1. The document studied the effect of industrial effluents (textile, tannery, battery) on the compaction characteristics of expansive soil.
2. Standard Proctor tests were conducted on soil mixed with 0-100% of each effluent. For textile and battery effluents, optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry unit weight decreased with higher effluent content. For tannery effluent, optimum moisture content decreased and maximum dry unit weight increased.
3. The maximum changes observed were a 24% increase in optimum moisture content and 1.5% decrease in maximum dry unit weight for 100% textile effluent, an 11% decrease in optimum moisture
IRJET- Study on Mechanical and Structural Properties of Geopolymer Concrete M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical and structural properties of geopolymer concrete made with recycled aggregates. Six mixes of geopolymer concrete beams were cast with different proportions of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and partial replacement of recycled coarse aggregates. The beams were tested to determine properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, load-deflection behavior, crack patterns, and failure modes. Test results showed that geopolymer concrete with recycled aggregates exhibited improved mechanical and structural performance compared to a control mix.
IRJET- Study of Geopolymer Concrete using Granite Slurry as Sand Replacem...IRJET Journal
This document studies the properties of geopolymer concrete using granite slurry to replace river sand at different replacement levels. Fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag are used in a 30:70 ratio as geopolymer materials. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution are used as an alkaline activator at a molar ratio of 0.56. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths of the concrete mixtures are tested at 28 days. Additionally, beam-column joints are cast using different replacement levels of granite slurry and tested under half cyclic loading to study properties such as load-deflection behavior, ductility, and stiffness degradation. Test results show that strengths increase with granite slurry replacement up to 30
IRJET- Effect of Chrome Tanning Effluent on Cohesive SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of chrome tanning effluent on cohesive soils. The researchers collected chrome tanning effluent from a tannery in India and mixed it with natural clay soil at different percentages to test how the effluent impacts the soil properties. Their results showed that the liquid limit and plastic limit of the clay soil increased as the percentage of tannery effluent added increased. They also tested how adding waste stone powder and lime to the contaminated soil could increase its unconfined compressive strength. The goal of the study was to evaluate how tannery effluent impacts engineering properties of soil and how industrial byproducts can be used to stabilize contaminated soils.
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
This study investigated using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) from demolished structures as coarse aggregate in new concrete. Tests found that concrete with 100% RCA had 87% of the compressive strength of concrete with natural coarse aggregate at 28 days. The slump of RCA concrete was also lower but could be improved by using saturated surface dry RCA. Additional cement was needed for 100% RCA concrete to achieve similar workability and strength as natural aggregate concrete. The results show that while RCA concrete has lower strength and workability, it can still produce adequate quality concrete and promotes more sustainable construction practices through resource reuse.
IRJET - Identification and Remediation of Dispersive SoilsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the identification and remediation of dispersive soils. Two soils, lithomargic and laterite, were tested using a double hydrometer test. The lithomargic soil was found to have a dispersion rate of 67%, identifying it as a dispersive soil. The laterite soil had a dispersion rate of 28.5%, identifying it as non-dispersive. Lime was added to the lithomargic soil at rates of 2%, 4%, and 6% to remediate it. The 6% lime addition reduced the dispersion rate from 67% to 12.9%, indicating that lime addition can effectively treat dispersive soils.
An Experimental Investigation on GGBSand Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete wit...IJERA Editor
Extensive research is currently going on to evaluate geo-polymer in civil engineering application. The project aims at making ecofriendly concrete and increasing the strength of the concrete. Cement, the second most consumed product in the world, 5% – 8% of world’s man made greenhouse gas emission are from the cement industry itself. It is well known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources and release of large volume of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, coal burning power plants produce huge quantities of fly ash. Most of the fly ash is considered as waste, dumped in landfills and GGBS exhibits cementitious as well as pozzolanic characteristics so it is quite right in choosing of fly ash and GGBS for concrete mix. Due to over exploitation of river sand for the construction, resulting in river bed erosion. So government frames more restrictions in exploiting them. In order to overcome this issue we use to replace river sand by quarry dust. Alkaline liquids are used as the binding materials, alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are the solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, molarity of Sodium Hydroxide 10 M is taken to prepare different mixes. And the strength is calculated for each of the mix. Curing is done by placing specimens at room temperature. The specimen are tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, the test includes compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength. The test results shows that GGBS and Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
IRJET- Study on Mechanical and Structural Properties of Geopolymer Concrete M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical and structural properties of geopolymer concrete made with recycled aggregates. Six mixes of geopolymer concrete beams were cast with different proportions of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and partial replacement of recycled coarse aggregates. The beams were tested to determine properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, load-deflection behavior, crack patterns, and failure modes. Test results showed that geopolymer concrete with recycled aggregates exhibited improved mechanical and structural performance compared to a control mix.
IRJET- Study of Geopolymer Concrete using Granite Slurry as Sand Replacem...IRJET Journal
This document studies the properties of geopolymer concrete using granite slurry to replace river sand at different replacement levels. Fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag are used in a 30:70 ratio as geopolymer materials. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution are used as an alkaline activator at a molar ratio of 0.56. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths of the concrete mixtures are tested at 28 days. Additionally, beam-column joints are cast using different replacement levels of granite slurry and tested under half cyclic loading to study properties such as load-deflection behavior, ductility, and stiffness degradation. Test results show that strengths increase with granite slurry replacement up to 30
IRJET- Effect of Chrome Tanning Effluent on Cohesive SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of chrome tanning effluent on cohesive soils. The researchers collected chrome tanning effluent from a tannery in India and mixed it with natural clay soil at different percentages to test how the effluent impacts the soil properties. Their results showed that the liquid limit and plastic limit of the clay soil increased as the percentage of tannery effluent added increased. They also tested how adding waste stone powder and lime to the contaminated soil could increase its unconfined compressive strength. The goal of the study was to evaluate how tannery effluent impacts engineering properties of soil and how industrial byproducts can be used to stabilize contaminated soils.
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
This study investigated using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) from demolished structures as coarse aggregate in new concrete. Tests found that concrete with 100% RCA had 87% of the compressive strength of concrete with natural coarse aggregate at 28 days. The slump of RCA concrete was also lower but could be improved by using saturated surface dry RCA. Additional cement was needed for 100% RCA concrete to achieve similar workability and strength as natural aggregate concrete. The results show that while RCA concrete has lower strength and workability, it can still produce adequate quality concrete and promotes more sustainable construction practices through resource reuse.
IRJET - Identification and Remediation of Dispersive SoilsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the identification and remediation of dispersive soils. Two soils, lithomargic and laterite, were tested using a double hydrometer test. The lithomargic soil was found to have a dispersion rate of 67%, identifying it as a dispersive soil. The laterite soil had a dispersion rate of 28.5%, identifying it as non-dispersive. Lime was added to the lithomargic soil at rates of 2%, 4%, and 6% to remediate it. The 6% lime addition reduced the dispersion rate from 67% to 12.9%, indicating that lime addition can effectively treat dispersive soils.
An Experimental Investigation on GGBSand Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete wit...IJERA Editor
Extensive research is currently going on to evaluate geo-polymer in civil engineering application. The project aims at making ecofriendly concrete and increasing the strength of the concrete. Cement, the second most consumed product in the world, 5% – 8% of world’s man made greenhouse gas emission are from the cement industry itself. It is well known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources and release of large volume of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, coal burning power plants produce huge quantities of fly ash. Most of the fly ash is considered as waste, dumped in landfills and GGBS exhibits cementitious as well as pozzolanic characteristics so it is quite right in choosing of fly ash and GGBS for concrete mix. Due to over exploitation of river sand for the construction, resulting in river bed erosion. So government frames more restrictions in exploiting them. In order to overcome this issue we use to replace river sand by quarry dust. Alkaline liquids are used as the binding materials, alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are the solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, molarity of Sodium Hydroxide 10 M is taken to prepare different mixes. And the strength is calculated for each of the mix. Curing is done by placing specimens at room temperature. The specimen are tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, the test includes compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength. The test results shows that GGBS and Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
Efecto de sulfato de calcio en propiedades geotécnicas de suelos arcillososJhulianaNieva1
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the effect of calcium sulphate (CaSO4.2H2O) on the geotechnical properties of two clayey soils (grey clay and red clay) stabilized with lime, natural pozzolana, and their combination. The study measured changes in Atterberg limits and unconfined compressive strength with the addition of calcium sulphate over various curing periods. The results showed that lime and the lime-pozzolana combination successfully reduced plasticity and increased strength for both soils. The addition of calcium sulphate to these mixtures further decreased plasticity and provided higher strength gains.
This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the compressive strength of concrete containing
Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA) blended with Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and its resistance to acid aggression, as well
as regression models of the concrete resistance in acidic environment. The GHA and RHA used were obtained
by controlled burning of groundnut husk and rice husk, respectively in a kiln to a temperature of 600 oC, and
after allowing cooling, sieved through sieve 75 µm and characterized. The compressive strength of GHA-RHAConcrete
was investigated at replacement levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 %, respectively by weight of cement. A
total of seventy five 150 mm cubes of GHA-RHA-Concrete grade 20 were tested for compressive strength at 3,
7, 28, 60 and 90 days of curing. Also, thirty 100 mm cubes were exposed to attack from 10 % concentration of
diluted solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), respectively and the concrete resistance was
also modeled using Minitab statistical software to establish regression models. The result of the investigations
showed that the compressive strength of the concrete decreased with increase in GHA-RHA content. However
15 % replacement with GHA-RHA was considered as optimum for structural concrete. The use of GHA
admixed with 10 % RHA in concrete improved its resistance against sulphuric and nitric acids aggression. The
average weight loss of GHA-RHA- concrete after 28 days of exposure in sulphuric acid and nitric acid were
11.6 % and 11.7 %, respectively as opposed to 22.4 % and 15.1 %, respectively for plain Portland cement
concrete. The regression models of GHA-RHA-Concrete for resistance against sulphuric and nitric acids were
developed with R2
values of 0.668 and 0.655, respectively and were adequate for prediction of the sensitivities
of pozzolanic activity of GHA-RHA in acidic environment.
This document summarizes a study on the strength, economic, and sustainability characteristics of geopolymer concrete made with coal ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The study found that:
1) Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete achieved a compressive strength of 68MPa, while bottom ash-based concrete only achieved 32MPa due to the larger particle size of bottom ash.
2) Curing geopolymer concrete at ambient temperature resulted in comparable strengths as curing at elevated temperatures.
3) An economic analysis found that geopolymer concrete can be produced at a comparable cost to ordinary Portland cement concrete, while offering significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions.
IRJET - Influence of Additives on SepioliteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the influence of additives on the properties of sepiolite clay. Sepiolite clay was mixed with two additives - fly ash and kaolinite clay - at various percentages. The basic properties of the sepiolite, fly ash, and kaolinite used in the study are described. When fly ash was added to sepiolite at 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight, consistency limits decreased with increased additive content while unconfined compressive strength improved up to 48% with 4% fly ash. For sepiolite mixed with 25% and 50% kaolinite, consistency limits decreased and unconfined compressive strength improved up to 33%
IRJET- Efficacy of Lime and Fly Ash on CBR Value of Dredged Marine SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding lime and fly ash to dredged marine soil on its compaction characteristics and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value. Laboratory tests were conducted by adding lime at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% and fly ash at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% to the dredged soil. The results showed that the optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with the addition of lime up to 2%, after which the trend reversed. The optimum moisture content decreased and maximum dry density increased with the addition of fly ash. Both lime and fly ash improved the CBR value of the soil up to certain concentrations, with lime providing the highest improvement at 6
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Experimental Study of Clayey Soil Stablised with Fly Ash and Recron-3sIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on stabilizing clayey soil with fly ash and recron-3s fibers. Standard proctor and unconfined compressive strength tests were performed on soil samples with varying proportions of fly ash (10-50%) and recron-3s fibers (0.2-1.0%). The test results showed that the optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher fly ash and fiber content. Fly ash content was optimized at 15% to increase unconfined compressive strength. Further addition of 0.8% recron fibers improved the strength even more. The optimal mix was determined to be 84.2% soil, 15% fly ash, and 0.
A Laboratory Study of Cyclic Plate Load Test on Lime and Rice Husk Ash Treate...IJMER
This document summarizes a study on the strength characteristics of marine clay subgrade when stabilized with rice husk ash and lime. Marine clay is problematic for construction due to its expansive nature. The study involved laboratory tests to determine the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, CBR and plate load characteristics of marine clay treated with varying percentages of rice husk ash and lime. Test results showed that treating the marine clay with 25% rice husk ash and 9% lime increased the ultimate bearing capacity and reduced settlements under cyclic plate loading compared to untreated marine clay. The study concluded that chemical stabilization of marine clay with rice husk ash and lime improves its strength properties and suitability as a subgrade for flexible pavements.
IRJET- Investigation on Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses an investigation into geopolymer concrete as an alternative to traditional cement concrete. It provides background on geopolymer concrete, including that it uses an alkaline activator and fly ash as its binding material instead of cement. The document then details the materials and mix proportions used to create geopolymer concrete specimens for the study. Specifically, it used a mix ratio of fly ash to fine and coarse aggregates of 1:1.54:3.43. The specimens were cast and cured by exposure to daylight instead of heat curing. The compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete specimens was then tested at various ages and found to reach the target strength of M25 grade concrete within 14 days of daylight curing.
A REPORT ON PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This research work is to examine the partial replacement of cement in concrete mistreatment rice husk ash. It involved the study of strength properties of the concrete with totally different proportions of rice husk ash as partial replacement in cement. Methods: The major problem sweet-faced by the globe nowadays is that the environmental pollution. In the industry, mainly the production of cement can cause the emission of pollutants that includes a nice impact on atmosphere. This can be reduced by the magnified usage of business by-products within the industry. Findings: In this present study, to produce the concrete, Portland cement is partially substituted with Rice husk ash. Different ratios of partial replacement is done like 1/3, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% is taken to prepare completely different mixes. The concrete specimens are tested for their compressive strength, split tensile strength take a look at and flexural strength test at the age of seven and twenty eight days.
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Diffusion Characteristics of Kaolinite Flyash LinerIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the diffusion characteristics of kaolinite partially replaced with fly ash as a landfill liner material. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the compaction properties and diffusion of chlorine ions through kaolinite mixtures with varying percentages (0-30%) of fly ash replacement. The results showed that partial replacement of kaolinite with fly ash up to 20% decreased the diffusion coefficient compared to pure kaolinite. Above 20% fly ash replacement, the diffusion coefficient started to increase. It was concluded that partial fly ash replacement of up to 20% is acceptable for use as a landfill liner material to reduce diffusion, while maintaining structural integrity.
IRJET- Experimental Approach for Stabilizing Sub Grades on Expansive SoilIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on stabilizing expansive subgrade soil with lime. The soil was treated with varying amounts of lime (0-10% by weight) and tested to determine the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Free Swell Index (FSI). Test results showed that with increasing lime content, the CBR of the soil increased while the FSI decreased. Specifically, CBR increased from 2.48 for untreated soil to a maximum of 9.2% at 8% lime, while FSI decreased from 45 for untreated soil to a minimum of 12 at 10% lime. The optimal lime content was found to be 10%, resulting in the most significant improvement in soil strength and reduction in swelling properties
Behavior of Black Cotton Soil with Addition of Sodium Carbonate and Calcium C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the effectiveness of stabilizing black cotton soil with sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. Black cotton soil samples were prepared with chemical solutions containing 0.5-3% of each chemical by weight of soil. Tests were conducted to determine the index properties, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength, and triaxial shear strength of the treated soils at 0, 3 and 7 days of curing. The results showed that both chemicals increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil compared to the untreated soil. Calcium carbonate was found to be more effective than sodium carbonate in improving the strength and stability of the black cotton soil.
Using rbi grade 81 a comparative study of black cotton soil and lateritic soileSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study comparing the effects of adding RBI Grade 81 stabilizer to black cotton soil and lateritic soil. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect on engineering properties. The tests showed that with the addition of 1-2% RBI Grade 81 by weight, the liquid limit and plasticity index of both soils decreased while the unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio increased. The strengths continued to improve with curing time. It was concluded that RBI Grade 81 is an effective stabilizer for improving the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil and black cotton soil.
A Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil with Flyash and Marble DustIRJET Journal
This study examines the properties of black cotton soil stabilized with fly ash and marble dust. Black cotton soil is problematic as it becomes very hard when dry but loses all strength when wet. To address this, the soil was mixed with fly ash obtained from a local power plant and marble dust obtained from a marble industry, with varying proportions from 5-50% by weight. Tests were conducted to determine the liquid limit, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio of the soil-additive mixtures. The results showed that addition of fly ash and marble dust decreased the plasticity of the soil and increased the workability. Up to 15% additive content, the unconfined compressive strength increased, but
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IRJET- Effect of Bentonite Clay on Compaction, CBR and Shear Behaviour of...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding bentonite clay to Narmada sand. Various laboratory tests were conducted including modified compaction tests, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, and direct shear tests on mixtures with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% bentonite by dry weight. The results showed that maximum dry density increased with bentonite content up to 15% but then decreased, and optimum moisture content consistently increased. CBR values decreased with higher bentonite content. Shear strength increased as evidenced by higher cohesion but lower friction angles in the mixtures compared to the sand alone.
“STUDY ON STABILIZATION OF CLAYEY SOIL USING FLY ASH AND LIME”IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing clayey soil using fly ash and lime additives. In the study, a clayey soil sample was obtained and tested to determine its baseline engineering properties. Fly ash was then added to the soil in increments of 5% by mass, and a series of tests were conducted to observe the changes in properties at each increment. The tests showed improvements to properties like maximum dry density, CBR value, and UCS with 25% fly ash addition. Lime was then added in 2% increments to the soil with 25% optimized fly ash, and further improvements were observed, such as increased dry density and decreased optimum moisture content with 6% lime.
Evaluation of volumetric shrinkage ofmarble dust soil compositeeSAT Journals
Abstract Locally available reddish soil was analysed for volumetric shrinkage strain by treating it with marble dust till 40%. Volumetric shrinkage strain in soils indicates the variation in volume of compacted soil, which will result in inducing cracking of soil sample. This property majorly affects soil used as liner material since shrinkage and subsequent cracking results in voids, which interrupt the proper functioning of liner. The soil sample were compacted using standard and modified Proctor compactive effort using moulding water contents -2, 0 and +2 percentage relative to optimum. The soil samples compacted at required water content and corresponding density were extruded from the compaction mould and kept fordrying, till it was completely dry. The variation in volume and weight of sample is recorded each consecutive 5 days. The results obtained indicated that the volumetric shrinkage strain were large within the first five days of drying. The weight also found to decrease largely within first five days of drying. The VSS value was found to decrease till 25 percentage marble dust addition and there after increase slightly. It was also found to increase with higher moulding water content. Using the results, compaction plane of acceptable zones were also plotted, from which marble dust addition percentages satisfying the regulatory value of VSS ≤ 4% is proposed as 25%. Keywords:Marble dust, Landfill liner, Compactive effort, Hydraulic conductivity, Volumetric shrinkage strain, Relative to optimum
Sodium Bentonite soil Stabilized by Using the Agriculture WasteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing sodium bentonite soil using agricultural waste materials. Sodium bentonite soil is problematic with low strength and high swelling properties. The study mixes sodium bentonite soil with rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash at various percentages to improve soil properties. Standard Proctor tests found maximum dry densities at 10% addition for both rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash. Unconfined compressive strength and CBR tests showed strength increases with curing time up to 28 days for soil mixtures with 10% ash and 10% cement. The study concludes agricultural wastes can effectively stabilize bentonite soil and improve its engineering properties.
Efecto de sulfato de calcio en propiedades geotécnicas de suelos arcillososJhulianaNieva1
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the effect of calcium sulphate (CaSO4.2H2O) on the geotechnical properties of two clayey soils (grey clay and red clay) stabilized with lime, natural pozzolana, and their combination. The study measured changes in Atterberg limits and unconfined compressive strength with the addition of calcium sulphate over various curing periods. The results showed that lime and the lime-pozzolana combination successfully reduced plasticity and increased strength for both soils. The addition of calcium sulphate to these mixtures further decreased plasticity and provided higher strength gains.
This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the compressive strength of concrete containing
Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA) blended with Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and its resistance to acid aggression, as well
as regression models of the concrete resistance in acidic environment. The GHA and RHA used were obtained
by controlled burning of groundnut husk and rice husk, respectively in a kiln to a temperature of 600 oC, and
after allowing cooling, sieved through sieve 75 µm and characterized. The compressive strength of GHA-RHAConcrete
was investigated at replacement levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 %, respectively by weight of cement. A
total of seventy five 150 mm cubes of GHA-RHA-Concrete grade 20 were tested for compressive strength at 3,
7, 28, 60 and 90 days of curing. Also, thirty 100 mm cubes were exposed to attack from 10 % concentration of
diluted solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), respectively and the concrete resistance was
also modeled using Minitab statistical software to establish regression models. The result of the investigations
showed that the compressive strength of the concrete decreased with increase in GHA-RHA content. However
15 % replacement with GHA-RHA was considered as optimum for structural concrete. The use of GHA
admixed with 10 % RHA in concrete improved its resistance against sulphuric and nitric acids aggression. The
average weight loss of GHA-RHA- concrete after 28 days of exposure in sulphuric acid and nitric acid were
11.6 % and 11.7 %, respectively as opposed to 22.4 % and 15.1 %, respectively for plain Portland cement
concrete. The regression models of GHA-RHA-Concrete for resistance against sulphuric and nitric acids were
developed with R2
values of 0.668 and 0.655, respectively and were adequate for prediction of the sensitivities
of pozzolanic activity of GHA-RHA in acidic environment.
This document summarizes a study on the strength, economic, and sustainability characteristics of geopolymer concrete made with coal ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The study found that:
1) Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete achieved a compressive strength of 68MPa, while bottom ash-based concrete only achieved 32MPa due to the larger particle size of bottom ash.
2) Curing geopolymer concrete at ambient temperature resulted in comparable strengths as curing at elevated temperatures.
3) An economic analysis found that geopolymer concrete can be produced at a comparable cost to ordinary Portland cement concrete, while offering significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions.
IRJET - Influence of Additives on SepioliteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the influence of additives on the properties of sepiolite clay. Sepiolite clay was mixed with two additives - fly ash and kaolinite clay - at various percentages. The basic properties of the sepiolite, fly ash, and kaolinite used in the study are described. When fly ash was added to sepiolite at 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight, consistency limits decreased with increased additive content while unconfined compressive strength improved up to 48% with 4% fly ash. For sepiolite mixed with 25% and 50% kaolinite, consistency limits decreased and unconfined compressive strength improved up to 33%
IRJET- Efficacy of Lime and Fly Ash on CBR Value of Dredged Marine SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding lime and fly ash to dredged marine soil on its compaction characteristics and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value. Laboratory tests were conducted by adding lime at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% and fly ash at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% to the dredged soil. The results showed that the optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with the addition of lime up to 2%, after which the trend reversed. The optimum moisture content decreased and maximum dry density increased with the addition of fly ash. Both lime and fly ash improved the CBR value of the soil up to certain concentrations, with lime providing the highest improvement at 6
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Experimental Study of Clayey Soil Stablised with Fly Ash and Recron-3sIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on stabilizing clayey soil with fly ash and recron-3s fibers. Standard proctor and unconfined compressive strength tests were performed on soil samples with varying proportions of fly ash (10-50%) and recron-3s fibers (0.2-1.0%). The test results showed that the optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher fly ash and fiber content. Fly ash content was optimized at 15% to increase unconfined compressive strength. Further addition of 0.8% recron fibers improved the strength even more. The optimal mix was determined to be 84.2% soil, 15% fly ash, and 0.
A Laboratory Study of Cyclic Plate Load Test on Lime and Rice Husk Ash Treate...IJMER
This document summarizes a study on the strength characteristics of marine clay subgrade when stabilized with rice husk ash and lime. Marine clay is problematic for construction due to its expansive nature. The study involved laboratory tests to determine the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, CBR and plate load characteristics of marine clay treated with varying percentages of rice husk ash and lime. Test results showed that treating the marine clay with 25% rice husk ash and 9% lime increased the ultimate bearing capacity and reduced settlements under cyclic plate loading compared to untreated marine clay. The study concluded that chemical stabilization of marine clay with rice husk ash and lime improves its strength properties and suitability as a subgrade for flexible pavements.
IRJET- Investigation on Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses an investigation into geopolymer concrete as an alternative to traditional cement concrete. It provides background on geopolymer concrete, including that it uses an alkaline activator and fly ash as its binding material instead of cement. The document then details the materials and mix proportions used to create geopolymer concrete specimens for the study. Specifically, it used a mix ratio of fly ash to fine and coarse aggregates of 1:1.54:3.43. The specimens were cast and cured by exposure to daylight instead of heat curing. The compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete specimens was then tested at various ages and found to reach the target strength of M25 grade concrete within 14 days of daylight curing.
A REPORT ON PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This research work is to examine the partial replacement of cement in concrete mistreatment rice husk ash. It involved the study of strength properties of the concrete with totally different proportions of rice husk ash as partial replacement in cement. Methods: The major problem sweet-faced by the globe nowadays is that the environmental pollution. In the industry, mainly the production of cement can cause the emission of pollutants that includes a nice impact on atmosphere. This can be reduced by the magnified usage of business by-products within the industry. Findings: In this present study, to produce the concrete, Portland cement is partially substituted with Rice husk ash. Different ratios of partial replacement is done like 1/3, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% is taken to prepare completely different mixes. The concrete specimens are tested for their compressive strength, split tensile strength take a look at and flexural strength test at the age of seven and twenty eight days.
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Diffusion Characteristics of Kaolinite Flyash LinerIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the diffusion characteristics of kaolinite partially replaced with fly ash as a landfill liner material. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the compaction properties and diffusion of chlorine ions through kaolinite mixtures with varying percentages (0-30%) of fly ash replacement. The results showed that partial replacement of kaolinite with fly ash up to 20% decreased the diffusion coefficient compared to pure kaolinite. Above 20% fly ash replacement, the diffusion coefficient started to increase. It was concluded that partial fly ash replacement of up to 20% is acceptable for use as a landfill liner material to reduce diffusion, while maintaining structural integrity.
IRJET- Experimental Approach for Stabilizing Sub Grades on Expansive SoilIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on stabilizing expansive subgrade soil with lime. The soil was treated with varying amounts of lime (0-10% by weight) and tested to determine the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Free Swell Index (FSI). Test results showed that with increasing lime content, the CBR of the soil increased while the FSI decreased. Specifically, CBR increased from 2.48 for untreated soil to a maximum of 9.2% at 8% lime, while FSI decreased from 45 for untreated soil to a minimum of 12 at 10% lime. The optimal lime content was found to be 10%, resulting in the most significant improvement in soil strength and reduction in swelling properties
Behavior of Black Cotton Soil with Addition of Sodium Carbonate and Calcium C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the effectiveness of stabilizing black cotton soil with sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. Black cotton soil samples were prepared with chemical solutions containing 0.5-3% of each chemical by weight of soil. Tests were conducted to determine the index properties, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength, and triaxial shear strength of the treated soils at 0, 3 and 7 days of curing. The results showed that both chemicals increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil compared to the untreated soil. Calcium carbonate was found to be more effective than sodium carbonate in improving the strength and stability of the black cotton soil.
Using rbi grade 81 a comparative study of black cotton soil and lateritic soileSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study comparing the effects of adding RBI Grade 81 stabilizer to black cotton soil and lateritic soil. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect on engineering properties. The tests showed that with the addition of 1-2% RBI Grade 81 by weight, the liquid limit and plasticity index of both soils decreased while the unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio increased. The strengths continued to improve with curing time. It was concluded that RBI Grade 81 is an effective stabilizer for improving the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil and black cotton soil.
A Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil with Flyash and Marble DustIRJET Journal
This study examines the properties of black cotton soil stabilized with fly ash and marble dust. Black cotton soil is problematic as it becomes very hard when dry but loses all strength when wet. To address this, the soil was mixed with fly ash obtained from a local power plant and marble dust obtained from a marble industry, with varying proportions from 5-50% by weight. Tests were conducted to determine the liquid limit, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio of the soil-additive mixtures. The results showed that addition of fly ash and marble dust decreased the plasticity of the soil and increased the workability. Up to 15% additive content, the unconfined compressive strength increased, but
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IRJET- Effect of Bentonite Clay on Compaction, CBR and Shear Behaviour of...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding bentonite clay to Narmada sand. Various laboratory tests were conducted including modified compaction tests, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, and direct shear tests on mixtures with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% bentonite by dry weight. The results showed that maximum dry density increased with bentonite content up to 15% but then decreased, and optimum moisture content consistently increased. CBR values decreased with higher bentonite content. Shear strength increased as evidenced by higher cohesion but lower friction angles in the mixtures compared to the sand alone.
“STUDY ON STABILIZATION OF CLAYEY SOIL USING FLY ASH AND LIME”IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing clayey soil using fly ash and lime additives. In the study, a clayey soil sample was obtained and tested to determine its baseline engineering properties. Fly ash was then added to the soil in increments of 5% by mass, and a series of tests were conducted to observe the changes in properties at each increment. The tests showed improvements to properties like maximum dry density, CBR value, and UCS with 25% fly ash addition. Lime was then added in 2% increments to the soil with 25% optimized fly ash, and further improvements were observed, such as increased dry density and decreased optimum moisture content with 6% lime.
Evaluation of volumetric shrinkage ofmarble dust soil compositeeSAT Journals
Abstract Locally available reddish soil was analysed for volumetric shrinkage strain by treating it with marble dust till 40%. Volumetric shrinkage strain in soils indicates the variation in volume of compacted soil, which will result in inducing cracking of soil sample. This property majorly affects soil used as liner material since shrinkage and subsequent cracking results in voids, which interrupt the proper functioning of liner. The soil sample were compacted using standard and modified Proctor compactive effort using moulding water contents -2, 0 and +2 percentage relative to optimum. The soil samples compacted at required water content and corresponding density were extruded from the compaction mould and kept fordrying, till it was completely dry. The variation in volume and weight of sample is recorded each consecutive 5 days. The results obtained indicated that the volumetric shrinkage strain were large within the first five days of drying. The weight also found to decrease largely within first five days of drying. The VSS value was found to decrease till 25 percentage marble dust addition and there after increase slightly. It was also found to increase with higher moulding water content. Using the results, compaction plane of acceptable zones were also plotted, from which marble dust addition percentages satisfying the regulatory value of VSS ≤ 4% is proposed as 25%. Keywords:Marble dust, Landfill liner, Compactive effort, Hydraulic conductivity, Volumetric shrinkage strain, Relative to optimum
Sodium Bentonite soil Stabilized by Using the Agriculture WasteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing sodium bentonite soil using agricultural waste materials. Sodium bentonite soil is problematic with low strength and high swelling properties. The study mixes sodium bentonite soil with rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash at various percentages to improve soil properties. Standard Proctor tests found maximum dry densities at 10% addition for both rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash. Unconfined compressive strength and CBR tests showed strength increases with curing time up to 28 days for soil mixtures with 10% ash and 10% cement. The study concludes agricultural wastes can effectively stabilize bentonite soil and improve its engineering properties.
IRJET- Effect of Fly Ash and Coir Waste on Geotechnical Properties of Expansi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of fly ash and coir waste on the geotechnical properties of expansive soil. The study involved mixing black cotton soil with varying percentages of fly ash (5-30%) and coir waste (2.5-5%) by dry weight. Standard proctor tests were conducted to determine the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) of the soil mixtures. Unconfined compression tests were also performed to measure the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the mixtures. The results showed that adding fly ash up to 20% increased the MDD, OMC and UCS, with the highest values obtained at 20% fly ash
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IRJET - Study on Site Soil Treated with Bagasse Ash as a Liner MaterialIRJET Journal
The document studies the use of sugarcane bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugar production, as an additive to site soil to improve its properties for use as a liner material in waste containment facilities. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of bagasse ash addition to determine optimal moisture content, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that bagasse ash improved the geotechnical properties of the soil, with hydraulic conductivity decreasing and strength increasing, indicating its potential as an effective and sustainable liner material.
IRJET- Consolidation Behaviour of Rice Husk Ash and Lime Stabilised Dredged SoilIRJET Journal
This document discusses the consolidation behavior of rice husk ash and lime stabilized dredged soil. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the engineering properties of dredged soil from Vizhinjam, India. The soil was treated with various percentages of rice husk ash and lime. Results showed that the optimum amounts were 10% rice husk ash and 4% lime, which increased the unconfined compressive strength by 1.54 and 1.78 times respectively compared to untreated soil. Testing also found that the treated soil had lower coefficients of consolidation and shorter times for 90% consolidation under surcharge loading compared to untreated soil. Therefore, rice husk ash and lime additives can effectively improve the strength and consolidation behavior of dredged soils
Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Geotechnical Properties o...IRJET Journal
The document studied the effect of adding granite powder and polypropylene fiber to expansive soil from Egypt to improve its geotechnical properties. Tests found that adding 30% granite powder reduced the soil's free swell index from 120% to 62%, decreased moisture content, and increased maximum dry density. At 30% granite powder, the soil's cohesion increased from 0.46 to 0.72 kg/cm2 and friction angle rose from 15.38 to 24.23 degrees. However, adding polypropylene fiber along with granite powder did not significantly further improve the soil's properties. A series of compaction, consolidation and direct shear tests were performed to evaluate the treated soil.
IRJET- Amendments in Soil using BiocharIRJET Journal
This study investigated the effects of locally produced biochar amendment on the mechanical properties of clay soil. Various tests were conducted on untreated clay and clay treated with different percentages of biochar (2-12%). The tests showed that biochar treatment generally decreased the liquid limit and plasticity index of clay while increasing the plastic limit. It also decreased the maximum dry density of treated clay but increased the optimum moisture content. Unconfined compressive strength tests determined that 10% biochar addition provided the optimum strength improvement to the clay. Overall, biochar treatment modified the engineering properties of clay to make it a potentially better material for construction applications.
IRJET- Study on Engineering Properties of Soil using Bagasse Ash and Sisal FiberIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the engineering properties of soil stabilized with bagasse ash and sisal fiber. Bagasse ash is a waste product from sugarcane mills that is mixed with clayey soil in proportions from 2-8% by weight. Sisal fiber, a natural fiber, is added to the soil-bagasse ash mixture in lengths of 2, 4, 6 mm and proportions of 1-2% by weight. Tests are conducted to determine the maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio of the stabilized soil mixtures. The results show that mixing 4% bagasse ash and 1% sisal fiber improves the engineering properties of the clayey soil. Further testing is
Comparative Study on Behaviour of Soft Soil Using Various AdmixturesIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Low bearing capacity and high settlement behaviour of expansive soils is the challenge for the engineers to work on it. But today, there are number of techniques available to control/improve the undesired properties of soil. The paper reviews the performance of different characteristics of soil on insertion of various admixtures like Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), RBI Grade 81, Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Fly Ash. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse and evaluate the index properties as well as the engineering properties of soil like plasticity, compaction, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio. It was concluded that the consistency limits decreases with the addition of fly ash, CKD, RHA & RBI Grade 8. The unconfined compressive strength & CBR value of treated soil mixture increases with the increase in percentage of CKD and RBI Grade 81.
Stabilization of black cotton soil using coir pithIRJET Journal
This document discusses the stabilization of black cotton soil using coir pith. Black cotton soil is an expansive soil that shrinks when dry and swells when wet. Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut processing, is used as an admixture to improve the properties of black cotton soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on black cotton soil mixed with 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, and 4% coir pith. The results showed that the plasticity index, maximum dry density, and unconfined compressive strength increased while the optimum moisture content decreased with the addition of 2-3% coir pith compared to untreated black cotton soil. California Bearing Ratio tests also indicated increased values
IRJET- Comparative Study of Various Characteristics of Different Kinds of Ex...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of the engineering properties of different types of expansive soils, including natural expansive soils and bentonite-mixed ordinary soils. A series of tests were conducted to determine properties like specific gravity, grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, California Bearing Ratio, free swell index, and unconfined compressive strength. The results showed that with increasing bentonite content, the clay content, liquid limit, and plasticity index of the mixed soils increased, while the maximum dry density from compaction testing decreased. This study provides data on how bentonite additions alter the key properties of expansive soils.
IRJET - Effect of Ceramic Dust on Geotechnical Properties of Clayey SoilIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into the effect of adding ceramic dust to clayey soil on the geotechnical properties of the soil. The researchers prepared soil samples with various proportions of ceramic dust added to clayey soil. They found that the Atterberg limits, optimum moisture content, and swelling index of the clayey soil decreased with the addition of ceramic dust. Meanwhile, the maximum dry and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values increased with the addition of ceramic dust up to 20%. Addition of more than 20% ceramic dust had negative effects on these strength properties. The researchers concluded that up to 20% ceramic dust can be used to improve the detrimental properties of clayey soil.
Enhancement in Properties of Clayey Soil with addition of Calcium Chloride, B...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the enhancement of properties of clayey soil through the addition of calcium chloride, brick kiln dust, and rubber fiber. Clayey soil is expansive in nature and causes issues for structures built on it. The study aims to evaluate mixtures of soil, brick kiln dust at 15-50%, calcium chloride at 15%, and rubber fiber at 0.5-1.5% through various tests. The tests show that mixtures with calcium chloride exhibited higher strength, lower plasticity index, and lower free swell index. This indicates that calcium chloride, brick kiln dust, and rubber fiber can effectively stabilize expansive soils and improve their engineering properties.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Formulation and Characterization of ...IRJET Journal
1. The document investigates the use of oyster shells as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete.
2. Various concrete mixtures were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% replacement of coarse aggregate with oyster shells.
3. The compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of the concrete mixtures were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that replacement of up to 10% oyster shells increased the strengths of the concrete compared to the normal mixture. Higher replacement levels of 20% showed decreased strengths.
IMPROVEMENT OF EXPANSIVE SOIL USING LIME & WASTE GLASS POWDERIRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study on improving the properties of expansive soil through stabilization with waste glass powder and lime. Several laboratory tests were conducted on untreated and treated soil samples, including specific gravity, liquid limit, plastic limit, free swell index, standard proctor, and CBR tests. The aim was to determine the percentage of waste glass powder and lime required to maximize soil strength. Results showed that adding up to 10% waste glass powder and 2% lime increased the specific gravity, reduced the liquid limit and plasticity index, and improved the CBR value compared to untreated soil, with the optimum mix being 6% glass powder. This indicates waste glass powder and lime can effectively stabilize expansive soil.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
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More from International Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com (20)
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
ISSN: 2278-7461, www.ijeijournal.com
Volume 1, Issue 7 (October2012) PP: 22-28
EFFECT OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON
COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
EXPANSIVE SOIL–A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Dr.A.V.Narasimha Rao1, M.Chittaranjan2
1
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, S.V.University, Tirupati -517502, INDIA
2
Senior Lecturer, Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, Guntur District-522101, INDIA
Abstract:––The rapid growth in population and industrialization cause generation of large quantities of effluents. The bulk
effluents generated from industrial activities are discharged either treated or untreated over the soil leading to changes in soil
properties causing improvement or degradation of engineering behaviour of soil. If there is an improvement in engineering
behaviour of soil, there is a value addition to the industrial wastes serving the three benefits of safe disposal of effluent,
using as a stabilizer and return of income on it. If there is degradation of engineering behaviour of soil then solution for
decontamination is to be obtained. Expansive soils are mostly found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In India
expansive soils are called black cotton soils because of their colour and cotton growing potential. Expansive soils undergo
swelling when they come into contact with water and shrink when water is squeezed out. The typical swelling/shrinkage
behaviour is due to the basic mineral composition of the montmorillonite. The Swelling nature of soil causes lot of damages
to civil engineering structures which are constructed over them. Hence in this paper the effect of certain industrial effluents
on compaction behaviour has been presented. The soil used in this investigation is classified as “SC” as per I.S.Classification
system. It is highly expansive nature as the Differential Free Swell Index is about 255%.The Proctor’s compaction tests are
conducted on the soil treated with Textile, Tannery and Battery effluents at different percentages from 20 to 100% in
increment of 20%.In order to compare the results of admixed soil, tests are also conducted on untreated soil. There is a
decrease in Optimum Moisture Content values and increase in Maximum Dry Unit Weight of soil is treated with Tannery
effluent and whereas increase in Optimum Moisture Content values and decrease in Maximum Dry Unit weight of soil with
Textile and Battery effluent.
Keywords:––Expansive Soil, Textile Effluent, Tannery Effluent, Battery Effluent, Optimum Pore fluid Content, Maximum
Dry Unit weight.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Index and Engineering properties of the ground gets modified in the vicinity of the industrial plants mainly as
a result of contamination by the industrial wastes disposed. The major sources of surface and subsurface contamination are
the disposal of industrial wastes and accidental spillage of chemicals during the course of industrial operations. The leakage
of industrial effluent into subsoil directly affects the use and stability of the supported structure. Results of some studies
indicate that the detrimental effect of seepage of acids and bases into sub soil can cause severe foundation failures.
Extensive cracking damage to the floors, pavement and foundations of light industrial buildings in a fertilizer plant
in Kerala state was reported by Sridharan (1981).Severe damage occurred to interconnecting pipe of a phosphoric acid
storage tank in particular and also to the adjacent buildings due to differential movements between pump and acid tank
foundations of fertilizer plant in Calgary, Canada was reported by Joshi (1994). A similar case of accidental spillage of
highly concentrated caustic soda solution as a result of spillage from cracked drains in an industrial establishment in Tema,
Ghana caused considerable structural damage to a light industrial buildings in the factory, in addition to localized subsidence
of the affected area has been reported by Kumapley (1985). Therefore, it is a better to start ground monitoring from the
beginning of a project instead of waiting for complete failure of the ground to support human activities and then start
remedial actions. In many situations, soils in natural state do not present adequate geotechnical properties to be used as road
service layers, foundation layers and as a construction material. In order to adjust their geotechnical parameters to meet the
requirements of technical specifications of construction industry, studying soil stabilization is more emphasized. Hence an
attempt has been made by researchers to use industrial wastes as soil stabilizers so that there is a value addition to the
industrial wastes and at the same time environmental pollution can also minimized.
Shirsavkar (2010) have been made experimental investigations to study the suitability of molasses to improve
some properties of soil. He observed that the value of CBR is found to increase by the addition of molasses. Kamon Masashi
(2001) reported that the durability of pavement is improved when stabilized with ferrum lime-aluminum sludge. Ekrem
Kalkan (2006) investigated and concluded that cement–red mud waste can be successfully used for the stabilization of clay
liners in geotechnical applications. In practice foundation layers, subgrade layer of pavement and also most of the laboratory
experiments are conducted at Optimum moisture content and Maximum Dry Unit weight of soil. Hence an attempt is made
in this investigation to study the effect of certain industrial effluents such as Textile effluent, Tannery effluent and Battery
effluent on the compaction characteristics of an Expansive Soil.
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2. EFFECT OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON…
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
2.1.Materials used
2.1.1. Soil
The soil used for this investigation is obtained from CRS near Renigunta, Tirupati. The dried and pulverized
material passing through I.S.4.75 mm sieve is taken for the study. The properties of the soil are given in Table.1. The soil is
classified as “SC” as per I.S. Classification (IS 1498:1970) indicating that it is clayey sand. It is highly expansive in nature
as the Differential Free Swell Index (DFSI) is about 255%.
Table: 1 Properties of Untreated soil
Sl.No. Property Value
1. Grain size distribution
(a)Gravel (%) 3
(b)Sand (%) 65
(c)Silt +Clay (%) 32
2. Atterberg Limits
(a)Liquid Limit (%) 77
(b)Plastic Limit (%) 29
(c)Plasticity Index (%) 48
3. Differential Free Swell Index (%) 255
2
4. Swelling Pressure (kN/m ) 210
5. Specific Gravity 2.71
6. pH Value 9.20
7. Compaction characteristics
(a) Maximum Dry Unit Weight (kN/m3) 18.3
(b) Optimum Moisture Content(%) 12.4
8. California Bearing Ratio Value (%) at
(a)2.5mm Penetration 9.98
(b) 5.0mm Penetration 9.39
2
9. Unconfined compressive Strength(kN/m ) 173.2
2.1.2 Industrial Effluents Strength(kN/m2)
2.1.2.1 Textile effluent
Textile effluent is a coloured liquid and soluble in water. The chemical properties of the effluent are shown in
Table. 2.
2.1.2.2 Tannery effluent
Tannery industry effluent is dark coloured liquid and soluble in water. The chemical composition of Tannery
effluent is given in Table.3
2.1.2.3. Battery effluent
Battery effluent is a colourless liquid and soluble in water. The chemical properties of the effluent are shown in Table
.4
Table.2: Chemical Composition of Textile Effluent
Sl.No Parameter Value
1. Colour Yellow
2. PH 9.83
3. Chlorides 380mg/l
4. Alkalinity 2400mg/l
5. Suspended solids 1500gm
6. Total solids 13.50
7. BOD 150mg/l
8. COD 6200mg/l
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3. EFFECT OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON…
Table. 3: Chemical Composition of Tannery Effluent
S.No. PARAMETER VALUE
1. Color Black
2. pH 3.15
3. Chromium 250 mg/l
4. Chlorides 200 mg/l
5. Sulphates 52.8 mg/l
6. Total Hardness 520 mg/l
7. BOD 120 mg/lit
8. COD 450 mg/lit
9. Suspended Solids 1200 mg/lit
Table.4: Chemical Composition of Battery Effluent
S.No. PARAMETER VALUE
1. Color White
2. pH 8.45
3. Sulphates 250 mg/l
4. Chlorides 30 mg/l
5. Lead Sulfate 63.08%
6. Free Lead 7.44%
7. Total Lead 75.42%
8. BOD 110 mg/l
9. COD 320 mg/l
PROCEDURE FOR MIXING
The soil from the site is dried and hand sorted to remove the pebbles and vegetative matter if any. It is further dried
and pulverized and sieved through a sieve of 4.75mm to eliminate gravel fraction if any. The dried and sieved soil is stored
in air tight containers and ready to use for mixing with effluents.
The soil sample so prepared is then mixed with solutions of different concentrations of Textile, Tannery and
Battery effluent. The percentage varied from 20 to 100% in increment of 20%.The soil - effluent mixtures are mixed
thoroughly before testing.
I. TESTS CONDUCTED ON TREATED SOIL
4.1. Standard Proctor Test
The compaction parameters, Optimum pore fluid Content and Maximum Dry Unit Weight play a vital role in
changing the strength characteristics of an Expansive soil. But these two parameters are strongly influenced by pore fluid
chemistry. Hence in this investigation Standard Proctor’s compaction tests are carried out on expansive soil treated with
Textile effluent, Tannery effluent, Battery effluent at various percentages of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% by dry
weight of the soil.
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1. Compaction Parameters-Textile Effluent
Fig.1: Variation of Dry Unit Weight with per cent Pore fluid content
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4. EFFECT OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON…
The results of the Standard Proctor’s compaction tests, conducted at different percentages of Textile effluent are
reported in Fig.1. From these curves, it is observed that the peak points are shifted towards right with per cent increase of
effluents.
5.2. Compaction Parameters-Tannery effluent`
Fig.2: Variation of Dry Unit Weight with per cent Pore fluid content
The results of the Standard Proctor’s compaction tests, conducted at different percentages of Tannery effluent
are reported in Fig.2.The Top most curve corresponds to 100% of Tannery effluent followed by 80 %, 60 %, 40 %, 20 % and
0% respectively. From these curves, it is observed that the peak points are shifted towards left with per cent increase of
Tannery effluent.
5.2.3. Compaction Parameters-Battery effluent
The results of the Standard Proctor’s compaction tests, conducted at different percentages of Battery effluent are
reported in Fig 3.The Top most curve corresponds to 0% of Battery effluent followed by 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100%
respectively.
Fig.3.Variation of Dry Unit Weight with per cent Pore fluid content
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5. EFFECT OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON…
III. OPTIMUM PORE FLUID CONTENT (O.P.C) -COMPARATIVE STUDY
The variation of the optimum pore fluid content at different percentages of Textile, Tannery and battery effluents are
shown in Table.5. The percentage increase/decrease in pore fluid content at different percentages of effluents is shown in
Table.6. From the table it is observed that the maximum percentage increase in optimum pore fluid content for 100%
Textile effluent is about 24% where as 100% Battery effluent it is about 14%.It is found that the maximum percentage
decrease in optimum pore fluid content for 100% Tannery effluent is about 11%.
Table: 5: Optimum Pore fluid (OPC) Content at different Percentages of effluents
Effluent(%):Water(%)%) O.P.C (%)
Textile Tannery Battery
12.4 12.4
0:100 12.4
12.1 13.5
20:80 12.6
11.9 13.6
40:60 12.9
11.6 13.7
60:40 13.4
11.3 13.9
80:20 14.4
11.1 14.1
100:0 15.4
Table: 6: Percent increase/decrease in Optimum Pore fluid Content at different
Percentages of effluents
Effluent(%):Water(%)%)
Percent increase/decrease in O.P.C
Textile Tannery Battery
- -
0:100 -
- -
-2.41 8.87
20:80 1.61
-2.41 +8.87
-4.03 9.67
40:60 4.03
-4.03 +9.67
-6.45 10.48
60:40 8.06
+10.48
-8.87 12.09
80:20 16.12
-8.87 +12.09
-10.48 13.71
100:0 24.19
-10.48 +13.71
The variation of optimum pore fluid content at different percentages of effluents is shown in Fig .4. From the figure
it is observed that the Optimum Pore fluid Content increases with per cent increase of Textile and Battery effluents where as
it decreases in the case of Tannery effluent. The maximum percentage increase or decrease in Optimum Pore fluid Content
occurs at 100% effluent in all the three cases in the tested range.
Fig.4: Variation of Optimum Pore fluid Content with percentages of effluents
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6. EFFECT OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON…
IV. MAXIMUM DRY UNIT WEIGHT (M.D.U) - COMPARATIVE STUDY
The variation of the Maximum Dry Unit Weight at different percentages of Textile, Tannery and Battery effluents
are shown in Table.7.The Percent increase/decrease in maximum dry unit weight at different effluent percentages are also
shown in Table.8. From the table it is observed that the maximum percentage decrease in maximum dry Unit Weight for
100% Textile effluent is about 1.5% and for 100% Battery effluent it is about 6.0%.It is found that the maximum percentage
increase in Maximum Dry Unit Weight for 100% Tannery effluent is about 8%
Table.7.Variation of Maximum Dry Unit Weight (M.DU) at different
Percentages of effluents
Effluent(%):Water(%) M.D.U (kN/m3)
Textile Tannery Battery
18.3
0:100 18.30 18.30
18.6
20:80 18.27 17.71
18.8
40:60 18.22 17.51
19.1
60:40 18.14 17.41
19.5
80:20 18.09 17.37
19.8
100:0 18.03 17.2
Table: 8. Percent increase/decrease in Maximum Dry Unit Weight (M.D.U) at different
effluent percentages
Effluent (%): Water (%) Maximum Dry Unit Weight (kN/m3)
Textile Tannery Battery
0:100 - - -
20:80 -0.16 1.64 -3.22
40:60 -0.43 2.73 -4.31
60:40 -0.87 4.37 -4.86
80:20 -1.14 6.55 -5.08
100:0 -1.47 8.20 -6.01
The variation of Maximum Dry Unit Weight with different percentages of the three effluents are shown in Fig.5.From
the figure it is observed that the Maximum Dry Unit Weight decreases with per cent increase of Textile and Battery effluents
where as it increases in the case of Tannery effluent. The maximum percentage increase or decrease occurs at 100% effluent
in all the three cases.
Fig.5: Variation of Maximum Dry Unit Weight at different percentages of effluents
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7. EFFECT OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON…
V. MECHANISM INVOLVED IN MODIFICATION OF COMPACTION PARAMETERS
In the case of Expansive soils the Engineering behavior of the soil is governed by thickness of diffused double
layer. The thickness of double layer in turn affected by pore fluid chemistry such as Dielectric Constant, Electrolyte
Concentration, Ion valency, and hydrated ion radius etc., When Soil interacts with Industrial effluents; the interaction
changes the pore fluid chemistry and subsequently the thickness of diffused double layer. These changes are likely to be
reflected by variation in compaction characteristics and also engineering properties of soil.
When soil is mixed with Textile effluent the dry density decreases and Optimum Pore fluid Content increases. This
could be attributed to ion exchange at the surface of clay particle. The chlorides in the additives reacted with the lower
valence metallic ions in the clay microstructure and causes decrease in double layer thickness. The decrease in double layer
thickness causes increase in attractive forces and decrease in repulsive forces leading to flocculated structure. Hence Dry
density decreases. Due to retaining of water within the voids of flocculated structure water holding capacity of soil increases
hence optimum moisture content also increases.
When soil is mixed with Tannery effluent the dry density increases and Optimum Pore fluid Content decreases.
This is attributed due to adsorption of Chromium CrO4 ions on to the clay particles present in the Tannery effluent. Due to its
higher valence adsorption of chromium decreases the double layer thickness. The reduction of the double layer thickness
brings the particles closer and hence the maximum dry density increases. Therefore using the same amount of compaction
energy, the particles pack better together and the dry density increases. Consequent on particles becoming closer and
decreased water holding capacity the optimum water content decreases.
When soil is mixed with Battery effluent the dry density decreases and Optimum Pore fluid Content increases.
This is attributed due to adsorption of sulphates on to the clay particles present in the Battery effluent. Adsorption of divalent
negative sulphate ions causes entire clay particles to be negatively charged. If the entire clay particle becomes negatively
charged it increases the activity of clay mineral the absorbed water surrounding which has considerable volume leads to
increase in optimum moisture content. The increase in the double layer thickness may cause increase in repulsive forces and
dispersion of clay particles. Hence it offers more resistance to pack better together leading to decrease in Maximum Dry
Density.
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Industrial activity is necessary for socio-economic progress of a country but at the same time it generates large
amounts of solid and liquid wastes. Disposal of solid or liquid effluents, waste by-products over the land and or accidental
spillage of chemicals during the course of industrial process and operations causes alterations of the physical and mechanical
properties of the ground in the vicinity of industrial plants. If soil waste interaction causes improvement in soil properties
then the industrial wastes can be used as soil stabilizers. On other hand if it causes degradation of soil properties then the
solution for decontamination of soil is to be obtaine
In this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the effect of certain industrial effluents such as Textile,
Tannery and Battery effluents on Compaction characteristics of expansive clayey sand. From the results presented in this
investigation, the following conclusions are drawn.
An Expansive clay considered in this investigation is sensitive when it is treated with
Industrial effluents.
When soil is treated with Textile and Battery effluents separately an increase in Optimum moisture content and
decrease in maximum dry density is observed. But when it is treated with Tannery effluent opposite trend is observed.
Hence the Strength Characteristics such as California Bearing Ratio, Unconfined Compressive Strength, Triaxial
shear Strength Parameters which are obtained at Optimum Pore fluid Content and Maximum Dry Unit Weight are strongly
influenced by these three industrial effluents.
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Proc. Of the XIII ICSMFE, New Delhi, Vol.4, 1569-1574. (1994)
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