The invention relates to a dual-polarization and dual-band microstrip antenna comprising a circuit for transmitting electromagnetic waves and a circuit for receiving electromagnetic waves formed by a stack of four dielectric substrates
This document summarizes a waveguide-microstrip line converter. It describes embodiments of the converter that connect rectangular waveguide to a microstrip line. Prior art converters had issues with radiation and noise. The described embodiments address this by using:
1) A stepped or tapered converter inside the waveguide to concentrate the electric field.
2) An eccentric coaxial track formed by a pin passing through a hole in a shorting bar.
3) Maintaining similar electric field distributions between components to reduce reflections across connections. This allows for a broadband, low reflection converter that suppresses unwanted radiation and noise.
Mobile antennae general Beamforming principles presentationPierre LARREGLE
The document discusses smart antennas and MAC protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. It covers topics such as:
1) System models and algorithms for optimum beamformer design and adaptive beamforming.
2) Direction-of-arrival estimation methods including MF, MVDR, and MUSIC.
3) Schemes using directional antennas in the MAC layer including Vaidya's scheme 1 which uses directional RTS and omnidirectional CTS.
Electromagnetic wave receiver comprising a dielectric resonator antennaPierre LARREGLE
An electromagnetic wave receiver comprising a dielectric resonator antenna and to application in a receiver with a phased array antenna. The receiver comprises a dielectric resonator antenna and a circuit for processing signals delivered by the antenna.
A Guide to SlideShare Analytics - Excerpts from Hubspot's Step by Step Guide ...SlideShare
This document provides a summary of the analytics available through SlideShare for monitoring the performance of presentations. It outlines the key metrics that can be viewed such as total views, actions, and traffic sources over different time periods. The analytics help users identify topics and presentation styles that resonate best with audiences based on view and engagement numbers. They also allow users to calculate important metrics like view-to-contact conversion rates. Regular review of the analytics insights helps users improve future presentations and marketing strategies.
The document describes improvements to velocity modulated discharge tubes. It includes an elongated evacuated envelope with an electron gun at one end and a collector electrode at the other end. Cavity resonator portions are disposed transversely between spaced metal tube sections to form gaps. Each resonator portion includes parallel disk-shaped metal end walls mounted on adjacent tube sections and extending outwardly, with a cylinder of insulating material sealed between the end walls.
This document describes a 1957 patent for an electron tube with a ceramic envelope. It details improvements to the joint structure connecting the ceramic and metal parts, allowing for differences in thermal expansion without compromising the vacuum seal. Thin metal sealing flanges are used at the grid terminal and anode, with inturned lips brazed to the ceramic. This allows the flanges to flex with thermal changes while the ceramic is rigidly supported by abutting the metal parts.
This document summarizes a waveguide-microstrip line converter. It describes embodiments of the converter that connect rectangular waveguide to a microstrip line. Prior art converters had issues with radiation and noise. The described embodiments address this by using:
1) A stepped or tapered converter inside the waveguide to concentrate the electric field.
2) An eccentric coaxial track formed by a pin passing through a hole in a shorting bar.
3) Maintaining similar electric field distributions between components to reduce reflections across connections. This allows for a broadband, low reflection converter that suppresses unwanted radiation and noise.
Mobile antennae general Beamforming principles presentationPierre LARREGLE
The document discusses smart antennas and MAC protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. It covers topics such as:
1) System models and algorithms for optimum beamformer design and adaptive beamforming.
2) Direction-of-arrival estimation methods including MF, MVDR, and MUSIC.
3) Schemes using directional antennas in the MAC layer including Vaidya's scheme 1 which uses directional RTS and omnidirectional CTS.
Electromagnetic wave receiver comprising a dielectric resonator antennaPierre LARREGLE
An electromagnetic wave receiver comprising a dielectric resonator antenna and to application in a receiver with a phased array antenna. The receiver comprises a dielectric resonator antenna and a circuit for processing signals delivered by the antenna.
A Guide to SlideShare Analytics - Excerpts from Hubspot's Step by Step Guide ...SlideShare
This document provides a summary of the analytics available through SlideShare for monitoring the performance of presentations. It outlines the key metrics that can be viewed such as total views, actions, and traffic sources over different time periods. The analytics help users identify topics and presentation styles that resonate best with audiences based on view and engagement numbers. They also allow users to calculate important metrics like view-to-contact conversion rates. Regular review of the analytics insights helps users improve future presentations and marketing strategies.
The document describes improvements to velocity modulated discharge tubes. It includes an elongated evacuated envelope with an electron gun at one end and a collector electrode at the other end. Cavity resonator portions are disposed transversely between spaced metal tube sections to form gaps. Each resonator portion includes parallel disk-shaped metal end walls mounted on adjacent tube sections and extending outwardly, with a cylinder of insulating material sealed between the end walls.
This document describes a 1957 patent for an electron tube with a ceramic envelope. It details improvements to the joint structure connecting the ceramic and metal parts, allowing for differences in thermal expansion without compromising the vacuum seal. Thin metal sealing flanges are used at the grid terminal and anode, with inturned lips brazed to the ceramic. This allows the flanges to flex with thermal changes while the ceramic is rigidly supported by abutting the metal parts.
This document describes a 1957 patent for an electron tube with a ceramic envelope. It details improvements to the joint structure connecting the ceramic and metal parts, allowing for differences in thermal expansion without compromising the vacuum seal. Thin metal sealing flanges are used at the grid terminal and anode, with inturned lips brazed to the ceramic. This allows the flanges to flex with thermal changes while the ceramic is rigidly supported by abutting the metal parts.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope bonded to ceramic discs at each end, with a helix inside. It includes coaxial input/output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers couple each end of the helix to the respective feeder. The couplings are formed by a ground plane on the disc joined to the feeder outer conductor, and a radial conducting strip bonded to the disc inner face connected to the helix and feeder inner conductor.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
A simple feed orthogonal excitation X-band dual circular polarized microstrip...IJECEIAES
This work represents a microstrip patch array antenna which is designed and analyzed for the application of circular polarization in X band frequency range. The proposed antenna array has a very simple microstrip line feeding mechanism and each patch is energized orthogonally to acquire circular polarization without the need for any phase shifters. The array antenna has a slot line in the ground to electrically couple the signals from the microstrip feed line to feed each patch. The outcome demonstrates that the antenna is capable of radiating both left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). The designed work has a return loss of -41.88 dB, that is the antenna is perfectly matched. The outcome also demonstrates the antenna’s strong gain and directivity capabilities, which are 12.87 dBi and 13.30 dBi, respectively. The antenna resonates circularly at a frequency of 10 GHz.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements to travelling-wave electron tubes. It describes a travelling-wave electron tube that includes a slow-wave transmission line to propagate electromagnetic waves. The tube has a continuous cathode or spaced cathodes along the line to produce an electron stream interacting with the wave energy. A locking signal of a predetermined frequency is also propagated to lock the tube frequency to the locking signal frequency. Figures 1-4 illustrate different anode structures, and Figures 5-8 show circuits using the structures.
This document describes an electromagnetic wave radiator for radiating approximately circularly polarized waves. It comprises a horn with a rectangular cross-section and means to feed two orthogonal plane polarized waves of the same wavelength into the throat of the horn. The dimensions of the horn are such that one wave is delayed by nλ/4 relative to the other wave at the mouth, producing approximately circular polarization. Various arrangements are provided for feeding the two orthogonal waves into the throat, including using dielectric strips, metal fins, or an elliptical cross-section to induce a phase delay between the waves.
This document describes an electromagnetic wave radiator for radiating approximately circularly polarized waves. It comprises a horn with a rectangular cross-section and means to feed two orthogonal plane polarized waves of the same wavelength into the throat of the horn. The dimensions of the horn are such that one wave is delayed by nλ/4 relative to the other wave at the mouth, producing approximately circular polarization. Various arrangements are provided for feeding the two orthogonal waves into the throat, including using dielectric strips, metal fins, or an elliptical cross-section to induce a phase delay between the waves.
This document describes an electromagnetic wave radiator for radiating approximately circularly polarized waves. It comprises a horn with a rectangular cross-section and means to feed two orthogonal plane polarized waves of the same wavelength into the throat of the horn. The dimensions of the horn are such that one wave is delayed by nλ/4 relative to the other wave at the mouth, producing approximately circular polarization. Various arrangements are provided for feeding the two orthogonal waves into the throat, including using dielectric strips, metal fins, or an elliptical cross-section to induce a phase delay between the waves.
This document describes a waveguide composition that allows for excitation of two perpendicular polarizations using a simplified design. It includes a dielectric supporting material with metallic patterns for first and second feed conductors. A first excitation device supplied by the first feed conductor excites a first polarization, while a second excitation device supplied by the second feed conductor excites a second polarization. The design aims to provide a lower cost dual-polarization waveguide composition compared to previous designs that used multiple separate components. It includes embodiments with integrated waveguide parts and arrangements that are symmetrical about a vertical axis to excite the two polarizations.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
1) The document is about electromagnetic induction and contains sample problems related to topics like Faraday's laws, Lenz's law, induced EMF in moving conductors in magnetic fields, and circuit problems involving electromagnetic induction.
2) Some example problems calculate induced EMF and current in situations like changing magnetic flux through a coil, rotating loops in magnetic fields, and moving conductors in uniform magnetic fields.
3) The problems are from different sections covering concepts such as flux and Faraday's laws, Lenz's law, induced EMF in moving rods, and circuit analysis problems involving electromagnetic induction.
CNT as Field Effect Transistor applicationyihovo9909
CNT devices have received attention since 1991 due to their potential for new science and applications. Straining CNTs less than 1% can change them from metal to semiconductor. The distances between fullerene centers in peapods are about 1 nm. It is shown that with appropriate work function engineering, CNT field effect transistors could have a sub-threshold slope close to the thermionic limit and conductance near the interfacial limit, with an ON/OFF ratio of around 1000. Semiconducting behavior in nanotubes was first demonstrated in 1998 by varying the gate voltage.
Design of Circularly Polarized Transmit array Antenna using Low-Profile Dual-...AJASTJournal
A low-profile dual-linearly-polarized unit cell in X-band, and its capability is demonstrated by a circularly polarized transmit array. The unit cell comprises three metallic layers etched on two dielectric slabs without air gap. Cross strips are inserted in cross slots on the top and bottom layers, and the T-slot structure is etched on the middle layer. The proposed unit cell has high isolation between the dual polarizations, and its total thickness of the unit cell is only 1 mm. Prototype of a 341-element transmit array, the incoming incident linearly polarized wave is transformed into the outgoing circularly polarized wave, is simulated. The measured results show that the proposed transmit array realizes 3.5% (9.8-10.15 GHz), axial ratio bandwidth and 4% (9.7-10.1 GHz) 1-dB gain bandwidth. The measured peak gain at 10 GHz is 21.9 dBi, with the aperture efficiency of 36%.
A carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) uses a carbon nanotube as the channel material instead of silicon. Early CNTFETs used a back-gate design with random nanotube placement, while improved top-gated and wrap-around gate designs provide better control over the channel and higher performance. CNTFETs offer advantages like high electron mobility, current density, and transconductance compared to MOSFETs due to carbon nanotubes' unique electronic properties.
Electromagnetic waves can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields which propagate perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Hertz's experiment provided the first clear evidence of the production and reflection of electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma rays and includes visible light, with different sources and uses across the various wavelength ranges.
Design and characterization of a circularly polarized microstrip-line-fed slo...IJECEIAES
A 2×2 slot array antenna fed by microstrip line for circular polarization operated in the S band frequency range is designed in this paper. Single cross slot with single port feed as well as dual port feed is taken into consideration for realizing circular polarization and combining these two processes, the slot array is designed with single feed for circular polarization. The antennas are designed on a Teflon glass fiber substrate of thickness 0.8 mm. The slot array dimension is 120×142×1.636 mm3 . Smith chart of single cross slot antenna with single feed as well as dual feed has a dip at 2.69 and 2.53 GHz respectively indicate the capability of realizing circular polarization in the S band frequency range. The return loss of the slot array antenna is -58 dB shows good input impedance matching of the antenna. A dip in the smith chart of the slot array shows circular polarization near 2.4 GHz ensuring wireless applications as well. Axial ratio is found to be less than 1 dB in the resonance frequency. The impedance bandwidth percentage of the slot array antenna is 12.24%. The simulation is done by using keysight advanced design system (ADS) software
1. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation.
2. Hertz was able to produce and detect electromagnetic waves with wavelengths around 6 meters by generating high frequency oscillations between two parallel metal plates that induced electromagnetic waves, which were detected by sparks in another circuit.
3. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma rays, with different wavelengths produced by different sources and used for various applications such as radio, Wi-Fi, x-rays, and more.
CNT devices have received attention since their discovery in 1991 due to their potential applications. Straining CNTs less than 1% can change them from metal to semiconductor. The encapsulated fullerenes inside CNT peapods can rotate freely and affect the electronic properties. Semiconducting behavior in CNTs was first reported in 1998, showing conductance changes of many orders of magnitude when a gate voltage is applied. CNT field-effect transistors have been shown to exhibit behavior analogous to MOSFETs, with the CNT acting as the semiconductor channel.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
This document describes a 1957 patent for an electron tube with a ceramic envelope. It details improvements to the joint structure connecting the ceramic and metal parts, allowing for differences in thermal expansion without compromising the vacuum seal. Thin metal sealing flanges are used at the grid terminal and anode, with inturned lips brazed to the ceramic. This allows the flanges to flex with thermal changes while the ceramic is rigidly supported by abutting the metal parts.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope bonded to ceramic discs at each end, with a helix inside. It includes coaxial input/output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers couple each end of the helix to the respective feeder. The couplings are formed by a ground plane on the disc joined to the feeder outer conductor, and a radial conducting strip bonded to the disc inner face connected to the helix and feeder inner conductor.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
A simple feed orthogonal excitation X-band dual circular polarized microstrip...IJECEIAES
This work represents a microstrip patch array antenna which is designed and analyzed for the application of circular polarization in X band frequency range. The proposed antenna array has a very simple microstrip line feeding mechanism and each patch is energized orthogonally to acquire circular polarization without the need for any phase shifters. The array antenna has a slot line in the ground to electrically couple the signals from the microstrip feed line to feed each patch. The outcome demonstrates that the antenna is capable of radiating both left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). The designed work has a return loss of -41.88 dB, that is the antenna is perfectly matched. The outcome also demonstrates the antenna’s strong gain and directivity capabilities, which are 12.87 dBi and 13.30 dBi, respectively. The antenna resonates circularly at a frequency of 10 GHz.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements to travelling-wave electron tubes. It describes a travelling-wave electron tube that includes a slow-wave transmission line to propagate electromagnetic waves. The tube has a continuous cathode or spaced cathodes along the line to produce an electron stream interacting with the wave energy. A locking signal of a predetermined frequency is also propagated to lock the tube frequency to the locking signal frequency. Figures 1-4 illustrate different anode structures, and Figures 5-8 show circuits using the structures.
This document describes an electromagnetic wave radiator for radiating approximately circularly polarized waves. It comprises a horn with a rectangular cross-section and means to feed two orthogonal plane polarized waves of the same wavelength into the throat of the horn. The dimensions of the horn are such that one wave is delayed by nλ/4 relative to the other wave at the mouth, producing approximately circular polarization. Various arrangements are provided for feeding the two orthogonal waves into the throat, including using dielectric strips, metal fins, or an elliptical cross-section to induce a phase delay between the waves.
This document describes an electromagnetic wave radiator for radiating approximately circularly polarized waves. It comprises a horn with a rectangular cross-section and means to feed two orthogonal plane polarized waves of the same wavelength into the throat of the horn. The dimensions of the horn are such that one wave is delayed by nλ/4 relative to the other wave at the mouth, producing approximately circular polarization. Various arrangements are provided for feeding the two orthogonal waves into the throat, including using dielectric strips, metal fins, or an elliptical cross-section to induce a phase delay between the waves.
This document describes an electromagnetic wave radiator for radiating approximately circularly polarized waves. It comprises a horn with a rectangular cross-section and means to feed two orthogonal plane polarized waves of the same wavelength into the throat of the horn. The dimensions of the horn are such that one wave is delayed by nλ/4 relative to the other wave at the mouth, producing approximately circular polarization. Various arrangements are provided for feeding the two orthogonal waves into the throat, including using dielectric strips, metal fins, or an elliptical cross-section to induce a phase delay between the waves.
This document describes a waveguide composition that allows for excitation of two perpendicular polarizations using a simplified design. It includes a dielectric supporting material with metallic patterns for first and second feed conductors. A first excitation device supplied by the first feed conductor excites a first polarization, while a second excitation device supplied by the second feed conductor excites a second polarization. The design aims to provide a lower cost dual-polarization waveguide composition compared to previous designs that used multiple separate components. It includes embodiments with integrated waveguide parts and arrangements that are symmetrical about a vertical axis to excite the two polarizations.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
1) The document is about electromagnetic induction and contains sample problems related to topics like Faraday's laws, Lenz's law, induced EMF in moving conductors in magnetic fields, and circuit problems involving electromagnetic induction.
2) Some example problems calculate induced EMF and current in situations like changing magnetic flux through a coil, rotating loops in magnetic fields, and moving conductors in uniform magnetic fields.
3) The problems are from different sections covering concepts such as flux and Faraday's laws, Lenz's law, induced EMF in moving rods, and circuit analysis problems involving electromagnetic induction.
CNT as Field Effect Transistor applicationyihovo9909
CNT devices have received attention since 1991 due to their potential for new science and applications. Straining CNTs less than 1% can change them from metal to semiconductor. The distances between fullerene centers in peapods are about 1 nm. It is shown that with appropriate work function engineering, CNT field effect transistors could have a sub-threshold slope close to the thermionic limit and conductance near the interfacial limit, with an ON/OFF ratio of around 1000. Semiconducting behavior in nanotubes was first demonstrated in 1998 by varying the gate voltage.
Design of Circularly Polarized Transmit array Antenna using Low-Profile Dual-...AJASTJournal
A low-profile dual-linearly-polarized unit cell in X-band, and its capability is demonstrated by a circularly polarized transmit array. The unit cell comprises three metallic layers etched on two dielectric slabs without air gap. Cross strips are inserted in cross slots on the top and bottom layers, and the T-slot structure is etched on the middle layer. The proposed unit cell has high isolation between the dual polarizations, and its total thickness of the unit cell is only 1 mm. Prototype of a 341-element transmit array, the incoming incident linearly polarized wave is transformed into the outgoing circularly polarized wave, is simulated. The measured results show that the proposed transmit array realizes 3.5% (9.8-10.15 GHz), axial ratio bandwidth and 4% (9.7-10.1 GHz) 1-dB gain bandwidth. The measured peak gain at 10 GHz is 21.9 dBi, with the aperture efficiency of 36%.
A carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) uses a carbon nanotube as the channel material instead of silicon. Early CNTFETs used a back-gate design with random nanotube placement, while improved top-gated and wrap-around gate designs provide better control over the channel and higher performance. CNTFETs offer advantages like high electron mobility, current density, and transconductance compared to MOSFETs due to carbon nanotubes' unique electronic properties.
Electromagnetic waves can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields which propagate perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Hertz's experiment provided the first clear evidence of the production and reflection of electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma rays and includes visible light, with different sources and uses across the various wavelength ranges.
Design and characterization of a circularly polarized microstrip-line-fed slo...IJECEIAES
A 2×2 slot array antenna fed by microstrip line for circular polarization operated in the S band frequency range is designed in this paper. Single cross slot with single port feed as well as dual port feed is taken into consideration for realizing circular polarization and combining these two processes, the slot array is designed with single feed for circular polarization. The antennas are designed on a Teflon glass fiber substrate of thickness 0.8 mm. The slot array dimension is 120×142×1.636 mm3 . Smith chart of single cross slot antenna with single feed as well as dual feed has a dip at 2.69 and 2.53 GHz respectively indicate the capability of realizing circular polarization in the S band frequency range. The return loss of the slot array antenna is -58 dB shows good input impedance matching of the antenna. A dip in the smith chart of the slot array shows circular polarization near 2.4 GHz ensuring wireless applications as well. Axial ratio is found to be less than 1 dB in the resonance frequency. The impedance bandwidth percentage of the slot array antenna is 12.24%. The simulation is done by using keysight advanced design system (ADS) software
1. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation.
2. Hertz was able to produce and detect electromagnetic waves with wavelengths around 6 meters by generating high frequency oscillations between two parallel metal plates that induced electromagnetic waves, which were detected by sparks in another circuit.
3. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma rays, with different wavelengths produced by different sources and used for various applications such as radio, Wi-Fi, x-rays, and more.
CNT devices have received attention since their discovery in 1991 due to their potential applications. Straining CNTs less than 1% can change them from metal to semiconductor. The encapsulated fullerenes inside CNT peapods can rotate freely and affect the electronic properties. Semiconducting behavior in CNTs was first reported in 1998, showing conductance changes of many orders of magnitude when a gate voltage is applied. CNT field-effect transistors have been shown to exhibit behavior analogous to MOSFETs, with the CNT acting as the semiconductor channel.
Similar to Dual band dual polarization microstrip antenna (20)
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
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This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex Proofs
Dual band dual polarization microstrip antenna
1. Dual-polarization and dual-band microstrip antenna
The invention relates to a dual-polarization and dual-band microstrip antenna comprising a circuit
for transmitting electromagnetic waves and a circuit for receiving electromagnetic waves formed
by a stack of four dielectric substrates (1, 2, 3, 4), namely: a first substrate (4) having a first side
(4b) covered with four microstrips, two first strips belonging to the transmitting circuit and the
two other strips belonging to the receiving circuit; a second substrate being covered with two
metallization pads (m3, m4); a third substrate being covered with a metal disk (D); the fourth
substrate (1) being covered with a ring-shaped metallization (A) and two additional metallization
pads (m1, m2), holes (H10, H8, H4, H2) being formed in the substrates in order to allow
conductive wires to pass, on the one hand between the ends of two first lines and the two pads,
and on the other hand between the ends of two other lines and the two additional pads.
1. A microstrip antenna dual-polarization and dual band comprising an electromagnetic wave
transmission circuit and an electromagnetic wave receiving circuit formed by a stack of four
dielectric substrates (1, 2, 3, 4) each having a first face and a second face opposite the first face,
the first face (4b) of a first substrate (4) being covered four microstrip lines, first two microstrip
lines being aligned along a first axis and two second microstrip lines being aligned along a
second axis perpendicular to the first axis, the ends of the microstrip lines being positioned
symmetrically with respect to a point of intersection of the first and second axes, the first two
adjacent lines at right angles forming the input ports of the circuit emission, the other two
adjacent lines at right angles forming the output ports of the receiving circuit, the second face
(4a) of the first substrate (4) being covered by a metallisation constituting an antenna ground
plane and being attached to the first face of a second substrate (3), the first face is covered with
two metallization pads (m3, m4) positioned, each substantially vertically from one end of a line
constituting a port of different entry, the second surface of a third substrate (2) being covered
with a metal disc (D) and being fixed on the first side of a fourth substrate (1) of which the
second face is covered with a metallization ring form (a) substantially centered vertically of the
metal disk (D) and two additional metallization pads (ml, m2) positioned, each substantially
vertically from one end of a line connected to a port different output, an inner radius (RI) of the
ring (a) being greater than a radius (R3) of the metal disk (D), holes (H10, H8, H4, H2) being
formed in the substrate in order to ensure the passage of a conductor wire on the one hand,
between each of the ends of two adjacent lines at right angles that are the input ports of the
antenna and a different metallization pad present on the second face of the second substrate and,
secondly, between each of the ends of two adjacent lines at right angles that constitute the
antenna output ports and a different additional metallization pad (ml, m2).
2. A microstrip antenna according to claim 1, wherein a foam layer (F) is placed between the
third substrate (2) and the fourth substrate (1), through holes (HM1, HM2) being formed in the
foam layer for passing the conductors son which connect the ends of two adjacent lines at right
angles that are the output ports of the antenna to the additional metallization pads (ml, m2).
2. 3. A microstrip antenna according to claim 2, wherein the transmitted electromagnetic waves are
substantially between 14GHz and 14,5GHz and the received electromagnetic waves are
substantially between 12 and 10,7GHz, 75GHz.
ANTENNA MICROSTRIP DOUBLE BIAS DUAL BAND
DESCRIPTION
Technical field and prior art
The invention relates to a dual-polarized microstrip antenna and dual band capable of receiving
and transmitting signals.
A field of application of the antenna of the invention is to transmit / receive signals from a
geostationary satellite to mobile platforms such as, for example, airplanes, trains, boats, etc.
The antenna of the invention is intended to be used in phased array antennas. The phased array
antenna uses the principle of semi-electronic scanning wherein a small fraction of the angular
variation of the transmitted wave is made by electronic scanning, the remainder of the change
being effected by mechanical means. A sweep limitation is due to the nature of reason to the
radiator.
Of phased array antennas have been developed using planar microstrip antennas printed dipoles.
The gain of a planar antenna microstrip printed dipole decreases when the sweep angle deviates
from the direction perpendicular to the axis of the dipoles. This results in a decrease of the
equivalent isotropically radiated power for large scan angles. Mechanical devices are then
designed to tilt the antenna structure. In addition, microstrip antennas are inherently low
bandwidth due to the very high Q resonators. This is also another drawback.
The antenna microstrip dual-polarization and dual band of the invention does not have the
disadvantages mentioned above. Indeed, the dual-polarized microstrip antenna and dual band of
the invention has a bandwidth which corresponds advantageously to the drawbacks mentioned
above.
Disclosure of Invention
Indeed, the invention relates to a dual-polarized microstrip antenna and dual band comprising an
electromagnetic wave transmission circuit and an electromagnetic wave receiving circuit formed
by a stack of four dielectric substrates each having a first face and a second face opposite the first
face, the first face of a first substrate being covered four microstrip lines, first two microstrip
lines being aligned along a first axis and two second microstrip lines being aligned along a
second axis perpendicular to the first axis, the ends of the microstrip lines being positioned
symmetrically with respect to a point of intersection of the first and second axes, the first two
adjacent lines at right angles forming the input ports of the transmission circuit, the other two
adjacent lines at angle duty constituting the output ports of the receiving circuit, the second face
of the first substrate being covered by a metallisation constituting an antenna ground plane and
being attached to the first face of a second substrate, the first face is covered with two
metallization pads positioned, each substantially vertically from one end of a line constituting a
different input port, the second surface of a third substrate being covered with a metal disc and
being attached to the first side of a fourth substrate having the second face is covered with a
metallization shaped ring centered substantially vertically above the metal disk and two
additional metallization pads positioned, each substantially vertically from one end of a line
3. connected to a different output port, an inner radius of the ring being greater than a radius of the
metal disc, the holes being formed in the substrates to ensure the passage of a conductor wire on
the one hand between each of the ends of two adjacent lines at right angles that constitute the
antenna input ports and a different metallization pad present on the second face of the second
substrate and, secondly, between each end of the two adjacent lines at right angles that constitute
the antenna output ports and a different additional metallization pad.
According to yet another characteristic of the invention, a foam layer is placed between the third
substrate and the fourth substrate through holes being formed in the foam layer for passing
drivers son.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention appear on reading a preferred embodiment
given with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
- Figures 1-4B represent elements of a dual-polarized microstrip antenna and dual band according
to the preferred embodiment of the invention;
- Figures 5 and 6 show side views, in two perpendicular directions, a dual-polarized microstrip
antenna and dual band made from the constituent elements shown in FIGS 1-4B, according to a
first embodiment of the invention; and
- Figures 7 and 8 are side views, in two perpendicular directions, a dual-polarized microstrip
antenna and dual band made from the components shown in Figures 1-4B, in a second
embodiment of the 'invention.
In all the figures, the same references designate the same elements.
Detailed Description of œuyre in embodiments of one invention
1 shows a top view of a first constituent element of the antenna of the invention. The first
member is a dielectric substrate 1 on one face of which is printed a circular metal ring A. The
upper and lower faces of the dielectric substrate 1 has a square shape of side (e.g., d = 30mm).
The circular ring A is preferably centered on the upper face of the substrate 1. The lower face is
void of any metallization. The inner radius RI of the ring A taken with respect to the center of the
upper face of the substrate 1 is, for example, equal to 2.6 mm and the outer radius R2, taken from
the same center, is for example equal to 3 , 5mm. Two metallizations ml, m2 are formed near the
ring A. The metallizations ml, m2 are positioned substantially at right angles to one another. The
distance 1 between each metallization of the ring A is substantially equal to 0.15mm.
Interconnection opening holes Hl, H2, preferably centered on the metallizations ml, m2, pass
through the substrate 1. The metallizations ml and m2 are, for example, a rectangle shape axb (a
= 18mm and b = 9mm).
2 shows a second element of the antenna of the invention. The second member is a dielectric
substrate 2 of a first face of which is printed a metal disc D substantially centered, the face
opposite the first face being devoid of metallization. The upper and lower faces of the dielectric
substrate 2 forms a square of side (e.g., d = 30mm). The radius R3 of the metal disc D is, for
example, equal to 2.3mm. Through holes H3, H4 through the substrate 2. The through-holes H3,
H4 are positioned on the side of the substrate 2 in a manner substantially identical to the manner
in which the through holes are positioned on the face of the substrate 1.
3 shows a third constituent element of the antenna according to the invention. The third element
is a dielectric substrate 3 on one face of which are printed two metallizations m3, m4, the face
opposite to the face where the two metallizations are printed m3, m4 being devoid of
metallization. The through vias H5, H6 pass through the substrate 3 at the respective
4. metallizations m3, m4. The dielectric substrate 3 preferably has upper and lower faces of
identical square shape of side to side of the dielectric substrates 1 and 2. The metallizations m3
and m4 have a shape of rectangle × j (i = j = 16mm and 6mm). Positions metallizations m3, m4
and the through holes H5, H6 are specified later with reference to Figures 5 and 6 which show
side views of the complete structure of the antenna.
4A and 4B show, respectively, a first face 4a a fourth dielectric substrate 4 and a second face 4b
of the fourth dielectric substrate 4 opposite to the first face. The substrate 4 is preferably of
dimensions greater than the dimensions of the substrates 1, 2 and 3. The side The upper and
lower faces of the substrate 4 is thus equal, for example, to 40mm when the side of the substrates
1, 2 and 3 is equal to 30mm. The first face 4 is entirely covered with a metallization (Figure 4)
and the face 4b opposite to the face 4 is covered with four microstrip lines arranged at right
angles, first two lines and lg3 lgl being aligned along an axis X-Xl and the other two lg2 and LG4
lines being aligned along a Y-axis Yl perpendicular to the axis X-Xl. The ends of lgl-LG4
microstrip lines are positioned symmetrically relative to the axes of the intersection point X-Y-Xl
and Yl, preferably equidistant from the intersection point. Four non holes H9, H10, Hll, H12 are
drilled into the substrate 4 from the face 4a and 4b to the face, it is not breakthrough. H12 and
H10 the holes are aligned along the axis X-XI and the H9 and Hll holes are aligned along the axis
Y-Yl. The H12 and H9 holes are at the same distance g from the point of intersection of the axes
X, Xl and Yl and Y H10 and Hll holes are at the same distance k of the axes intersection point X-
XI and Y yl. The distance g is, for example, equal to 16mm and the distance k, for example,
equal to 34,5mm. The four holes H9-H12 does not have the same diameter: the H12 and H9 holes
have, for example, a diameter of 8mm and the holes H8 and Hll have, for example, a diameter of
13mm. H9 and H12 holes have a strong influence on the antenna reflection coefficient. This is
why their diameter should be particularly optimized.
5 shows a first side view of an antenna according to a first embodiment of the invention,
constructed from the elements shown in FIGS 1-4B. FIG 5 is a view along the axis X-Xl.
The antenna of the invention results from the stack of substrates 1, 2, 3 and 4 described above
and a layer of foam F. different substrates and the foam layer are stacked such that:
- The face 4a of the substrate 4 covers the face devoid of metallization of the substrate 3, the hole
H12 is opposite the hole H5 and H10 hole being next to the hole H8,
- The free face metallization of the substrate 2 covering the face provided with metallization of
the substrate 3, the hole H4 of the substrate 2 being opposite the hole
H8 of substrate 3,
- The face of the substrate 2 provided with the metallic disk covers the first face of the foam layer
F, the hole H4 of the substrate 3 being opposite a first through hole formed in the HML foam
layer
F, and
- The second face of the foam layer, located opposite the first face, is covered by the layer of the
substrate 1 devoid of metallization, the hole H2 of the substrate 1 being opposite the first hole
HML which is formed in the foam layer.
Different substrates are attached to each other by any means known per se.
The table below gives, by way of non limiting example, the values of the thicknesses of 1,2,3,4
dielectric substrates so that the values of relative dielectric constants of the materials constituting
these substrates:
5. Board
For the values mentioned above, the foam layer F has a thickness equal to 2 mm and a relative
dielectric constant ε Γ equal to 1.06.
A first electrically conductive fl wire electrically connects the lg3 metallization to the
metallization m3 and a second f2 electrically conductive wire electrically connects the lgl
metallization metallization m2. The son fl and f2 are welded to different metallization to provide
the desired electrical contact between son and metallization. The son fl and f2 are, for example,
copper son of a very small diameter.
6 shows another side view of an antenna according to the first embodiment of the invention
constructed from the elements shown in Figures 1-4B. Figure 6 is a view along the axis Y-Yl.
The side view reveals that:
- The hole H9 is opposite the hole H6 and Hll hole faces the hole H7; - H7 hole faces the hole H3
and the hole H3 is opposite a second through hole HM2 formed in the foam layer F; and
- The second through hole HM2 is opposite the hole Hl.
A third f3 electrically conducting wire connects the m4 LG4 metallization metallization and a
fourth electrically conductive wire connects the f4 lg2 metallization metallization ml. F3 and f4
son are welded to different metallization to provide electrical contact between desired son and
metallization. F3 and f4 son are, for example, copper son of a very small diameter.
The antenna of the invention works in two different frequency bands, namely 10,7GHz band -
12,75GHz reception and 14GHz band
- 14,5GHZ broadcast. The lgl lg2 and metallization are the output ports of the reception antenna
and the metallized lg3 LG4 and form the input ports of the broadcast antenna. Metallizations ml,
m2 are excitation elements of the ring A and the metallizations m3, m4 are the disc excitation
elements D. The two microstrip lines used for each of the two operating modes (lg3 lines, LG4
for transmission and lgl lines lg2 for reception) are perpendicular to each other to obtain the
desired dual polarization (vertical linear polarization and horizontal). In transmission, at least one
of the two LG3 and LG4 ports is excited by a transmit signal, or according to the required
polarization (s) for transmission. In reception, the signals arriving on lgl and lg2 ports are
transmitted to the processing circuits based on their polarization.
The antenna according to the first embodiment of the invention described with reference to
Figures 5 and 6 comprises, in addition to the substrates 1, 2, 3, 4, a foam layer F between the
substrates 1 and 2. The foam layer F has the advantage of increased bandwidth of the antenna
(decay factor Q). In applications requiring smaller bandwidths, the antenna can not understand no
foam layer. Figures 7 and 8 illustrate the second embodiment of the invention in which the
substrate 2 is directly in contact with the substrate 1.