forms) should be restricted when not be omitted after verbs, (h) relative
used after conjunctions (*While driving the pronouns should be used to introduce
vehicle…) or in reduced relative clauses relative clauses; (i) and parallel
(*Directional stability caused by wheel constructions are encouraged in
lock-up…). Both examples should coordinated structures.
therefore be rewritten as follows: While There are also explicit guidelines
you are driving the vehicle… and The provided by MT developers for writing
directional stability that is caused by the content that need to be translated using
wheel lock-up. As for grammatical MT. Notice that some of these guidelines
constraints, Mitamura argues that these overlap with the controlled language
constraints make sense even when guidelines from KANT Controlled English
technical texts are not intended for and BTE. For instance, IBM2 provides
translation, since they improve readability these recommendations: use of simple,
of the source texts and reduce the short sentences (not more than 20 words),
ambiguity. She distinguishes between avoidance of idiomatic and slang
phrase-level constraints and sentence-level expressions, avoidance of ambiguous
constraints. In the former category she words, repetition of nouns and noun
includes replacing phrasal verbs with phrases instead of using pronouns when
single-word verbs (turn on should be possible, use of proper punctuation, use of
rewritten as start) and repeating complete sentences in lists, etc. Therefore,
prepositions in conjoined constructions to pre-editing texts following the constraints
avoid ambiguous readings. For instance, from the controlled language specifications
this phrase recorded memory of radio and or even writing texts directly in CL
each control unit is ambiguous since it can become a new set of skills that translators
be construed as {recorded memory of need to take into account in Controlled
radio} and {each control unit}, or Translation.
recorded memory {of radio and each
control unit}. Therefore, it needs to be 2.3. TM-MT
rewritten this way: recorded memory of the Another key element in controlled
radio and of each control unit. As for translation is that introduced by the use of
sentence-level constraints, Mitamura CAT tools and, more specifically by TM
includes coordination of sentences (the two
parts of a conjoined sentence should be of 2
the same type), relative clauses (they http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/voice/pdfs/white_pap
ers/MT_Guidelines.pdf (3 Oct. 2002)

4. and MT systems, in combination with CLs. simply the process of “translating to
In this sense, Rintanen & Zetzsche (2002) understand” (inbound translation) or the
report a successful experience at process of “translating to communicate”
Caterpillar, where documentation for (outbound translation). These two factors
machines and equipment is produced by determine different degrees of PE: MT
using CTE (Caterpillar Technical English) with no post-editing for content browsing,
and AMT (Automated Machine rapid PE for perishable information and
Translation), together with Atril’s Déjà urgent texts allowing only the correction of
Vu, in an effort to reduce post-editing “the most blatant and significant errors”,
time. The AMT used at Caterpillar is partial PE where the post-editor decides
KANTOO MT environment (Nyberg et al, which “amount of changes to make in view
1996, Nyberg and Mitamura, 2000) from of the client/reader audience” and full PE,
Carnegie Mellon University. This MT where MT combined with the use of CL,
environment provides translations into produces, in specific industrial projects, a
Spanish, French and German and it faster output than “translating the entire
consists of a controlled language checker, document without any computer-aided
tools for lexical maintenance, for translation assistance”.
terminology update and for partial draft The area of PE is still open to
translations taken from similar translated further study with research being done on
terms. Another interesting environment is PE guidelines, PE automation or
General Motors’ CASL, which also interaction with CL and MT
integrates MT with CL (Godden, 2000).
In any case, the full integration of 3. The Teaching Scenario
CLs and translation tools in the translation As mentioned above, controlled translation
workflow is still an area of further can be seen as a new teaching scenario
development, where several aspects are yet that, in our opinion, needs to be considered
to be explored: training in controlled when training future translators. At the
language authoring, developing a theory of Universidad Europea in Madrid, we have
errors, building checkers, using rule-based developed a new course that addresses
MT vs. example-based MT, among others. these new skills that will be more
frequently required from professional
2.4. Post-editing translators in the coming years.
Post-editing (PE) is an activity mainly From a methodological stance, the
associated to MT and directly linked to the course presented here introduces the
differing demand for information access. student to a “kaleidoscopic” view of MT
The current urge for information at all which concentrates at the same time on the
levels, a direct consequence of translation process and the resulting
globalization, has compelled the product, on the user’s expectations and the
translation industry to turn to MT as an developer’s job, on the integration of MT
alternative to human translation. This, in in the translator’s environment and its
turn, has set off the need for post-editing relationship to other tools. This, in turn,
the output of MT. takes the student to consider the industry’s
Clearly, since MT provides almost requirements and approaches to a
100% accuracy only under certain controlled translation.
restricted circumstances (limited
vocabulary and grammar, use of a 3.1. Methodology
sublanguage), all other output must be The course is designed along the following
post-edited one way or another. As Allen lines:
(forthcoming) states, PE ranges from a) The initial framework is the
browsing/gisting to full PE depending on translation assignment, which takes into
translation motivation, i.e. whether it is account key aspects relating to the client,

5. the translation audience, the perception of PreG3) Insert determiners
quality or the tools to be used. In this whenever possible.
respect, the student addresses a set of PreG4) Insert that, which, in order
questions that help to build the to in subordinate clauses whenever
translational context: what is the purpose possible.
of the translation?, who has commissioned PreG5) Try to avoid anaphoric
it?, who is to use the translated text?, what expressions.
volume of text is to be translated?, what PreG6) Try to avoid elliptical
are the deadlines for translation constructions.
submission?, depending on volume and PreG7) Rewrite when and while
deadlines, what translation tools are to be followed by an –ing form by inserting you
used?, are there any format specifications are and -ing: for example, when checking
to be applied?, will the document be for ignition spark should be rewritten as
updated in the future? With this when you are checking for an ignition
information, the student gets a clear picture spark.
of the purpose of the translation and PreG8) Try to avoid phrasal verbs
understands why MT in a controlled or keep the adverb/preposition close to the
translation environment is sometimes a verb: for instance, rewrite turn the engine
better choice than only human translation. on as turn on the engine, or better yet start
b) The text typology to be explored the engine.
concentrates on the automotive industry. PreG9) Try to avoid adjectives,
This is motivated, first, by the observation past participles and present participles (-
that this particular field provides a suitable ing form) in post-nominal position.
context for MT post-editing and, second, Rewrite them as relative clauses. For
by the fact that CL is extensively applied example, wires lying across brackets
within this field (General Motors, Ford, should be rewritten as wires that are lying
Scannia, BMW, etc.). The texts to be across brackets.
introduced to the students are owner’s PreG10) Repeat nouns modified
manuals and service manuals. by coordinated adjectives: for example, the
c) The pre-editing guidelines: sentence this test may indicate a loose or
students are introduced to the lexical and poor electrical connection should be
grammatical constraints from controlled rewritten as this test may indicate a loose
languages such as KANT Controlled electrical connection or a poor electrical
English and BTE, highlighting how pre- connection. Similarly, repeat adjectives in
editing guidelines can be derived from coordination of noun phrases.
these constraints. Next, students are PreG11) Repeat prepositions in
provided with the list of guidelines below. the coordination of prepositional phrases.
They will use these guidelines to pre-edit For example, the title Precautions for
texts from the automotive industry with the Multiport Fuel Injection System and
final goal of making these texts amenable Engine Control System should be rewritten
to MT systems. Some of these guidelines as Precautions for the Multiport Fuel
closely follow the ones from KANT Injection System and for the Engine
Controlled English and BTE. Others have Control System.
been derived after carefully studying the Once provided with an input text,
style of the automotive texts collected for students should be able to identify
the course. The pre-editing guidelines grammar issues that require pre-editing
(PreG) are: and apply the guidelines consistently. For
PreG1) Keep sentences short (not instance, if students find the sentence
more than 20 words). Before disconnecting pressurized fuel line
PreG2) Avoid multiple from fuel pump to injectors, be sure to
coordination of sentences. release fuel pressure, they should apply

6. PreG3 and rewrite it as Before two meta-rules for resolving ambiguities
disconnecting the pressurized fuel line when assigning errors to categories and
from the fuel pump to the injectors, be sure sub-categories. The error categories
to release the fuel pressure. If they find a (ErC) and sub-categories are:
long sentence like Therefore, it is essential ErC1) Wrong term, if serious, the
to maintain a clean supply of oil flowing weight is 5; if minor, 2.
through the turbocharger and to follow all ErC2) Syntactic error, if serious,
required maintenance instructions and 4; if minor, 2.
operating procedures, students should ErC3) Omission, if serious, 4; if
apply PreGs1, 2, 3, 9 and 10 and rewrite it minor, 2.
as: Therefore, it is essential to maintain a ErC4) Word Structure or
clean supply that is flowing through the Agreement Error, if serious, 4; if minor, 2.
turbocharger. It is also essential to follow ErC5) Misspelling, if serious, 3; if
all the required maintenance instructions minor, 1.
and all the required operating procedures. ErC6) Punctuation error, if
d) The post-editing guidelines: students serious, 2; if minor, 1.
are first introduced to the post-editing ErC7) Miscellaneous error, if
recommendations of the European serious, 3; if minor, 1.
Commission Translation Service (Wagner, Linguistic errors that cannot be
1985). These guidelines are suitable only classified under the first six categories fall
for texts that require short turnaround time, under miscellaneous error, but this
but they are useful as a set of general category is not used to tag style, since
recommendations. For instance, as much stylistic errors are ignored by this metric.
of the output translation as possible should The two meta-rules for resolving
be retained trying to avoid deleting and/or ambiguities when assigning categories and
rewriting too much. Repetitions in the scores state that:
translation should not be corrected. Also, 1. When an error is ambiguous, always
corrections of words and phrases should be choose the earliest primary category.
made only if they are non-sensical, they 2. When in doubt, always choose serious
are wrong, and, time permitting, they are over minor.
ambiguous. Finally, students will apply the following
Besides the above guidelines, students minimal post-editing guidelines (PostG)
are introduced to more specific ones that fix the problems detected when
derived from the J2450 Translation Quality evaluating the translation with the J2450
Metric3 from the Society of Automotive Metric:
Engineering (SAE). The objective of using PostG1) Fix wrong terminology in
this metric is establishing a standard that the text.
can quantify the quality of translations of PostG2) Fix syntactic errors
automotive service information, regardless (wrong part of speech, incorrect phrase
of source language, target language, structures, wrong linear order, etc.).
human translation or machine translation. PostG3) Fix omissions (missing
The metric consists of error categories with text).
their associated numeric weights so that an PostG4) Fix morphological errors
evaluator can tag errors in the translation (number, gender, case, tense, voice, aspect,
and come up with a score that quantifies etc.).
the quality of the translation. The metric PostG5) Fix misspelling errors.
has seven error categories each with two PostG6) Fix punctuation errors.
sub-categories and associated weights, and PostG7) Fix any other linguistic
errors not covered in PostG1, PostG2 and
3 PostG4, such as unnecessary determiners
SAE J2450 is available at:
http://www.lisa.org/useful/2001/J2450Practice.pdf and wrong translations of non-technical
(3 Oct. 2002)

7. vocabulary. given to the students is the translation of a
When applying PostG7, students service manual of an automotive company
should also refrain from making stylistic (Subaru, General Motors, Honda, Toyota,
changes. In particular they should avoid or any other similar company) which
changing the MT output to a more service technicians will use as on-line
sophisticated style, removing duplicate documentation. The student is part of a
words to avoid a repetitive style, changing team of freelance translators in a
nouns to pronouns, changing the meaning translation agency and they are given a
of the output sentence after reinterpreting short turnaround time. As for the text
the source sentence, merging two source format, there are no special requirements
sentences into one output sentence, and since it is provided to them in ASCII.
splitting one source sentence into two There will be foreseen updates of the
output sentences. For instance, a source manual in the future. Finally, the
sentence such as Do not smoke in battery translation’s purpose is to communicate
charging areas, if it is translated by (outbound translation) in a non-
Systran MT as No fume en áreas de carga sophisticated style, which means that
de la batería, it should not be post-edited minimal PE is expected.
as No fume en áreas donde se da carga a With this information, students
las baterías since the new translation is compose the translation framework which
just a more sophisticated version of the they will use as reference whenever
same input sentence. Systran´s version is decisions have to be taken along the
good, grammatical and understandable for process.
technical documentation. Step 2. Introduce the text to be
d) The MT systems that will be translated and analyse its particularities
used are Softissimo’s Reverso, Systran and according to the specific text typology.
SDLX’s Freetranslation.com4, since these The text given to the students is the
are available on-line at no charge and following:
allow students to extensively practice on a
controlled translation environment. Text 1 (original text):
4. A hands-on exercise General Precautions
We would like to illustrate in this section Do not operate the engine for an
how the teaching methodology described extended period of time without proper
so far is put into practice in a course for exhaust ventilation.
Keep the work area well ventilated and
translation students whose language
free of any inflammable materials.
combination is English-Spanish. For the Special care should be taken when
sake of brevity the exercise described here handling any inflammable or poisonous
will only experiment with one MT system, materials, such as gasoline, refrigerant
Systran5, but it can easily be reproduced gas, etc.
with other systems. When working in a pit or other enclosed
Let us now see the seven different area, be sure to properly ventilate the
steps that make up the exercise: area before working with hazardous
Step1. Define the translation materials. Do not smoke while working
assignment. In this case, the assignment on the vehicle.
Before jacking up the vehicle, apply
wheel chocks or other tire blocks to the
4 wheels to prevent the vehicle from
Softissimo’s Reverso is available at:
http://www.softissimo.com/index-e.htm, Systran at moving,
http://babelfish.altavista.com/ and SDLX’s After jacking up the vehicle, support the
Freetranslation.com at vehicle weight with safety stands at the
http://www.freetranslation.com/ (3 Oct. 2002) points designated for proper lifting before
5
The exercise was done with Systran’s online working on the vehicle.
version on mid-September 2002.

8. “black box” inside the MT system.
The key features of this type of text are (or Step 4. Apply pre-editing
should be) precision, conciseness and guidelines to the original text in order to
objectivity. Therefore, it is characterised, make it amenable to MT. (See “pre-editing
among other aspects, by the use of long guidelines” in section 3.1.).
nominal constructions (proper exhaust
ventilation), passive and impersonal Text 3 (original text modified according to
constructions (care should be taken, when pre-editing guidelines –PreG):
working in a pit, before jacking up the
vehicle), and technical vocabulary (Sager General Precautions
et al, 1980). Do not operate the engine for an
Step 3. Analyse the MT output and extended period of time without THEPreG3
annotate it following SAE J2450 proper exhaust ventilation.
Keep the work area well ventilated and
guidelines. (See “error categories” in
KEEP THE WORK AREAPreG6 free of
section 3.1.). any inflammable materials.
Special care should be taken when YOU
Text 2 (Systran’s output, annotated AREPreG7 handling any inflammable
according to error categories –ErC): MATERIALSPreG10 or poisonous
materials, such as gasoline, refrigerant
No funcioneErC7 el motor por un período gas, etc.
delErC7 tiempo extendido ErC7 fueraErc2 When YOU ARE PreG7 working in a pit or
ventilación de extractor apropiada. IN PreG11 other enclosed area, be sure to
Mantenga el área de trabajo ventilada properly ventilate the area before
bien Erc2 y libérelaErc2 de inflamable working with hazardous materials. Do
materialesErc2 Erc4. ElErc7 cuidado especial not smoke while YOU ARE PreG7 working
debe ser ErC2 tomado Erc7 al dirigir ErC1 on the vehicle.
cualesquiera materiales inflamables o Before jacking up the vehicle, apply
venenosos Erc4 Erc4, tales como gasolina, wheel chocks or other tire blocks to the
refrigerante gasErC2, etc. wheels IN ORDER PreG4 to prevent the
Al trabajar en el hueco ErC1 o la ErC7 otra vehicle from moving,
área incluidaErC1, sea seguro Erc2 ErC1 After jacking up the vehicle, support the
ventilar correctamente el área antes de vehicle weight with safety stands at the
trabajar con peligroso materiales Erc2 ErC4. points THAT ARE PreG7 designated for
No fume mientras trabaja en el vehículo. proper lifting before working on the
Antes de alzar con el gato encima del vehicle.
vehículo Erc2, aplique las cuñas de la
rueda ErC1 o el otro neumático bloques ErC1 Step 5. Feed the pre-edited text to
a las ruedas para evitar que el vehículo
the MT system and annotate it following
se mueva. Después alzando con el gato
encima del vehículo Erc2, utilice ErC1 el SAE J2450 guidelines.
peso del vehículo con seguridad soportes
Erc1
en las puntas ErC1 señaladas para la Text 4 (Systran’s output of the pre-edited
elevación apropiada ErC4 antes de text, annotated according to error
trabajar en el vehículo. categories –ErC):
Once errors have been elicited from the No funcioneErC7 el motor por un período
translated text, there follows a discussion delErC7 tiempo extendido ErC7 sin la
whereby students try to estimate their ventilación de extractor apropiada.
cause (lack of appropriate dictionary Mantenga el área de trabajo ventilada
entries in the system, grammatical rules bien ErC2 y mantenga el área de trabajo
libre de cualquier material inflamable.
missing or not correctly applied, problems
ElErc7 cuidado especial se debe tomar Erc2
in morphological rules, etc.). This is an Erc7
cuando usted está manejando
intuitive process which gives students the cualesquieras materiales inflamables Erc4
opportunity to go somewhere beyond the

9. o losErc7 materiales venenosos Erc4, tales trabajo libre de cualquier material
como gasolina, gas refrigerante, etc. inflamable. Se debe tener PostG2 PostG7
Cuando usted está trabajando en un cuidado especial cuando usted está
hueco ErC1 o en la ErC7 otra área manejando cualquier material inflamable
incluidaErC1, sea seguro Erc1 Erc2 ventilar PostG4
o material venenoso PostG7 PostG4, tales
correctamente el área antes de trabajar como gasolina, gas refrigerante, etc.
con los materiales peligrosos. Cuando usted está trabajando en un foso
PostG1
No fume mientras que usted está u otra área PostG7 cerradaPostG1,
trabajando en el vehículo. asegúrese de PostG1 PostG2 ventilar
Antes de alzar con el gato encima del correctamente el área antes de trabajar
vehículo Erc2, aplique las cuñas la rueda con los materiales peligrosos.
ErC1
u otros bloques del neumático ErC1 a No fume mientras que usted está
las ruedas para evitar que el vehículo se trabajando en el vehículo.
mueva. Después de alzar con el gato Antes de alzar con el gato el vehículo
encima del vehículo Erc2, utilice ErC1 el PostG2
, aplique los calzos de las ruedas
PostG1
peso del vehículo con los soportes de u otros bloqueos para ruedas PostG1 a
seguridad en las puntas ErC1 que se las ruedas para evitar que el vehículo se
señalan Erc4 para la elevación apropiada mueva. Después de alzar con el gato el
ErC4
antes de trabajar en el vehículo. vehículo PostG2, sostenga PostG1 el peso del
Step 6. Compare the output of the vehículo con los soportes de seguridad
original text (Text 2) with that of the pre- en los puntos PostG1 que están señalados
PostG4
edited text (Text 4), using SAE J2450 para elevar el vehículo
metric, so as to quantify the impact of the correctamente PostG4 antes de trabajar en
el vehículo.
controlled language guidelines in the
translatability of technical texts.
Notice that the resulting minimally post-
In this respect, SAE J2450 metric
edited version has a repetitive style. This is
includes a formula for calculating a
fine for the translation assignment
document score, whereby this score is the
envisaged in the exercise. Full post-editing
sum of the weighted scores divided by the
would involve polishing this version
number of words in the source language
removing repetitions and making the text
document6.
sound more natural.
In the texts presented here the
scores obtained are the following:
5. Conclusion
 Text 2 = 0.72
The teaching framework presented here is
 Text 4 = 0.45 an attempt at introducing translation
This shows an evident improvement of students to the different aspects of
the pre-edited version over the original controlled translation. After the description
one. of the key elements actively intervening in
Step7. Apply general post-editing the translation industry (CL, MT, TM, pre-
guidelines. (See “post-editing guidelines” and post-editing), the building blocks of
in section 3.1). the teaching framework have been
presented. Finally, an actual exercise has
Text 5 (post-edited version): been outlined in order to demonstrate how
students are provided with hands-on
No haga funcionar PostG7 el motor por un
período de PostG7 tiempo prolongado PostG7
experience on those key elements.
sin la ventilación de extractor apropiada.
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