1) Business to Business e-commerce (B2B) involves the online sale of products and services between businesses. It allows buyers and sellers to connect digitally. 2) There are three main models of B2B e-commerce - supplier-oriented, buyer-oriented, and intermediary-oriented. Each model centers ownership around suppliers, buyers, or a third-party marketplace respectively. 3) Online banking allows customers to manage their finances remotely via internet banking services like funds transfers, bill payments, and account access. It provides benefits of convenience, accessibility, and transparency compared to traditional banking.

1. E Commerce -II
Dr K G RAJA SABARISH BABU
Assistant Professor
Research Department of Business Administration
Sourashtra College, Madurai

2. Business to Business E Commerce(B2B)
• B2B ecommerce is the process of marketing and selling products between two businesses online.
• A B2B transaction is conducted between two companies, such as wholesalers and online retailers.
In most B2B business models, each organization benefits in some way and typically has similar
negotiating powers.
B2B sellers work with:
• Wholesalers
• Large retailers
• Organizations such as schools or nonprofits
• Resellers
• Buyers and sellers can now meet in one digital home, placing and managing orders from their
mobile phones and creating new opportunities for businesses to connect with distributors and
suppliers.

3. Advantanges
• Automated sales processes between businesses, suppliers, and distributors
• Reduced infrastructure and overhead costs
• Less need for intermediaries, higher growth prospects
• Ability to reach a mass market at scale
• Omnichannel branded presence available 24/7
• Better partner relationships
• High employee productivity

4. Difference between B2C buyers and B2B
buyers

5. E-Commerce Business Models
• A marketplace has three stakeholders – Buyers, Sellers, and the
admin. The architecture of the marketplace can vary depending on
which of these three owns and initiates business. The following three
possibilities emerge by changing control amongst these three parties.
1. Supplier-Oriented Model
2. Buyer-Oriented Model
3. Intermediary-Oriented Model

6. Supplier-Oriented Model

7. Supplier-Oriented Model
• In a supplier-oriented model, a number of suppliers collaborate to set up an online
marketplace. The platform establishes an efficient channel for these suppliers to sell to a
large number of businesses. The suppliers have the opportunity to set their own prices
based on the buyers’ needs. On such an online marketplace, the suppliers can be
searched by the products or services they offer. A seller-assigned admin manages the
marketplace.
• For such a B2B models in eCommerce to be successful, the loyalty of businesses and
goodwill in the market is crucial.
• The supplier-oriented model can work if multiple suppliers collaborate to sell on a
marketplace, and assign an admin for management duties.

8. Buyer-Oriented Model

9. Buyer-oriented Model
• This B2B model in eCommerce marketplaces centers around the demands of individual
buyers. This business model is suitable for either big corporations with greater
purchasing power and high volume purchases or simply entrepreneurs considering to
launch a B2B marketplace that lays emphasis on the buyers’ needs. In both scenarios, the
transactions will be initiated by the buyers.
• The buying businesses set up an online portal to accept quotations from various different
sellers. The quotes start to flow in and after careful analysis, the buyer can decide which
seller to transact with. That way, Buyer Oriented B2B model allows buyers to bring down
their administrative costs and also get the best price from the suppliers.

10. Intermediary-oriented Model

11. Intermediary-Oriented Model
• An intermediary-oriented model consists of marketplaces that allow buyers and sellers to
communicate and transact with each other. Marketplace owners maintain a log of buyers
and sellers and the chief aim is to earn a profit from such associations.
• A typical example of an intermediary-oriented B2B marketplace is the eCommerce
behemoth Alibaba.

12. Online Banking
• Online banking allows you to conduct financial transactions via
the Internet. Online banking is also known as Internet banking
or web banking.
• The Customers aren't required to visit a bank branch in order to
complete basic online banking transactions.They need a device,
an Internet connection, and a bank card to register for online
banking
.

13. Common e-banking Services
• Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT): When a fund(money) is transferred from
one bank to another bank electronically, it is called an electronic fund
transfer. For example- Direct deposit/debit, Wire transfer, NEFT, RTGS,
IMPS, etc.
• POS – Point Of Sale: As the name suggests, Point Of Sale usually refers to a
POINT(Retail Outlet) in terms of date, time, and place where a customer
can make payment using plastic cards for the purchase of goods & services.
• Credit Card: Credit cards are used for online and POS outlet payments, and
it is issued by the banks to their customer at their request, after checking
their credit scores. This provides the customers to borrow funds to a
certain limit and make transactions. The cardholders are required to pay
their debt within a time period with some charges.

14. Common e-banking services
• ATM: ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine. It is one of the
oldest and most common e-banking services. They provide 24×7
banking at all major locations. ATMs are not only used to withdraw
cash whenever required, they can also be used to check your account
statements, fund transfers, PIN and mobile number, etc.
• Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): EDI is used in the banking industry
to improve operational efficiency and reduce the cost of banking
services. It also helps in efficient and faster process management.

15. Benefits of Online Banking
Benefits of e-Banking to customers
• e-banking covers digital payments, which have transparency.
• It usually supports 24×7 access to banking services. So customers can avail
services as per their time.
• It is a very convenient and easy to use service for customers as they do not
have to visit the bank branches every time.
• It provides the best features, such as notification services which inform
customers of anything and everything happening with their banking
services.
• Financial discipline is inculcated as each and every transaction is recorded.

16. Benefits
Benefits of e-Banking to customers
• e-banking covers digital payments, which have transparency.
• It usually supports 24×7 access to banking services. So customers can avail
services as per their time.
• It is a very convenient and easy to use service for customers as they do not
have to visit the bank branches every time.
• It provides the best features, such as notification services which inform
customers of anything and everything happening with their banking
services.
• Financial discipline is inculcated as each and every transaction is recorded.

17. Advantages of Online Banking
• Transferring Funds: Internet banking allows users to transfer funds quickly. Funds can be
seamlessly transferred between own accounts or to other accounts, including accounts in
different banks, in just a few clicks. This eliminates the need for physical visits to the bank and
provides greater convenience and efficiency in undertaking banking transactions.
• Availability: One of the key benefits of internet banking is that it is available 24x7. This allows
users to access their accounts and perform transactions at their convenience anytime, anywhere.
This provides flexibility and accessibility, especially for users who may not have easy access to
physical bank branches.
• Easy to Operate: Another benefit of net banking is that internet banking platforms are designed
to be user-friendly. The intuitive interfaces make it easy for users to navigate through the
platform and perform transactions. Most platforms also provide tutorials and customer support
to assist users in using the service effectively.
• Convenience: Internet banking eliminates the need for physical visits to the bank. This saves
significant user time and effort. Users can perform transactions from the comfort of their home
or office.
• Activity Tracking: Net banking features provide users with the ability to track their account
activities on a real-time basis. Users can view their transaction history, account balances and
other account details on-the-go. This provides them with greater visibility and control over their
finances.

18. Disadvantages of Online Banking
• Internet Requirement: A major drawback of online banking is that it relies
on internet connectivity. Users need to have a stable and secure internet
connection for accessing their accounts.
• Secure Passwords: Internet banking requires users to create and manage
passwords to prevent any unauthorized access. Weak passwords or
inadequate internet banking security features can put users' accounts at
risk of hacking, identity theft or other internet banking frauds.
• Complex Transactions: While the functions of internet banking offer
convenience and efficiency, there are certain complexities associated with
it. This can include setting up beneficiaries, providing additional
identification documents or signing physical forms to access internet
banking services.

19. Electronic Payment Systems
• Electronic Payment System (e-Payment) is a type of payment
conducted via electronic or online mediums. Online payment systems
eliminate the need for cash or cheque payments. It is a unique
payment method that allows you to conduct online transactions via
digital wallets, bank cards and internet banking systems. The funds
are directly debited from your bank account.
• The RBI regulates the electronic payment systems in India.

20. Types of Electronic Payment Systems
Electronic Fund Transfers: NEFT, RTGS, and IMPS
• National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT), Real-Time Gross Settlement
(RTGS), and Immediate Payment Services (IMPS) are three modes of
electronic fund transfers. With NEFT, you can transfer any amount of
money, while the minimum transaction limit for RTGS is INR 2 lakhs.
These transactions are cleared in half-hour batches, whereas IMPS
transactions have a daily limit of INR 5 lakhs and are instantly cleared.
ECS Payments
• For bulk and repetitive payments like salary credit, interest payment,
dividend payments from companies, etc., the RBI introduced the Electronic
Clearing Service (ECS) credit scheme in the 1990s. This system enables
payers to credit a specific amount directly into the payees account on a
particular date.

21. Contd…
• E-Wallet – An E-Wallet is a form of prepaid account where the
customer’s account information is stored electronically. This means
you can quickly and seamlessly pay for goods online without having to
constantly fill out your information.
• Credit or Debit Card Payments – When paying by card, an electronic
payment device initiates the online payment transfer. The consumer
will have to fill out their card details and have their transfer cleared by
their bank.

22. Electronic Cash
• It’s a way of paying for goods and services that isn’t in physical cash. There
are two forms of eCash, an online form and an offline form.
Online ecash
• The term eCash was originally used by a company called DigiCash,
founded by David Chaum. With online eCash, information regarding
currency is downloaded to a hard drive. It stays there until it is
transferred to another person or business online. This is the basis of
cryptocurrency, in a very simple way.
Offline ecash
• The idea behind offline eCash has its roots in credit cards and debit
cards. Offline eCash would function similarly to a debit card. Funds
from a hard drive would be linked to a digitally encoded card. This
card would replace paper money (like a debit card). However, the
main difference here is that physical money no longer exists to begin
with. With a debit card, physical money is still present, in a way.

23. E-Cheques
• An electronic check, or e-check, is a form of payment made via
the Internet, or another data network, designed to perform the
same function as a conventional paper check. Since the check
is in an electronic format, it can be processed in fewer steps.
• Electronic checks can be used to make a payment for any
transaction that a paper check can cover and are governed by
the same laws that apply to paper checks.
• The components of e-cheques are the account number, the
bank code, the cheque number and the amount. The routing
number is also included on paper cheques but not on e-
cheques.

24. Credit card based electronic Payment system
• Payment using credit card is one of most common mode of electronic
payment. Credit card is small plastic card with a unique number
attached with an account. It has also a magnetic strip embedded in it
which is used to read credit card via card readers.
• When a customer purchases a product via credit card, credit card
issuer bank pays on behalf of the customer and customer has a
certain time period after which he/she can pay the credit card bill. It
is usually credit card monthly payment cycle. Following are the actors
in the credit card system.

25. Actors in credit card system
• The card holder − Customer
• The merchant − seller of product who can accept credit card
payments.
• The card issuer bank − card holder's bank
• The acquirer bank − the merchant's bank
• The card brand − for example , visa or Mastercard.

26. Smart Cards
• Smart card is again similar to a credit card or a debit card in
appearance, but it has a small microprocessor chip embedded in it. It
has the capacity to store a customer’s work-related and/or personal
information. Smart cards are also used to store money and the
amount gets deducted after every transaction.
• Smart cards can only be accessed using a PIN that every customer is
assigned with. Smart cards are secure, as they store information in
encrypted format and are less expensive/provides faster processing.
Mondex and Visa Cash cards are examples of smart cards.

27. Electronic Purses
• Electronic purse - it is a mechanism that allows end users to pay
electronically for goods and services. The functions of the electronic
purse is to maintain a pool of value that is incrementally reduced as
transaction performed [1]. Electronic purse is an electronic system e-
commerce, based on smart card. Electronic purse must ensure the
security of each transaction
• Example: Apple Pay, Google Pay, Samsung Pay, Paytm