International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Modeling and optimization of a wastewater pumping system withMohammad Imran
This document discusses using data-mining methods to model and optimize a wastewater pumping system. Neural networks are used to model pump energy consumption and wastewater flow rate based on operational data. A bi-objective optimization model is formulated to minimize energy consumption and maximize flow rate. An artificial immune network algorithm solves the optimization problem. Results show the potential to save 6-14% of energy while maintaining pumping performance through optimizing pump speeds.
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50
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65
Pr (ata)
Graph 3. Variation of power and efficiency with pressure at temperature at 4500C
This document summarizes the results of a sensitivity analysis performed on a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for a GE 6FA gas turbine combined cycle power plant. The analysis varied the steam pressure from 40 to 62 atmospheres and steam temperature from 400 to 500 degrees Celsius to determine the optimal operating point. The maximum power and efficiency were achieved at different pressure-temperature combinations, with 58 atmospheres generally providing the best results for temperatures between 450-500 degrees Celsius. Graphs show the relationships between pressure, power, efficiency
Šantl et al_2015_Hydropower Suitability Analysis on a Large ScaleSašo Šantl
This document presents a method for analyzing the suitability of watercourses for hydropower use on a large scale. The method is based on multi-criteria analysis and includes the following key stages:
1. Determining decision options, criteria, and utility functions. Watercourse segments are the decision options, and criteria related to hydropower attractiveness and ecological value are selected.
2. Selecting calibration and confirmation data. Watercourse segments agreed to be suitable/unsuitable are used for calibration and confirmation of the model.
3. Calibrating model parameters. Weights of criteria and thresholds in utility functions are calibrated to maximize distances between ideal and anti-ideal calibration options.
The method was tested
Design Of Hybrid Series Active Filters for Harmonic Reduction in Single Phase...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document reviews research on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze coal/air flow in power plant pipelines in order to maintain uniform fuel feed rates at burners. Several studies are summarized that use CFD to simulate coal/air flow and model the effects of orifice flow restrictors placed in pipes. Correlations developed from CFD results relate pressure drop to factors like geometry, coal/gas loading ratio, and mass flux. CFD is shown to be an effective method for determining the optimal geometry and sizing of orifice flow restrictors to balance flow rates across burners.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Modeling and Analysis of Canal Type Small Hydro Power Plant and Performance E...IOSR Journals
The document describes the development of a simulation model for a canal type small hydroelectric power plant in MATLAB/Simulink. The model includes subsystems representing the open channel, governor and turbine, synchronous generator, and exciter. The goal is to study the plant's transient behavior during changes in load or other conditions. The model will then be used to test a PID controller for enhancing performance by reducing oscillations and improving steady state response during transients. Developing an accurate simulation model allows verifying costs and safety conditions for canal type small hydro plants in the early design phase.
This document provides a user manual for PumpSave, an energy savings calculator tool for ABB variable speed drives. PumpSave calculates potential energy savings when using ABB drives instead of other pump control systems like throttling, on/off control, or hydraulic control. It requires inputs related to the pump characteristics and operating profile to calculate the annual energy consumption and savings for the existing control system versus ABB drive control. The results include the estimated annual energy savings in kWh and monetary amount, along with the payback period for the investment in the ABB drive.
Modeling and optimization of a wastewater pumping system withMohammad Imran
This document discusses using data-mining methods to model and optimize a wastewater pumping system. Neural networks are used to model pump energy consumption and wastewater flow rate based on operational data. A bi-objective optimization model is formulated to minimize energy consumption and maximize flow rate. An artificial immune network algorithm solves the optimization problem. Results show the potential to save 6-14% of energy while maintaining pumping performance through optimizing pump speeds.
45
50
55
60
65
Pr (ata)
Graph 3. Variation of power and efficiency with pressure at temperature at 4500C
This document summarizes the results of a sensitivity analysis performed on a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for a GE 6FA gas turbine combined cycle power plant. The analysis varied the steam pressure from 40 to 62 atmospheres and steam temperature from 400 to 500 degrees Celsius to determine the optimal operating point. The maximum power and efficiency were achieved at different pressure-temperature combinations, with 58 atmospheres generally providing the best results for temperatures between 450-500 degrees Celsius. Graphs show the relationships between pressure, power, efficiency
Šantl et al_2015_Hydropower Suitability Analysis on a Large ScaleSašo Šantl
This document presents a method for analyzing the suitability of watercourses for hydropower use on a large scale. The method is based on multi-criteria analysis and includes the following key stages:
1. Determining decision options, criteria, and utility functions. Watercourse segments are the decision options, and criteria related to hydropower attractiveness and ecological value are selected.
2. Selecting calibration and confirmation data. Watercourse segments agreed to be suitable/unsuitable are used for calibration and confirmation of the model.
3. Calibrating model parameters. Weights of criteria and thresholds in utility functions are calibrated to maximize distances between ideal and anti-ideal calibration options.
The method was tested
Design Of Hybrid Series Active Filters for Harmonic Reduction in Single Phase...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document reviews research on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze coal/air flow in power plant pipelines in order to maintain uniform fuel feed rates at burners. Several studies are summarized that use CFD to simulate coal/air flow and model the effects of orifice flow restrictors placed in pipes. Correlations developed from CFD results relate pressure drop to factors like geometry, coal/gas loading ratio, and mass flux. CFD is shown to be an effective method for determining the optimal geometry and sizing of orifice flow restrictors to balance flow rates across burners.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Modeling and Analysis of Canal Type Small Hydro Power Plant and Performance E...IOSR Journals
The document describes the development of a simulation model for a canal type small hydroelectric power plant in MATLAB/Simulink. The model includes subsystems representing the open channel, governor and turbine, synchronous generator, and exciter. The goal is to study the plant's transient behavior during changes in load or other conditions. The model will then be used to test a PID controller for enhancing performance by reducing oscillations and improving steady state response during transients. Developing an accurate simulation model allows verifying costs and safety conditions for canal type small hydro plants in the early design phase.
This document provides a user manual for PumpSave, an energy savings calculator tool for ABB variable speed drives. PumpSave calculates potential energy savings when using ABB drives instead of other pump control systems like throttling, on/off control, or hydraulic control. It requires inputs related to the pump characteristics and operating profile to calculate the annual energy consumption and savings for the existing control system versus ABB drive control. The results include the estimated annual energy savings in kWh and monetary amount, along with the payback period for the investment in the ABB drive.
Performance improvement of mixed flow pump impeller through cfd analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Centrifugal pumps are the largest used hydraulic machine. However, the performance of centrifugal pump is generally not very good. Making them more efficient is a major challenge. The performance of the centrifugal pump greatly depends on its geometrical parameters and the vane profile. Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been found to be very good tool for numerical analysis of flow through complex system including centrifugal pumps. The present study deals with the performance analysis of a mixed flow type centrifugal pump designed centrifugal pump to deliver 0.25 m3/s water at a head of 20 m running at 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX 14.0 software. Modeling of the pump unit has been done using PTC Cre-o 2.0 software. The performance of the pump was first determined using the initially obtained vane angles. The inlet vane angle and outlet vane angle are then varied to analyses the improvement in pump performance .The results shows that for an initial inlet angle 20.08˚ and outlet angle 16.28˚, the efficiency of the pump is 83 %.however, for an optimized angles at inlet and outlet as 20.16˚ and 16.62˚ respectively, the efficiency of pump raised to 88 % thus showing an improvement in the performance of mixed flow pump. Keywords: Computation Fluid Dynamics Analysis, mixed flow pump, overall efficiency
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET-Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration PlantIRJET Journal
D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal...ijtsrd
Advanced thermal management systems for combustion engines will improve fluid temperature regulation and servomotor power consumption to positively impact the pipage emissions, fuel economy, and parasitic losses by better regulating the combustion method with multiple computer controlled parts. Advanced automotive thermal management systems integrate electro mechanical components for improved fluid flow and thermodynamic control action. Progressively, the design of ground vehicle heating and cooling management systems require analytical and empirical models to establish a basis for real time control algorithms. One of the key elements in this computer controlled system is the smart thermostat valve which replaces the traditional wax based unit. This paper gives a review of the cooling system and control model for improved engine thermal management and related work. Ankush Tandel | Amit Kaimkuriya "Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25267.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25267/review-report-on-cooling-system-and-control-model-for-improved-engine-thermal-management/ankush-tandel
High pressure common rail injection system modeling and controlISA Interchange
In this paper modeling and common-rail pressure control of high pressure common rail injection system (HPCRIS) is presented. The proposed mathematical model of high pressure common rail injection system which contains three sub-systems: high pressure pump sub-model, common rail sub-model and injector sub-model is a relative complicated nonlinear system. The mathematical model is validated by the software Matlab and a virtual detailed simulation environment. For the considered HPCRIS, an effective model free controller which is called Extended State Observer – based intelligent Proportional Integral (ESO-based iPI) controller is designed. And this proposed method is composed mainly of the referred ESO observer, and a time delay estimation based iPI controller. Finally, to demonstrate the performances of the proposed controller, the proposed ESO-based iPI controller is compared with a conventional PID controller and ADRC.
Different Measurement and Method of testing of ic engine for 2 stroke engin...mayank chauhan
In order to achieve less cost of production, improve efficiency and power output, the important measurement and testing parameters are employed. These are
a) friction power
b) indicated power
c) brake power
d) fuel consumption
e) air flow
e) speed
f) exhaust and coolant temperature
g) emissions
h) noise
i) combustion phenomenon.
The difference between the indicated and the brake power of an engine is defined as friction power, whereas air flow and emissions are related to combustion processes.
There are only two internal losses, pumping losses and friction losses. During the inlet and exhaust stroke the gaseous pressure on the piston is greater on its forward side, hence during both strokes the piston must be moved against a gaseous pressure, and this causes pumping loss.
This document discusses energy auditing in mines. It defines energy auditing as verifying, monitoring, and analyzing energy use to identify ways to improve efficiency. The main areas of energy use in mines include ventilation, hoisting, compressors, pumps, and underground equipment powered by electricity or diesel. Conducting an energy audit provides benefits like conserving resources and reducing costs. Preliminary audits identify quick savings while detailed audits examine each energy system. The methodology involves installing meters, collecting operational data, and analyzing consumption patterns to identify inefficiencies. Instruments like energy meters, tachometers, and pitot tubes are used to measure use.
A voltage sensitivity index application for power system load shedding consid...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper proposes a method for calculating the minimum amount of power load needed to shed and distributing it for each load bus in order to recover the frequency and voltage back to the allowable range. Based on the consideration of the primary control of the turbine governor and the reserve power of the generators for secondary control, the minimum amount of load shedding was calculated in order to recover the frequency of the power system. Computation and analysis of Voltage Sensitivity Index (VSI) of the load bus to prioritize distribution of the amount power load shedding at these positions. The lower the load bus have the Voltage Sensitivity Index (VSI), the higher the amount of load shedding will shed and vice versa. With this technique, frequency and voltage value are still within allowable range, and a large amount of load shedding could be avoided, hence, saved from economic losses, and customer service interruption. The effectiveness of the proposed method tested on the IEEE 37 bus 9 generators power system standard has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method.
Performance Analysis of Automobile RadiatorIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of an automobile radiator. It describes the components of the cooling system, including the radiator, water heater, pump, thermometers and flow meter. An assembly is connected to circulate water and measure the inlet and outlet temperatures. Formulas are provided to calculate heat transfer rate, Nusselt number, Reynolds number and friction factor. The radiator performance is evaluated by measuring temperatures and calculating the heat transfer rate to determine how effectively it transfers heat from the engine. This analysis helps identify the best radiator for different applications.
OPTIMIZATION OF AN OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT USING EXERGOECONOMICSijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the performance of an open cycle gas turbine power plant using
the concepts of exergoeconomics. Exergoeconomic technique involves the use of Second law of
thermodynamics and assigns monetary values to the thermodynamic quantity known as exergy. Analyses
based on exergoeconomic criteria are done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant turbine. The
methodology is illustrated using the example of a 25 MW open cycle gas turbine power plant. Optimization
has been done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant as tradeoffs between the unit product cost of the
compressor and combustion chamber as functions of compressor pressure ratio and unit product costs of
combustion chamber and gas turbine as functions of turbine inlet temperature.
1. The document discusses using the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a heat exchanger to maximize heat transfer efficiency. It describes the Taguchi method process, including designing experiments using orthogonal arrays and analyzing data using signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA.
2. An experiment was conducted using a heat exchanger with varied inlet temperatures, outlet temperatures, and flow rates as control factors. ANOVA results identified inlet temperature and LMTD as highly influential on heat transfer rate.
3. The optimal parameter combination for maximum heat transfer was determined using S/N ratio analysis.
Ratio control is a feed-forward control scheme that measures and maintains a constant ratio between two disturbances (loads), usually flow rates. It is commonly used to control the ratio of reactants entering a reactor, the reflux ratio in distillation columns, and the fuel/air ratio in burners. Ratio control allows linking two streams to produce and maintain a defined ratio simply without needing a complex model. However, it assumes the correct ratio is maintained by controlling only one measured flow rate.
Development, implementation and validation of a non dimensional pump model in...kpphalak
In HVAC plant simulation software, a pump model is required to carry out pressure based simulation, which will govern flow rate in system and predict accurate power consumption. To implement a pump model in EnergyPlus, which will predict pump performance with varied pump parameters such as rotational speed and pump diameter pump performance models and non-dimensional model was studied. Their applicability and accuracy was checked experimentally and with manufacturer's data. Using the pump performance prediction model effect of pump parameters on its performance was observed. Also applicability of affinity laws to predict pump power savings was studied. It was observed that performance prediction models calculate the pump performance with sufficient accuracy but are not suitable to implement in energy simulation programs when the pump has been specified and pump curves are available. These models can be used to determine the effect of each individual parameter on the performance curve. When the size of the pump is unknown, in a hydronic system sizing calculation, these models can be used to predict the inlet and outlet diameters of the pump impeller, assisting the designer in sizing the pump for the system. Due to simplicity, less number of input requirements and accuracy a non-dimensional model was found to be suitable for energy simulation purpose. But, when checked with manufacturer's data it was observed that these non-dimensional models cannot be used directly for variation in impeller diameter. A modified non-dimensional model was suggested which not only satisfied the pump affinity laws but also gave better results as compared to earlier non-dimensional model suggested by Clark (1985). This modified non-dimensional model with VFD control is implemented in EnergyPlus. It was also found that pump affinity laws can be used for predicting power savings only if there is linear relationship between input and output power of the pumping system. The ranges for applicability of the pump affinity laws to predict power savings were found using standard electrical motor efficiency curves.
Comparision of flow analysis through a different geometry of flowmeters using...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document outlines an assignment for students to evaluate the performance of a 4-stroke petrol engine. It discusses key performance parameters like power, efficiency, fuel consumption, emissions. The objective is for students to understand how to calculate speed, fuel use, air use, and evaluate exhaust smoke and emissions in order to optimize engine performance. Parameters like power, efficiency, emissions are defined and methods to test them such as using a dynamometer are described.
Analysis of engine cooling waterpump of car & significance of itsIAEME Publication
This document analyzes the geometry of engine cooling water pumps in cars and its effect on pump flow characteristics. It begins with theoretical calculations to determine the required coolant flow rate based on engine heat rejection data and properties. It then describes measuring actual pump pressure and flow rates. Finally, it details a computational fluid dynamics analysis of pump flow using ANSYS to study effects like cavitation at different pump RPMs. The results show contour plots of velocity and pressure that indicate best pump efficiency and least cavitation occurs at medium engine speeds. Proper pump geometry that increases velocity while maintaining pressure is important to control engine temperatures as seen in the results.
Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
MODELLING CASCADED SPLIT RANGE (CASC-SRC) CONTROLLERS IN ASPEN HYSYS DYNAMICSVijay Sarathy
This document demonstrates modeling a cascaded split range controller (CASC-SRC) in Aspen HYSYS Dynamics to control an LNG pump and vaporizer control valve. The CASC-SRC uses a high pressure pump speed controller and vaporizer flow controller, both operating in reverse action. An SRC is added with the flow controller as the first input and pump controller as the second. Low and high range values for each controller are calculated and assigned in the SRC configuration. With the CASC-SRC in auto mode, HYSYS stabilizes at operating points matching the original set points of 2950 rpm pump speed and 7500 kmol/h flow.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Performance improvement of mixed flow pump impeller through cfd analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Centrifugal pumps are the largest used hydraulic machine. However, the performance of centrifugal pump is generally not very good. Making them more efficient is a major challenge. The performance of the centrifugal pump greatly depends on its geometrical parameters and the vane profile. Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been found to be very good tool for numerical analysis of flow through complex system including centrifugal pumps. The present study deals with the performance analysis of a mixed flow type centrifugal pump designed centrifugal pump to deliver 0.25 m3/s water at a head of 20 m running at 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX 14.0 software. Modeling of the pump unit has been done using PTC Cre-o 2.0 software. The performance of the pump was first determined using the initially obtained vane angles. The inlet vane angle and outlet vane angle are then varied to analyses the improvement in pump performance .The results shows that for an initial inlet angle 20.08˚ and outlet angle 16.28˚, the efficiency of the pump is 83 %.however, for an optimized angles at inlet and outlet as 20.16˚ and 16.62˚ respectively, the efficiency of pump raised to 88 % thus showing an improvement in the performance of mixed flow pump. Keywords: Computation Fluid Dynamics Analysis, mixed flow pump, overall efficiency
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET-Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration PlantIRJET Journal
D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal...ijtsrd
Advanced thermal management systems for combustion engines will improve fluid temperature regulation and servomotor power consumption to positively impact the pipage emissions, fuel economy, and parasitic losses by better regulating the combustion method with multiple computer controlled parts. Advanced automotive thermal management systems integrate electro mechanical components for improved fluid flow and thermodynamic control action. Progressively, the design of ground vehicle heating and cooling management systems require analytical and empirical models to establish a basis for real time control algorithms. One of the key elements in this computer controlled system is the smart thermostat valve which replaces the traditional wax based unit. This paper gives a review of the cooling system and control model for improved engine thermal management and related work. Ankush Tandel | Amit Kaimkuriya "Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25267.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25267/review-report-on-cooling-system-and-control-model-for-improved-engine-thermal-management/ankush-tandel
High pressure common rail injection system modeling and controlISA Interchange
In this paper modeling and common-rail pressure control of high pressure common rail injection system (HPCRIS) is presented. The proposed mathematical model of high pressure common rail injection system which contains three sub-systems: high pressure pump sub-model, common rail sub-model and injector sub-model is a relative complicated nonlinear system. The mathematical model is validated by the software Matlab and a virtual detailed simulation environment. For the considered HPCRIS, an effective model free controller which is called Extended State Observer – based intelligent Proportional Integral (ESO-based iPI) controller is designed. And this proposed method is composed mainly of the referred ESO observer, and a time delay estimation based iPI controller. Finally, to demonstrate the performances of the proposed controller, the proposed ESO-based iPI controller is compared with a conventional PID controller and ADRC.
Different Measurement and Method of testing of ic engine for 2 stroke engin...mayank chauhan
In order to achieve less cost of production, improve efficiency and power output, the important measurement and testing parameters are employed. These are
a) friction power
b) indicated power
c) brake power
d) fuel consumption
e) air flow
e) speed
f) exhaust and coolant temperature
g) emissions
h) noise
i) combustion phenomenon.
The difference between the indicated and the brake power of an engine is defined as friction power, whereas air flow and emissions are related to combustion processes.
There are only two internal losses, pumping losses and friction losses. During the inlet and exhaust stroke the gaseous pressure on the piston is greater on its forward side, hence during both strokes the piston must be moved against a gaseous pressure, and this causes pumping loss.
This document discusses energy auditing in mines. It defines energy auditing as verifying, monitoring, and analyzing energy use to identify ways to improve efficiency. The main areas of energy use in mines include ventilation, hoisting, compressors, pumps, and underground equipment powered by electricity or diesel. Conducting an energy audit provides benefits like conserving resources and reducing costs. Preliminary audits identify quick savings while detailed audits examine each energy system. The methodology involves installing meters, collecting operational data, and analyzing consumption patterns to identify inefficiencies. Instruments like energy meters, tachometers, and pitot tubes are used to measure use.
A voltage sensitivity index application for power system load shedding consid...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper proposes a method for calculating the minimum amount of power load needed to shed and distributing it for each load bus in order to recover the frequency and voltage back to the allowable range. Based on the consideration of the primary control of the turbine governor and the reserve power of the generators for secondary control, the minimum amount of load shedding was calculated in order to recover the frequency of the power system. Computation and analysis of Voltage Sensitivity Index (VSI) of the load bus to prioritize distribution of the amount power load shedding at these positions. The lower the load bus have the Voltage Sensitivity Index (VSI), the higher the amount of load shedding will shed and vice versa. With this technique, frequency and voltage value are still within allowable range, and a large amount of load shedding could be avoided, hence, saved from economic losses, and customer service interruption. The effectiveness of the proposed method tested on the IEEE 37 bus 9 generators power system standard has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method.
Performance Analysis of Automobile RadiatorIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of an automobile radiator. It describes the components of the cooling system, including the radiator, water heater, pump, thermometers and flow meter. An assembly is connected to circulate water and measure the inlet and outlet temperatures. Formulas are provided to calculate heat transfer rate, Nusselt number, Reynolds number and friction factor. The radiator performance is evaluated by measuring temperatures and calculating the heat transfer rate to determine how effectively it transfers heat from the engine. This analysis helps identify the best radiator for different applications.
OPTIMIZATION OF AN OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT USING EXERGOECONOMICSijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the performance of an open cycle gas turbine power plant using
the concepts of exergoeconomics. Exergoeconomic technique involves the use of Second law of
thermodynamics and assigns monetary values to the thermodynamic quantity known as exergy. Analyses
based on exergoeconomic criteria are done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant turbine. The
methodology is illustrated using the example of a 25 MW open cycle gas turbine power plant. Optimization
has been done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant as tradeoffs between the unit product cost of the
compressor and combustion chamber as functions of compressor pressure ratio and unit product costs of
combustion chamber and gas turbine as functions of turbine inlet temperature.
1. The document discusses using the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a heat exchanger to maximize heat transfer efficiency. It describes the Taguchi method process, including designing experiments using orthogonal arrays and analyzing data using signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA.
2. An experiment was conducted using a heat exchanger with varied inlet temperatures, outlet temperatures, and flow rates as control factors. ANOVA results identified inlet temperature and LMTD as highly influential on heat transfer rate.
3. The optimal parameter combination for maximum heat transfer was determined using S/N ratio analysis.
Ratio control is a feed-forward control scheme that measures and maintains a constant ratio between two disturbances (loads), usually flow rates. It is commonly used to control the ratio of reactants entering a reactor, the reflux ratio in distillation columns, and the fuel/air ratio in burners. Ratio control allows linking two streams to produce and maintain a defined ratio simply without needing a complex model. However, it assumes the correct ratio is maintained by controlling only one measured flow rate.
Development, implementation and validation of a non dimensional pump model in...kpphalak
In HVAC plant simulation software, a pump model is required to carry out pressure based simulation, which will govern flow rate in system and predict accurate power consumption. To implement a pump model in EnergyPlus, which will predict pump performance with varied pump parameters such as rotational speed and pump diameter pump performance models and non-dimensional model was studied. Their applicability and accuracy was checked experimentally and with manufacturer's data. Using the pump performance prediction model effect of pump parameters on its performance was observed. Also applicability of affinity laws to predict pump power savings was studied. It was observed that performance prediction models calculate the pump performance with sufficient accuracy but are not suitable to implement in energy simulation programs when the pump has been specified and pump curves are available. These models can be used to determine the effect of each individual parameter on the performance curve. When the size of the pump is unknown, in a hydronic system sizing calculation, these models can be used to predict the inlet and outlet diameters of the pump impeller, assisting the designer in sizing the pump for the system. Due to simplicity, less number of input requirements and accuracy a non-dimensional model was found to be suitable for energy simulation purpose. But, when checked with manufacturer's data it was observed that these non-dimensional models cannot be used directly for variation in impeller diameter. A modified non-dimensional model was suggested which not only satisfied the pump affinity laws but also gave better results as compared to earlier non-dimensional model suggested by Clark (1985). This modified non-dimensional model with VFD control is implemented in EnergyPlus. It was also found that pump affinity laws can be used for predicting power savings only if there is linear relationship between input and output power of the pumping system. The ranges for applicability of the pump affinity laws to predict power savings were found using standard electrical motor efficiency curves.
Comparision of flow analysis through a different geometry of flowmeters using...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document outlines an assignment for students to evaluate the performance of a 4-stroke petrol engine. It discusses key performance parameters like power, efficiency, fuel consumption, emissions. The objective is for students to understand how to calculate speed, fuel use, air use, and evaluate exhaust smoke and emissions in order to optimize engine performance. Parameters like power, efficiency, emissions are defined and methods to test them such as using a dynamometer are described.
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Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
MODELLING CASCADED SPLIT RANGE (CASC-SRC) CONTROLLERS IN ASPEN HYSYS DYNAMICSVijay Sarathy
This document demonstrates modeling a cascaded split range controller (CASC-SRC) in Aspen HYSYS Dynamics to control an LNG pump and vaporizer control valve. The CASC-SRC uses a high pressure pump speed controller and vaporizer flow controller, both operating in reverse action. An SRC is added with the flow controller as the first input and pump controller as the second. Low and high range values for each controller are calculated and assigned in the SRC configuration. With the CASC-SRC in auto mode, HYSYS stabilizes at operating points matching the original set points of 2950 rpm pump speed and 7500 kmol/h flow.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
El documento presenta la idea de un proyecto empresarial para crear una tienda de ropa online para hombres bajo una marca propia. Explica que un negocio exitoso requiere de una idea diferenciada y que un e-commerce es una tienda en Internet sin presencia física que tiene bajos costos de inicio y operación. La idea propuesta es vender ropa masculina de una marca propia con características distintivas que le permitan destacar en el mercado.
Este documento presenta un catálogo de herramientas dividido en tres secciones: herramientas de jardinería, herramientas de floristería y ropa de trabajo. En la sección de herramientas de jardinería describe tijeras para cortar setos, rastrillos, azadas y carretillas. La sección de herramientas de floristería incluye elementos como pelarosas, esponjas, cinta adhesiva y kenzan. Finalmente, la ropa de trabajo menciona botas, monos, guantes y cascos de protección
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document contains 12 quotes from various Twitter users on topics related to inbound marketing. The quotes discuss the importance of employee culture, how consumers research purchases using different channels and mobile devices, the short attention spans of online consumers, the need for sales to embrace inbound marketing, and how mobile should be a priority in all marketing efforts. The quotes are attributed to people active in discussing inbound marketing on Twitter.
Unified client management session from Microsoft partner boot campOlav Tvedt
This document provides an overview and summary of unified management of clients through tools like Work Folders, DirectAccess, Intune, and Configuration Manager.
Work Folders allows syncing of files stored on file servers with PCs and devices both inside and outside the corporate network. DirectAccess enables seamless access to internal corporate resources for mobile PCs. Intune and Configuration Manager provide device management, app deployment, and policy controls for a variety of client platforms through the cloud and on-premises.
Катерина Котенко, Індустріальний Телевізійний Комітет, Директор
Олена Міронова, Індустріальний Телевізійний Комітет, Директор з питань дослідження телевізійної аудиторії
The document appears to be the results of a survey about interest in a K-pop magazine. It includes questions about respondent demographics, interest in buying a K-pop magazine and preferred content like favorite artists, sections in the magazine, competitions, masthead name, color scheme and pricing. The charts show responses ranging from ages 13 to 22, with most interested in latest songs, fashion and interviews and preferring tickets to meet and greets as competitions in a magazine priced around £2.
Multi objective control of nonlinear boiler-turbine dynamics with actuator ma...ISA Interchange
This paper investigates multi-objective controller design approaches for nonlinear boiler-turbine dynamics subject to actuator magnitude and rate constraints. System nonlinearity is handled by a suitable linear parameter varying system representation with drum pressure as the system varying parameter. Variation of the drum pressure is represented by suitable norm-bounded uncertainty and affine dependence on system matrices. Based on linear matrix inequality algorithms, the magnitude and rate constraints on the actuator and the deviations of fluid density and water level are formulated while the tracking abilities on the drum pressure and power output are optimized. Variation ranges of drum pressure and magnitude tracking commands are used as controller design parameters, determined according to the boiler-turbine's operation range.
Three Steps for Reducing Total Cost of Ownership in Pumping SystemsSchneider Electric
Electricity usage costs have become an increasing fraction of the total cost of ownership (TCO) for industrial pumping systems. In fact, energy cost represents 40% of the TCO of a typical pump. It is possible to reduce the electrical consumption by at least 30% through appropriate energy management practices while reducing the maintenance cost. This paper explains how to reduce TCO with a limited investment.
Performance of a_centrifugal_pump_autosavedDickens Mimisa
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of a centrifugal pump performed by a student. Key findings include:
- The experiment investigated the relationship between head, discharge, input power, and efficiency of a centrifugal pump under different revolution speeds.
- Data was collected manually and analyzed to determine the pump's characteristic curve and efficiency at varying flow rates.
- Results show efficiency increases with flow rate until peak efficiency is reached, then decreases as flow rate continues to rise.
A REVIEW ON IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THROUGH MODIFICATIO...ijiert bestjournal
The paper reviews the literature available on the i mprovement of efficiency of centrifugal pump through modification in suction manifolds. The paper discusses the available material of performance improvement through various paramete rs and mainly focuses on the research related to manifold modifications.
This document discusses methods for assessing the energy performance of water pumps. It describes how to measure key parameters like flow, head, and power to determine a pump's efficiency. Flow can be measured using tracer methods, ultrasonic meters, or by filling a tank. Total head is the difference between suction and discharge heads. Pump efficiency is the fluid power divided by the power input. The document also explains how to construct a system resistance curve and compare it to the pump curve to evaluate performance and identify efficiency losses over time.
This paper presents the further developments and working principle of the speed-variable switched differential pump (SvSDP) concept proposed, designed and produced in [1]. The SvSDP system is designed to remove the throttling losses associated with typical valve driven control (VDC) systems. The hydraulic and mechanical system is modelled and linearised. The linearisation point is studied to provide an usable basis for controller design. It is proposed, in this paper, to model the converter and motor using a black box approach, where designed and informative input sequences are used to estimate the mathematical behaviour of the electrical drive based on the equivalent output data. The complete non linear model is verified against available trajectory data from the physical system, obtained from [1]. The linear model is analysed through a relative gain array (RGA) analysis to map the input output couplings present in the system. The results show that the system includes heavy cross-couplings. Results presented in [1] indicate, that it is possible to utilise a input output compensated decoupling to redefine the MIMO system into multiple SISO systems. The SvSDP concept is over-determined in relation to the amount of control inputs compared to possible outputs.
It is proposed in [1] to introduce two new input states and two new output states. The decoupling approach has been investigated in this paper. The decoupling results provided a basis of using decentralised control. The linear control strategies are designed independently based on the notion of decoupling. The first controller is related to the level flow, designed to maintain a desired minimum pressure level. The second load flow controller is related to the cylinder motion. The controller results indicate, that it is possible to achieve a good dynamic tracking performance with an error of maximum 0.5 mm for a given position trajectory.
This paper is also considering the energy consumption issues stated in [1], where two conceptual solutions are proposed, to solve the power loss associated with holding a load at a constant cylinder position. This paper is written as the product of an appendix report describing the whole project.
This document summarizes research on improving the stability of hydraulic pipes in axial piston pump systems. It first provides background on previous studies modeling axial piston pumps and their control systems. It then discusses the objective of investigating a novel single PID controller for the pump and how it impacts overall pump performance, including hydraulic system smoothness and vibration reduction. The results of simulations and experiments show promising results for implementing the new control strategy to improve pipe stability in axial piston pumps.
Study on a linear relationship between limited pressure difference and coil c...ISA Interchange
On/off solenoid valves with PWM control are widely used in all types of vehicle electro-hydraulic control systems respecting to their desirable properties of reliable, low cost and fast acting. However, it can hardly achieve a linear hydraulic modulation by using on/off valves mainly due to the nonlinear behaviors of valve dynamics and fluid, which affects the control accuracy significantly. In this paper, a linear relationship between limited pressure difference and coil current of an on/off valve in its critical closed state is proposed and illustrated, which has a great potential to be applied to improve hydraulic control performance. The hydraulic braking system of case study is modeled. The linear correspondence between limited pressure difference and coil current of the inlet valve is simulated and further verified experimentally. Based on validated simulation models, the impacts of key parameters are researched. The limited pressure difference affected by environmental temperatures is experimentally studied, and the amended linear relation is given according to the test data.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Affinity Laws for Variable Speed Centrifugal PumpsVijay Sarathy
In retrofit jobs, depending on the application & plant revamps, fixed speed pumps are retrofitted with a variable frequency drive (VFD) to enable them to be operated at a different set of operating conditions. In Brownfield projects, design engineers would sometimes face situations where the manufacturer's datasheets indicate performance curves only for rated speeds & it becomes necessary to evaluate what are the other operating ranges the same pump can be used for after retrofitting.
In the following short article, I've put up some points covering
1. Advantages of Variable Frequency Drives
2. When VFD’s Are Not Advantageous
3. Selection Process - New Pumps & Retrofit Pumps
4. Example Case Study to generate Performance Curves for VSD Retrofit (Single Stage End Suction Centrifugal Pump)
Flow regulation at constant head in feedwater pumps in a sugar industryIJECEIAES
In this paper the feasibility of energy saving by implementing flow regulation at constant load in feedwater pumps in a sugar industry is studied. As regulation strategy, the use of a variable speed drive in the hydraulic system is proposed. For the project evaluation, the Net Present Value and Payback Period techniques are used. Among the variables considered are the price of energy, the equipment useful life, financial data and those related to environmental impact. As a result, it was found that if only a commercial approach is considered, the energy saving strategy is profitable but not attractive, because investment is recovered in a period close to the useful life of technology. However, if a government focus that encourages the implementation of these energies saving strategies is considered, the investment of the project recovers in a short time.
A Hydraulic Wind Power Transfer System Operation And ModelingSara Perez
This document summarizes a mathematical model of a hydraulic wind power transfer system. The system uses hydraulic pumps driven by wind turbines to transfer pressurized fluid through pipes to hydraulic motors connected to electric generators in a central unit. The summary models the dynamics of system components like pumps, motors, pipes, valves, and the overall system. Test results are used to verify the accuracy of the mathematical model in simulating the system's dynamic behavior and step responses under different operating conditions.
Minimizing power requirment for pumps in dairy industryAdarsh M.kalla
The document discusses ways to minimize power requirements for pumps in the dairy industry. It discusses how pumps account for 20-50% of energy usage in dairy plants and introduces various pump types used. Methods to improve pump efficiency are proposed, including proper sizing of pumps to avoid throttling, use of variable speed drives, impeller trimming, parallel pumping, and regular maintenance. Adopting these strategies can reduce pumping energy usage by 30-50% and lower costs. The document emphasizes the need for dairy plants to invest in more efficient pumping systems and sustainable energy sources.
Centrifugal compressor anti-surge control system modellingIJECEIAES
From the middle of XX century, natural gas is an important mineral, widely used in the energy sector. Transportation of natural gas is carried out via gas pipeline networks and compression stations. One of the key features which need to be implemented for any centrifugal gas compressor is a surge protection. This article describes the method and develops software application intended for simulation and study of surge protection system of a centrifugal compressor used in modern gas compression stations. Within the article research method, modelling environment’s block diagram, proposed algorithms and results are described. For surge cases control and prediction, Anti-surge control block implemented which based on practical experience and centrifugal compressor theory. To avoid complicated energy balancing differential equations the volumetric flow calculation algorithm proposed which is used in combination with Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Developed software’s adequacy test performed through modeling of onestage gas compression scheme at rated speed with comparison of parameters with reference commercial software and verification of the anti-surge control system.
REVIEW OF FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGA...ijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to find the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Simulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coefficients at junctions. A mathematical model based on s uccessive approximations then would be employed to estimate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the three pipe branches of s ome diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be st udied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,reynolds number on the resistan ce coefficient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
This document summarizes energy efficient hydraulic system solutions that can minimize losses and reduce energy consumption. It discusses valve-controlled mobile systems and compares conventional designs to more advanced concepts using techniques like flow matching to reduce pressure differences. It also examines pump-controlled industrial systems using variable speed pumps for improved efficiency. Specific solutions presented include counterbalancing, hydraulic transmissions, and hybrid systems to recover braking energy. Analysis shows energy savings of 10-50% are possible in many applications through optimized system design.
Power Flow Control in Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for reducing grid current total harmonic distortion in a wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The method uses optimal torque control for maximum power point tracking from the wind turbines. It then employs vector control of the grid-side inverter to both control active power injection into the grid and eliminate higher-order current harmonics from local nonlinear loads, improving power quality. Simulation results demonstrate the benefits of maximum power point tracking at different wind speeds and lower total harmonic distortion when the harmonic elimination function is used.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for reducing grid current total harmonic distortion in a grid-connected wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The method uses the grid-side inverter, which normally injects power into the grid, to also eliminate high-order harmonics generated by a nonlinear load connected to the grid. Simulation results on a system with a 20 kW permanent magnet synchronous generator show that when a nonlinear load is connected, the proposed harmonic elimination method significantly reduces the total harmonic distortion of the grid current compared to when it is not used. The maximum power point tracking algorithm employed also achieves over 97% tracking efficiency across different wind speeds tested.
Modelling, identification and experimental validation of a hydraulic manipula...Mo shk
This document summarizes modelling, identification, and experimental validation of a hydraulic manipulator joint for control purposes. It presents the development of a dynamic model of the joint, which includes submodels of the servovalve, fluid dynamics, and vane and load. System parameters were identified using experimental data from a hydraulic manipulator. The model was validated by comparing simulation results to experimental responses, showing good correlation. The accurate model can be used to develop a robust force controller for the hydraulic manipulator joint.
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 9ǁ September 2013 ǁ PP.29-38
Evaluation of Efficiency Improvement Potential Applying
Proportional Pressure Control for Variable Speed Pumps in
Water Supply
Deniss Pilscikovs1, Egils Dzelzitis2
1
2
Institute of Heat, Gas and Water Technology, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
Institute of Heat, Gas and Water Technology, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
ABSTRACT: The proportional pressure control of centrifugal pumps may significantly increase the efficiency
of water supply systems in terms of both electrical energy consumption and water leakage. The goal of this
research is the derivation of the approximation concept for evaluation of the efficiency improvement potential
applying the proportional pressure control for variable speed pumps in water supply. The proportional pressure
control has been compared with the constant pressure control. For this reason, the energy calculation analyses
have been made for certain pumps. The concept for evaluation of the efficiency improvement potential has been
derived and experimentally tested. The interaction among the energy consumption, water leakage, and
declination of the pump proportional pressure control curve has been found at the specific load profile. Based
on the average possible linear declination of the pump proportional pressure control curve (15%) and the
average water leakage in network (24%) in Latvia, the conclusions are as follows: 1) 12.2% of annually
consumed electrical energy may be saved up in water supply systems applying the proportional pressure control
is used instead of the constant pressure control; 2) The annual reduction of the existing water leakage rate may
reach 3.7% in water supply networks.
KEYWORDS: Control, efficiency, leakage, pressure, pumps, water
I.
INTRODUCTION
Pumps and pumping systems consume about 10% of the total electrical energy produced in the world,
and more than half of that may be saved up [1, 2].A lot of scientific papers were dedicated to the energy
efficiency investigation in centrifugal pump technology [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Some of the research works show the
results of the experimental measurements of variable speed pumps. Some of the research works show the
theoretical approach on energy calculation for variable speed pumps in water supply systems.
The researches related with the energy efficiency of centrifugal pump technology are as follows:
- Efficiency evaluation of variable speed pumps’ operation in water supply systems with a focus on
efficiency level at partial load and reduced rotation.
- Measurements of actual parameters of pumping systems and optimization proposals for certain pumping
system.
- System reliability and energy efficiency analysis for variable and constant speed pumps.
- Construction and operation analysis of the single stage end-suction centrifugal pump.
- Interaction analysis of pressure and water leakage.
- Measurements and improvement of energy efficiency of pumping stations with a focus on activation order
of variable speed pumps.
- Theoretical analysis of variable speed pumps control modes.
- Theoretical analysis of load profiles.
No one research concerns the analysis of the energy efficiency improvement potential of variable speed
centrifugal pumps’ operation in water supply systems (based on different load profiles and the proportional
pressure control).Normally network pumps are operating via the constant pressure control in water supply. The
proportional pressure control mode is the most efficient mode of the booster pumps’ control in water supply
systems. The closer the proportional pressure control curve is to the system curve the higher level of the energy
efficiency can be obtained. At the same time, the level of water leakage is being decreased. The proportional
pressure control is generally recommended to the systems where the total pressure drop is mostly dedicated to
the piping system. Thus the proportional pressure control is advised to be applied in water supply systems with
relatively long piping network.
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2. Evaluation Of Efficiency Improvement…
The evaluation of the efficiency improvement potential is very important when applying the
proportional pressure control for variable speed pumps in water supply systems. To make an evaluation of the
efficiency improvement potential in water supply systems, the proportional pressure control has been compared
with the constant pressure control. The energy improvement evaluation concept can be derived taking into
account a specific load profile of water supply systems. Various energy calculations have been realized based on
the load profile. With the certain research focused on the evaluation of operation of pumping systems, it’s
possible to substantially increase the total level of efficiency in engineering networks, thus contributing to
energy saving in the world.
II. APPROXIMATION CONCEPT FOR EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
POTENTIAL
The proportional pressure control has been compared to the constant pressure control during the
development of the approximation concept for evaluation of the efficiency improvement potential for variable
speed network pumps in water supply systems. The proportional pressure control curves are described with the
declinations within the range of 0-80% from the head value of the duty point. It is done in comparison with the
constant pressure control curve (Fig.1).
Figure 1 Pumps’ control modes (1 – constant pressure; 2-3 – proportional pressure with linear influence)
It was assumed that min 20% of the total head value of the duty point is related to the static head in
water supply networks [9]. Then 80% of the total head value of the duty point is related to the friction losses.
The energy consumption has been analyzed when the proportional pressure control of variable speed pump
comes as an alternative to the constant pressure control for the same system. Equations (1-6) show the
relationships among rotational speed, flow rate, head, power and efficiency values when variable speed drive is
used for centrifugal pumps [1]:
Qn n n
Qx n x
(1)
Hn n n
Hx n x
Pn n n
Px n x
n
1
x
2
(2)
3
TOT P M FC
P
gQH
H
P1
P1
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(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
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3. Evaluation Of Efficiency Improvement…
The Table 1 shows the change of head values at certain flow components and declinations of the pump
proportional pressure control curve within the range of 0-80% [1].
Table 1 Declinations of proportional pressure control curve with linear influence [10]
Flow components
Declinations
of proportional
pressure control curve
100%
75%
55%
35%
12%
0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
100%
100%
100%
95%
90%
85%
80%
91%
82%
73%
64%
87%
74%
61%
48%
82%
65%
47%
30%
To analyze the consumption of the electrical energy, the load profile of pumping system in water
supply has been taken into account. It has been assumed that the annual operation of pumping systems is 3285
hours in public water supply systems [11, 12]. The load profile is divided into five parts with the following flow
values: 100%, 75%, 55%, 35% and 12% of the flow rate at the duty point, and each flow component
corresponds to the certain duration of operational time:
- 100% → 5%;
- 75% → 9%;
- 55% → 14%;
- 35% → 27%;
- 12% → 45%.
Each flow component corresponds to the certain duration of operational time as a part of the total
duration of operation per year (Fig.2).
Figure 2 Theoretical load profile of network pumps in public water supply
The energy calculation analyses have been performed for variable speed centrifugal pumps in water
supply systems (Table 2). The certain load profile has been used. The calculation principle is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Energy calculation (proportional pressure control/constant pressure control)
Flow component, %
100
75
55
35
12
100-Δ1
100-Δ2
100-Δ3
100-Δ4
100-Δ5
Operational time, h/year
164
296
460
887
1478
Power (P1), kW
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
Energy consumption, kWh/year
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
Head value, %
Energy consumption, kWh/year
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ΣBn
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4. Evaluation Of Efficiency Improvement…
The comparison of the consumed energy has been performed after the energy calculation analyses of
various variable speed centrifugal pumps. The amount of the consumed energy at different declinations of the
pump proportional pressure control curve has been compared with the amount of the energy consumed at the
constant pressure control mode (Table 3).
Table 3 Comparison of consumed energy at different declinations of proportional pressure control curve
Declination of proportional
pressure control curve, %
0
20
40
60
80
Difference in consumed energy
(proportional pressure curve vs. constant
pressure curve), %
1-ΣB0/ΣB0
1-ΣB20/ΣB0
1-ΣB40/ΣB0
1-ΣB60/ΣB0
1-ΣB80/ΣB0
The calculation of annual energy consumption for variable speed network pumps has been carried out.
It has been done at the certain declinations of the pump proportional pressure control curve: 20%, 40%, 60%
and 80% from the head value of the duty point (Fig.3).
Figure 3 Reduction of energy consumption applying proportional pressure control (vs. constant pressure)
Based on the calculation of the annual energy consumption for network pumps, the regression equation
has been derived. The regression equation (7) of the linear trend type ( y a 0 a1 x ) and the respective
coefficient of determination (R2) has been derived (using trendline in Excel):
y1 (0.63 0.02) x 0.02 0.01
(7)
The Equation (7) can be used as a tool for evaluation of the potential reduction of the energy
consumption of variable speed network pump in water supply. The proportional pressure control is used with the
declinations within the range of 0-80% (at the given load profile).As a load profile is a variable then the
equation is being changed accordingly. The potential reduction of the energy consumption has been estimated in
comparison with the constant pressure control, if the value of the duty point remains invariable. Water leakage
may significantly be decreased as well, if the proportional pressure control has been applied for variable speed
pumps in water supply networks. The calculation of the water leakage has been performed for various variable
speed centrifugal pumps in water supply systems. The certain theoretical load profile has been applied (Table 4).
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5. Evaluation Of Efficiency Improvement…
Table 4 Calculation of water leakage index (proportional pressure control/constant pressure control)
Flow component, %
100
Head value, %
75
55
35
12
100-Δ5
100-Δ1
100-Δ2
100-Δ3
100-Δ4
Operational time, h/year
164
296
460
887
1478
Water leakage index
Water leakage index with
influence of flow/time
components
Water leakage index with
influence of flow/time
components
C1/C100
C2/C100
C3/C100
C4/C100
C5/C100
CQt1
CQt2
CQt3
CQt4
CQt5
ΣCQtn
The calculations of the water leakage indexes have been performed. The decrease of the water leakage
has been determined at different declinations of the proportional pressure control curve (Table 5).
Table 5 Comparison of water leakage at different declinations of proportional pressure control curve
Declination of proportional
pressure control curve, %
0
20
40
60
80
Difference in water leakage rate
(proportional pressure curve vs. constant
pressure curve), %
1-ΣCQt0/ΣCQt0
1-ΣCQt20/ΣCQt0
1-ΣCQt40/ΣCQt0
1-ΣCQt60/ΣCQt0
1-ΣCQt80/ΣCQt0
The Torricelli’s equation (8) can be used to determine the decrease level of the water leakage in piping
systems by decreasing the head value of the pump [13]. The discharge coefficient “0.6” has been applied to
Torricelli's Equation to more accurately model the flow through an orifice. The coefficient stands for the flow of
fluid through a sharp edged orifice:
C 2 g H 0.6
(8)
The calculation of the decrease of annual leakage rate in water supply networks has been carried out. It
has been done at the certain declinations of the pump proportional pressure control curve: 20%, 40%, 60% and
80% from the head value of the duty point (Fig.4).
Figure 4 Annual decrease of water leakage from current water leakage rate applying proportional
pressure control (vs. constant pressure)
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6. Evaluation Of Efficiency Improvement…
Based on the calculation of the decrease of annual leakage rate in water supply networks, the regression
equation has been derived. The regression equation of linear trend type ( y a 0 a1 x ) and the respective
coefficient of determination (R2) has been derived (using trendline in Excel):
y 2 (0.28 0.01) x (0.5 0.4) 10 2
(9)
The Equation (9) can be used as a tool for evaluation of the potential reduction of the water leakage of
the existing leakage rate in piping system at different declinations of the pump proportional pressure control
curve. As a load profile is a variable then the equation may be changed accordingly. The potential reduction of
the leakage has been estimated in comparison with the constant pressure control, if the value of the duty point
remains invariable.
III.
VERIFICATION OF APPROXIMATION CONCEPT FOR EVALUATION OF
EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL
The measurements have been done in the public water supply system (the second stage boosting
station) of the town Jaunolaine in the beginning of 2012. The second stage boosting station is located not far
from Riga city (20 km). The water supply system supplies drinking water to 2000 inhabitants in a town.
The water supply system is described with the following parameters:
- The drinking water consumption is 131400 m3/year,
- The daily drinking water consumption is 360 m3/day,
- Max drinking water consumption per hour is 36 m3/h,
- The pressure value after a boosting station is 3.5 bar ≈ 35 m,
- The water leakage in network is ~20%,
- The load profile (Fig.5).
Figure 5 Load profile of network pumps in public water supply system
The pressure boosting station is described with following parameters:
- The boosting station consist of 5 pumps (1 – drinking water pump, 2 – firefighting pumps, 2 – stand by
pumps),
- All the pumps are with built-in frequency converters for variable flow,
- Each pump is with the nominal flow/head: 45 m 3/h @ 60 m,
- Each pump has a motor of P2=11 kW,
- Each pump has the maximum efficiency (BEP) of 64.8 %,
- The pumps are controlled via the constant pressure control: 35 m after the boosting station,
- The control panel of the booster station allows controlling the variable speed pumps via the constant
pressure or proportional pressure (Control MPC-E).
The following working parameters have been measured during the analysis of the comparison of the
constant and proportional pressure control:
- Flow value per hour (m3/h),
- Pressure value (bar),
- Power value (W),
- Electrical energy consumption (kWh).
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7. Evaluation Of Efficiency Improvement…
-
The following tools have been used during the analysis of the pump control modes:
Energy meter (accuracy: ±0.1%),
Ultrasonic flow meter (accuracy: ±0.5-2%),
Thickness meter (accuracy: ±1% + 0.02 mm),
Pressure sensors (accuracy: ±2%),
Registering equipment (data logger, accuracy: ±0.2% at 20ºC).
Each of the parameters has been measured every 30 minutes during one month (29 days).The
measurements have been done in two steps by using a monitoring program – each pump control mode has been
tested during a month. The proportional pressure pump control has been realized at the declination of 15% of the
pump proportional pressure control curve. This value of the declination has been chosen in order to provide a
constant pressure level at the distal end-user across the day-night period. A constant pressure level at the critical
end-user has been provided at both minimal and maximal flow rates. The hydraulic friction losses across the
whole network are 5 m or ~15% from the total head value of the duty point. The rest 30 m are related to the
static head which consists of the maximum building height (12 m), the topography height (3 m) and the pressure
value at the critical tap (15 m). The layout of the network is shown in Fig.6.
Figure 6 Sketch of public water supply network
The measurements of the head, power and energy values are shown in Fig. 7, Fig.8 and Fig.9.
Figure 7 Pressure values (from left: constant pressure; from right: proportional pressure)
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8. Evaluation Of Efficiency Improvement…
Figure 8 Power values (from left: constant pressure; from right: proportional pressure)
Figure 9 Energy consumption values (from left: constant pressure; from right: proportional pressure)
During the proportional pressure control, the flow value varies from 6 m3/h up to 33 m3/h (Fig.10). The
measured pressure values after the boosting station vary from 2.9 up to 3.5 bars within the flow range. The
pumping station activates “night mode” when the flow value decreases less than 6 m 3/h. The pumps then stop
(the pressure values vary from 2.8 up to 3.4 bar at the zero flow).
Figure 10 Pressure and flow values applying constant and proportional pressure control
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9. Evaluation Of Efficiency Improvement…
The real measured savings of electrical energy is 11.7% (the proportional pressure with the declination
of 15% has been compared with the constant pressure).By applying the approximation concept for evaluation of
the efficiency improvement potential, the calculated savings of electrical energy are 12.1%.The absolute error is
~0.4%, if the approximation concept for evaluation of the efficiency improvement potential is compared to the
field measured data.
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
As the result, the interaction among the energy consumption, water leakage, and declination of the
pump proportional pressure control curve has been found at the specific load profile (Fig.11).
Figure 11 Interaction among energy consumption, water leakage, and declination of pump proportional
pressure control curve
This has been found when the proportional pressure control was compared with the constant pressure
control. If the pump control mode is known, then the current pump control mode should be considered to be
changed (based on hydraulic calculations). If it is possible to change the constant pressure/existing proportional
pressure control to the proportional pressure control with the bigger control curve declination, then the potential
energy savings may be evaluated using the Fig.11 (see leftwards). If the current water leakage rate is known for
the system, then it is possible to detect the potential reduction of the existing water leakage rate using the Fig.11
(see rightwards).In Latvia, the average declination level of the pump proportional pressure control curve is 15%
in small towns (up to 10000 inh.), and the average water leakage in the network is 24%.1. About 12.2% of the
annually consumed electrical energy may be saved up in water supply systems changing the control of variable
speed network pumps from the constant pressure control to the proportional pressure control (the linear
declination of the pump proportional pressure control curve is 15%).
2. The annual reduction of the existing water leakage rate may reach up to 3.7% in water supply
systems. It is possible if the linear declination of the pump proportional pressure control curve is 15%. The total
annual leakage reduction is 0.9% of the annually delivered water rate in water supply systems, if the network is
described with the current leakage rate of 24%.
The following limitations have been taken into account during the research:
- The proportional pressure control mode with linear influence has been chosen;
- Each duty point has been met with the appropriate pump;
- The deviation from the pump efficiency optimum is up to 3% for each duty point;
- The declination value of the pump proportional pressure control curve varies from 0 to 80%.
During the study, the energy analyses of 8 variable speed centrifugal pumps have been realized [10, 15].
NOMENCLATURE
C
Water speed at pipe rupture (m/s)
g
Acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)
H
Pump head (m)
n
Pump rotational speed (RPM)
P1
Pump motor input power (kW)
PH
Power delivered to pumped liquid (kW)
Q
Flow rate (m3/s)
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10. Evaluation Of Efficiency Improvement…
R2
Coefficient of determination
x
Declination of pump proportional pressure control curve (%)
y1
Reduction of energy consumption (proportional pressure control vs. constant pressure control) (%)
y2
Decrease of water leakage from current water leakage rate (proportional pressure control vs. constant
pressure control) (%)
P
Efficiency of pump (%)
M
Efficiency of motor (%)
FC
Efficiency of frequency converter (%)
Efficiency of complete pump unit: pump and motor (%)
TOT
Total efficiency of complete pump unit with frequency converter (%)
Density of pumped liquid (kg/m3)
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