The document provides a comprehensive overview of the female reproductive system, including its anatomy, physiology, and functions such as oogenesis, fertilization, and fetal development. It details the roles and structures of external and internal reproductive organs, as well as the blood and nerve supply, and highlights the significance of various reproductive processes. Additionally, it discusses mammary glands and the hormonal roles of the ovaries, citing multiple sources for further reference.

1. UNIT : 2 REVIEW OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM AND FOETALDEVELOPMENT
TOPIC : Anatomy And Physiology Female
Reproductive System
Mrs.R.Mohana.M.Sc (Nsg)
B.Sc DEGREE COURSE IN NURSINGIV YEAR
(BASIC)
Midwifery and Obstetrical Nursing

2. WHY DO WE NEED TO REPRODUCE?INTRODUCTION:
• To ensure survival of the species
• To produce eggs and sperm cells
• To transport and sustain thesecells
• To nurture the developing offspring
• To produce hormones

3. OVERVIEW
 The female reproductive system is designed to carryout several functions.
 4 is the normal pH of the vagina.
 40 weeks is the normal gestation period.
 400 oocytes released between menarche andmenopause.
 400,000 oocytes present at puberty.
 28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.
 280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in anormal gestation period

4. TERMINOLOGIES
 OOGENESIS-The development of the egg ovum inthe ovary.
 OOGONIA: during fetal growth the oogonia (2n) divide to form primary oocytes
(2n), at puberty these willform secondary oocytes (n) and later eggs (n) each month.
 GRANULOSA CELLS: nourish the developing eggcells

5.  Diploid : (2n)-human cell contains 46 chromosomesand is called diploid (2n).
 Haploid : (n). sex cells, called gametes, contain only23 chromosomes, haploid
(n).
 VAGINA : canal that connects the uterus to theenvironment
 CERVIX : muscular ring of tissue at mouth of uterusseparating it from the
vagina, holds the fetus in place

6. FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVESYSTEM
Formation of ova
 Reception of spermatozoa
 Provision of suitable environment for fertilization andfetal development
 Parturition
 Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment
for the baby in its earlylife.

7. FUNCTIONS OF EXTERNAL FEMALEREPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
To enable sperm to enter the body
Protect the internal genital organs from infectiousorganisms.

8. FUNCTIONS OF INTERNAL FEMALEREPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
The internal genital organs form a pathway (the genitaltract). This pathway consists
of the following functions:
Vagina (part of the birth canal), where sperm aredeposited and from which
a baby can emerge
 Uterus, where an embryo can develop into a fetus
 Fallopian tubes (oviducts), where a sperm can fertilizean egg
 Ovaries, which produce and release eggs

9. EXTERNAL FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS
MONS PUBIS
A region of adipose tissue above the vagina that iscovered with hair.
LABIA: Rich in nerve endings and blood vesselsProtects internal organs against
pathogens Functions in sexual arousal

10. LABIA MAJORA
Has two folds of adipose tissue that border each sideof the vagina.
The labia majora enclose and protect the otherexternal reproductive organs.
Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora arerelatively large and fleshy
It contain sebaceous glands .After puberty, the labiamajora are covered with
hair.

11. LABIA MINORA
The labia minora are smaller folds (forchette) of skin thatlie inside the labia majora.
Contains no hair follicles or sweat glands.
The folds contain connective tissues numerous sebaceous gland, erectile muscle
fibers and numerousvessels and nerve endings
surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joinsthe lower part of the uterus to
the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the
outside of the body).

12. CLITORIS
It is small cylindrical erectile bodyMeasuring about
1.5 to 2cm
Situated in the most anterior part of the vulva The twolabia minora meet at the
clitoris
A small, sensitive protrusion.
The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called theprepuce, richly supplied
with nerves.
The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and canbecome erect.

13. VESTIBULE
The vestibule is formed by the labia minora.
It encloses
Urethral opening,
Vaginal orifice and hymen, Ducts from the greatervestibular

14. URETHERAL OPENING
Situated in midline just infront of the vaginal orificeAbout 1-1.5 cm below the
pubic arch.

15. VAGINAL ORIFICE AND HYMEN
Lies in the posterior end of the vestibule
It completely enclosed by a septum of mucousmembrane called hymen
Hymen Located just inside the vaginal OpeningNo known function; not
always present
It is usually ruptured at the consummation of marriage

16. DUCTS FROM THE GREATER VESTIBULAR
Bartholin's glands:
There are two bartholin’s glands one on each side
Each gland has a duct which measures about 2 cmand open into vestibular
outside
Close to the posterior end of the vestibular bulb
During sexual excitement it secretes abundant alkalinemucus which helps in
lubrication.

17. BLOOD SUPPLY
Arteries – Branch of internal pudendal arteryBranch of femoral
artery
Veins – Internal pudendal vein
Vesicle or vaginal venous plexusLong saphenous
vein

18. NERVE SUPPLY
Bilateral somatic nerve
Anterosuperior part:
Cutaneous branch from ilioinguinal Genital branch from
genitofemoral nerve
Posteroinferior part:
Pudental branch from posterior cutaneoys nerve

19. LYMPHATIC
Superficial inguinal nodes
Intermediate groups of inguinal lymph nodesExternal and internal
iliac lymph nodes

20. INTERNAL FEMALE GENITAL ORGAN
Vagina = “birth canal”
• A tube like, muscular but elastic organ
• About 4 to 5 inches long in an adult woman.
• PH- 4 acidic
• It is the passageway for sperm to the egg and formenstrual bleeding
• Organ of copulation and forms the birth canal ofparturition

21. STRUCTURE OF THE VAGINA
Posterior wall of vagina is 10 c m longAnterior wall is
only 7.5 cm length
The upper end of the vagina is known as thevault
Pink in appearance
It connects the external genital organs to theuterus. the organ of
sexual intercourse in women.

22. FORNICS OF THE VAGINA
Formed at the top of vagina due to projection of theuterine cervix
Four fornics are there
One anterior – front of cervixOne posterior
– behind
Two lateral – either side of cervix

23. RELATIONS OF THE VAGINA
Anterior to the vagina – lie the bladder and the urethra which
are closely connected to the anterior vaginal wall
Posterior to the vagina – lie the pouch of douglas, the rectum and the perineal body;
each occupying one third of the posteriorvaginal wall
Laterally – on the upper two third are the pelvic fascia and the
ureters, which pass beside the cervix
Superior to the vagina – lies the utreus
Inferior to the vagina – lies the external genitalia

24. BLOOD SUPPLY
Arteries – cervico vaginal branch of uterine arteryvaginal artery-anterior division
of internal iliac & Internal pudendal
Veins – Internal iliac vein
Internal pudendal vein

25. LYMPHATIC
Internal iliac group Superficial inguinal
group

26. NERVE SUPPLY
Sympathetic and parasympathetic from the pelvicplexus
Lower part is supplied by the pudendal nerve

27. Female Reproductive System

28. Female
Vagina
–canalthat joints thecervix to
theOutside of the body
–also known as thebirth
canal

29. Female
Uterus
–hollow organ that is the home
to a developingfetus

30. Female
Ovaries
–produce eggs and
horomone
–oval-shaped Glands that are
Located oneithersideof the
uterus

31. Female
Fallopian Tubes
–tunnelsforthe eggcell
totravelfromtheovaries
totheuterus
–where fertilization
happens

32. REVIEW:
TheJourneyoftheEggCell (3)
(2)
(1)

33. Girls are born with over a million egg cells
but only about 400 are released during alifetime of menstrual
cycles.
No new eggs develop after birth.

34. STRUCTURE
The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular, pear-shapedorgan
Located in the middle of the pelvis, behind the bladder,and in front of the rectum.
The uterus is anchored in position by severalligaments.
The uterus consists of the cervix and the main body(corpus).

35. Continud….
The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, whichprotrudes into the upper
part of the vagina
It can be seen during a pelvic examination.
Like the vagina, the cervix is lined with a mucous membrane, but the mucous
membrane of the cervixis smooth.
Sperm can enter and menstrual blood can exit theuterus through a channel in
the cervix (cervical canal).

36. The cervical canal is usually narrow, but duringlabor, the canal widens to let
the baby through.
The cervix is usually a good barrier against bacteria, except around the time an
egg is released by the ovaries (ovulation), during themenstrual period, or during
labor..

37. FUNCTIONS OF THE UTREUS
The main function of the uterus is to sustain adeveloping fetus.
It prepare for this possibility for each month
At termination of pregnancy it expels the uterinecontents

38. Male+Female=Fertilization
sperm enters theegg
cell

39. Male+Female=Fertilization
- fertilization of an eggby a sperm, normallyoccurs in
thefallopiantubes
- fertilizedeggcelliscalleda zygote
- The zygote then moves to the uterus,where it
implants intothe liningof the uterine wall

40. RELATIONS
Anterior – the uterovesical pouch and the bladderPosterior – the rectouterine pouch of
the douglasLaterally – the broad ligament, the uterine tubes Superior – the intestine
Inferior – the vagina

41. MEARUREMENTS & PARTS
Pear shaped and Measures 8 cm long, 5 cm wide
1.25 cm thick Weight
50 gms
Parts
The body of corpusThe
fundus
The cornua The
isthumusThe cervis
Internal and external osCervical
canal

42. LAYERS
Endometrum : inner lining of uterus, nourishesdeveloping embryo, built up each
month for pregnancy, if not, shed during menstruation.
Myometrium: muscular, supports fetus, contractsat birth and to shed the
endometrium during menstruation.
Perimetrium: is a serous membrane that lines theoutside of the uterus.

43. BLOOD SUPPLY
Arteries –uterine artery- branch of internal iliac artery
Veins – Internal iliac vein
LYMPHATIC
Deep and Superficial lymph vessels
NERVE SUPPLY
Parasympathetic and sympathetic

44. FALLOPIAN TUBES
Connects each ovary, egg will enter through an openingcalled a FIMBRIA, cilia
sweep the egg down towards theuterus fertilization will occur here, or it will die
within 48 hours
The two fallopian tubes, which are about 4 to 5 inches (about 10 to 13 centimeters)
long, extend from the upperedges of the uterus toward the ovaries.
The fallopian tubes are lined with tiny hairlike projections(cilia). The cilia and
the muscles in the tube's wall propelan egg downward through the tube to the
uterus.
The egg may be fertilized by a sperm in the fallopian tube

45. RELATIONS
Anterior, Posterior and Superior – the peritoneal cavityand intestine
Laterally – the sidewall of pelvis
Inferior – the broad ligament and the ovaries Medial – the uterus lies between
the uterine tubes
PARTS
The intestinal portionThe
isthumus
The ampulla
The infundibulum The intra
mural part

46. BLOODSUPPLY
Artery – uterine and ovaryVenous –
ovarian vein
LYMPHATIC
Along with the ovarian vessels to para-aortic nodes
NERVE SUPPLY
Uterine and ovarian nerves

47. OVARY
The ovaries are usually pearl-colored, oblong, andabout the size of a walnut.
They are attached to the uterus by ligaments.In addition to producing
female sex hormones(estrogen and progesterone ) and male sex
hormones, the ovaries produce and release eggs.
The developing egg cells (oocytes) are contained in fluid-filled cavities (follicles)
in the wall of the ovaries.Each follicle contains one oocyte

48. RELATIONS
Anterior to the ovaries are the broad ligaments
Posterior to the ovaries are the intestine
Laterally to the ovaries are the infundibulopelvicligaments and side walls of
the pelvis
Superior to the ovaries lie the uterine tube Inferior to the ovaries lies the
ovarian ligaments

49. STRUCTURE
MEDULLASS
supporting frame work Made of fibrous tissueHas ovarian blood vessels
Lymphatics and nerve travels through it
CORTEX
Functioning part of the ovum
Contains ovarian follicles in different stage

50. BLOOD SUPPLY
Artery –ovarian and abdominal aortaVenous –
ovarian vein
LYMPHATIC
Along the ovarian vessels to para-aortic nodes
NERVE SUPPLY
Ovarian nerves from T10 segment

52. MAMMARY GLANDS
The mammary glands are sweat glands specialized for theproduction of milk.
The milk-producing secretory cells form walls of bulb-shaped chambers called
alveoli that join together with ducts, in grapelikefashion, to form clusters called
lobules.
Numerous lobules assemble to form a lobe. Each breast contains a single mammary
gland consisting of 15 to 20 of theselobes.

53. MAMMARY GLANDS
• Lactiferous ducts leading away from the lobes widen into
lactiferous sinuses thatserve as temporary reservoirs for milk.
• The breasts begin to enlarge in females atthe onset of puberty.
Proliferating adipose(fat) tissue expands the breast, while suspensory
ligaments attached to the underlying fascia provide support.
• In non-pregnant females (and in males), theglands and ducts are not
fully developed.

55. Amnion
- transparentsacthat
protectsthe
babyinside
- filled with
amnioticfluid

56. Sperm
Cell

57. 6 weeks

58. 8 weeks
placenta

59. SUMMARY
Today we discussed about the FemaleReproductive System:
• Overview, Terminologies
• Functions of the female reproductive system
•Structure, blood supply, lymphatic, nerve supply, functions of the internal and
external female genitalorgans
• Structure of the uterus and its functions etc….
• Structure of the fallopian tubes and its functionsetc….
• Structure of the breast

60. Thegreatest reward for doing is
the opportunity to do more.
Sources:
ROSS AND WILSON ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN HEALTH AND
ILLNESS 13th Edition, Elsevier publication 2018
Richard Drake, GRAY’S ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS,4th Edition, Elsevier
publication 2019
www.wikipedia.org
www.kidshealth.com
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova

61. THEEND