Dysphagia refers to any difficulty swallowing. It has many potential causes including neurological disorders like stroke, muscular disorders, esophageal issues, and cancers. Clinical features depend on where the issue occurs - oropharyngeal dysphagia may cause coughing or choking while swallowing, while esophageal dysphagia causes food getting stuck. Diagnosis involves tests like barium swallows or endoscopy. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause, minimizing aspiration risk through diet changes or swallowing rehabilitation, and ensuring adequate nutrition. Complications can include pneumonia, malnutrition, or choking.

1. Dysphagia:Any Difficulty swallowing.
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the Esophagus towards the stomach.
3.5 Motility.
Relatedshagia werewears
Paine
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Aphagia- snability to swallow
xody no-phagia painful swallowing.
Etiology or causes of
Dysphagia 8 -
A
=
sro-Pharyngeal
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ReedDysphagia,
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Neurological Disorderthe
Can 2 -
Brain tumor
DYS Phagi a
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swai
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-Stroke
3 -
Neuro-Degenrative Diseases
· Parkinson Disease
· Al-zheimer Disease
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Muscular Disorders
1- Progressive Muscular Dystrophies
2= Myasthenia grav is
natural
hagia, insection of
sustain inthe
· Epiglottixis
· Acute tonsillit is
·
MucoSitis caused by Radiation therapy or Chemotherapy
2- ovo-Pharyngeal cancer
3- Zenker Diverticulum
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GFRD
B-Esophageal
Dysphagininein
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[SoPLageal hypermobility Disorders
x Esophagitis
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Esophageal webs
*
[SoPhaSeal Rings "SchatzkiRing"
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EsoPhaSeal Cancer
X Esophageal Divertical um
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As condition"crown Disease"
x thyro-megaly
X cardiac DYsPhagia
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Hiatal hern; a

2. Clinical features of
Dysphagia, -
A- ora-Pharyngeal Dysphagia- Difficulty Initiating swallowing
·
may be Associated with coughing or a
choking
Nasal Regurgitation
·
Re current Pneumonia aspiration
· voice changes
B-EsoPhageal DysPhagia :.simptoms occur seconds after swallowing
· Sensation of
food getting stuck within the Esophagus
The features for malignancy as the underlying etiology.
&GS Bleeding Clematemisis, melena, Anemials
a
2. Weight
loss
3 50 years
I 4 symptom Progression 24 months
⑨ A
3 Recurrent vomiting
6 Mx. of cancer
Diagnosis of
Dysphagia.-
A- oro-Pharyngeal Dysphagia -> Modified Barium Swallow
B-Esophageal DYS Phagia -> Patient
with Red flag or Patient > Soy- Endoscopy
↳
Patient >50 Y with no Red flags-4W Acid Suppression therapy PPI, He Al
C. Neuro-smaging (Stroke, tumor or Neuro-Degenerative Diseases) before Endo ScaPY.
CT, MR ?, PFT,X-Ray
D- Lab. Studies (Auto-sumune, Inflammatory (
Treatment of DyPhagia:-
-
focus on symptom control, minimize aspiration Risk and ensure Adequate Nutrition.
5 - Swallowing Rehabilitation -
minimize Aspiration Risk
51-Optimization of
nutrition (Dief Modifications "May be include Temporary NO tube feeding In Patient with Acute stroke
151 -
Mansement
underlying cause Pharmacotherapy,PPI, HeAnas, Botox
injections, steroids, opioids
complication of
DYSPhagia:-
*
Aspiration Pneumonia
*
cough
*
Malnutrition
[ Surgical
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main
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Anorexia
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Choking