The document provides guidance on writing titles and abstracts for scientific papers and research articles. It discusses key elements of titles such as being concise and eye-catching while accurately representing the paper's content. For abstracts, it recommends that they be structured with sections for background, methods, results, and conclusions; and that they are short, stand-alone summaries of the main paper. The document also provides examples of good and poor titles and abstracts to illustrate these points.
Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea ...Utai Sukviwatsirikul
Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated
diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled
trial
M. KOTOWSKA, P. ALBRECHT & H. SZAJEWSKA
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Accepted for publication 24 November 2004
Homeopathic and conventional treatment for acute respiratory and ear complain...home
Data of 1,577 patients were evaluated in the full analysis set of which 857 received homeopathic (H) and 720
conventional (C) treatment. The majority of patients in both groups reported their outcome after 14 days of treatment
as complete recovery or major improvement (H: 86.9%; C: 86.0%; p = 0.0003 for non-inferiority testing). In the perprotocol
set (H: 576 and C: 540 patients) similar results were obtained (H: 87.7%; C: 86.9%; p = 0.0019). Further
subgroup analysis of the full analysis set showed no differences of response rates after 14 days in children (H: 88.5%; C:
84.5%) and adults (H: 85.6%; C: 86.6%). The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of the primary outcome criterion was 1.40
(0.89–2.22) in children and 0.92 (0.63–1.34) in adults. Adjustments for demographic differences at baseline did not
significantly alter the OR. The response rates after 7 and 28 days also showed no significant differences between both
treatment groups. However, onset of improvement within the first 7 days after treatment was significantly faster upon
homeopathic treatment both in children (p = 0.0488) and adults (p = 0.0001). Adverse drug reactions occurred more
frequently in adults of the conventional group than in the homeopathic group (C: 7.6%; H: 3.1%, p = 0.0032), whereas in
children the occurrence of adverse drug reactions was not significantly different (H: 2.0%; C: 2.4%, p = 0.7838).
A SEEMINGLY BENIGN DRUG IN THE SPOTLIGHT: AN EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION TO REDU...Khushboo Gandhi
INTRODUCTION
Overutilization of Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in hospitalized patients is a well-recognized problem. In our previous study at St. Luke’s Hospital, we found that the lack of published guidelines for PPI use in non-critically ill patients results in overutilization of PPI in hospitalized patients. We conducted an educational intervention program to address this problem.
DISCUSSION
Overutilization of PPI in non-critically ill hospitalized patients is a known problem in medical practice. Use of PPI has been implicated in number of adverse consequences including but not limited to Clostridium difficile infection, pneumonia, and osteoporosis. In recent studies, PPI was found to be associated with increased in-hospital mortality, increased risk of cardiovascular events, dementia and chronic renal failure (CRF). We studied the magnitude of the problem in our hospital and employed an educational intervention program, which resulted in a significant reduction of inappropriate use of PPI in the hospital.
There were several limitations to our study. This was a retrospective study where we noted a lack of proper documentation for outpatient use of PPI. We also were unable to precisely determine for how long the patients were taking PPI as outpatients. Our intervention included only medical residents (a total of 41), so we excluded data from NPs, hospitalists or PCPs after intervention. As a result, we are unable to determine the effect of the educational intervention on their practice.
CONCLUSION
PPIs have long been considered as relatively harmless drugs. In recent years, it has been implicated in several adverse effects that increases patient morbidity and mortality along with increased healthcare expenditure. Our data shows that proper education and ongoing surveillance, especially during admission and discharge can significantly reduce overutilization of PPI.
Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea ...Utai Sukviwatsirikul
Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated
diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled
trial
M. KOTOWSKA, P. ALBRECHT & H. SZAJEWSKA
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Accepted for publication 24 November 2004
Homeopathic and conventional treatment for acute respiratory and ear complain...home
Data of 1,577 patients were evaluated in the full analysis set of which 857 received homeopathic (H) and 720
conventional (C) treatment. The majority of patients in both groups reported their outcome after 14 days of treatment
as complete recovery or major improvement (H: 86.9%; C: 86.0%; p = 0.0003 for non-inferiority testing). In the perprotocol
set (H: 576 and C: 540 patients) similar results were obtained (H: 87.7%; C: 86.9%; p = 0.0019). Further
subgroup analysis of the full analysis set showed no differences of response rates after 14 days in children (H: 88.5%; C:
84.5%) and adults (H: 85.6%; C: 86.6%). The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of the primary outcome criterion was 1.40
(0.89–2.22) in children and 0.92 (0.63–1.34) in adults. Adjustments for demographic differences at baseline did not
significantly alter the OR. The response rates after 7 and 28 days also showed no significant differences between both
treatment groups. However, onset of improvement within the first 7 days after treatment was significantly faster upon
homeopathic treatment both in children (p = 0.0488) and adults (p = 0.0001). Adverse drug reactions occurred more
frequently in adults of the conventional group than in the homeopathic group (C: 7.6%; H: 3.1%, p = 0.0032), whereas in
children the occurrence of adverse drug reactions was not significantly different (H: 2.0%; C: 2.4%, p = 0.7838).
A SEEMINGLY BENIGN DRUG IN THE SPOTLIGHT: AN EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION TO REDU...Khushboo Gandhi
INTRODUCTION
Overutilization of Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in hospitalized patients is a well-recognized problem. In our previous study at St. Luke’s Hospital, we found that the lack of published guidelines for PPI use in non-critically ill patients results in overutilization of PPI in hospitalized patients. We conducted an educational intervention program to address this problem.
DISCUSSION
Overutilization of PPI in non-critically ill hospitalized patients is a known problem in medical practice. Use of PPI has been implicated in number of adverse consequences including but not limited to Clostridium difficile infection, pneumonia, and osteoporosis. In recent studies, PPI was found to be associated with increased in-hospital mortality, increased risk of cardiovascular events, dementia and chronic renal failure (CRF). We studied the magnitude of the problem in our hospital and employed an educational intervention program, which resulted in a significant reduction of inappropriate use of PPI in the hospital.
There were several limitations to our study. This was a retrospective study where we noted a lack of proper documentation for outpatient use of PPI. We also were unable to precisely determine for how long the patients were taking PPI as outpatients. Our intervention included only medical residents (a total of 41), so we excluded data from NPs, hospitalists or PCPs after intervention. As a result, we are unable to determine the effect of the educational intervention on their practice.
CONCLUSION
PPIs have long been considered as relatively harmless drugs. In recent years, it has been implicated in several adverse effects that increases patient morbidity and mortality along with increased healthcare expenditure. Our data shows that proper education and ongoing surveillance, especially during admission and discharge can significantly reduce overutilization of PPI.
Comparative evaluation of 2g single dose versus conventional dose azithromycin in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections. Indian Journal Of Pharmacology. August 2015;Vol. 47; Issue 4
Prescribing practices of antibiotics in outpatient setting of a tertiary care...SriramNagarajan19
Antibiotic resistance is a form of drug resistance whereby certain sub-populations of a microorganism, usually a bacterial species, are able to survive after exposure to one or more antibiotics; pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotics are considered multidrug resistant (MDR) and the issue is the subject of ongoing investigation these days. The present study observed the rationality of antibiotics prescribed in an outpatient setting in a tertiary care hospital.
A prospective cohort study was conducted for 2 months on the patients who were prescribed antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital in outpatient setting. The prescriptions of patients were evaluated with respect to the medical condition of the patient. A total of 500 prescriptions were evaluated for rationality out of which 240 prescriptions (48%) were rational and 260 prescriptions (52%) were found to be irrational. The misuse of antibiotics continues to haunt the health care system of Pakistan and pose a threat of pandemic of bacterial resistance due to irrational use. Interventions by clinical pharmacists in the given situation are the need of the hour.
Clinical, Demographic and Serological Characterization of suspected Chikungun...Ahmad Ozair
This e-poster was presented at the American College of Physicians 3rd India Chapter Congress in Lucknow on 1st September 2018.
The study was undertaken as part of ICMR-STS project under the supervision of Prof. Amita Jain, Head of the Department of Microbiology at KGMU. (ICMR ID 2018-02187).
This e-poster highlights important conclusions for clinicians.
A randomized, multicenter, placebo controlled trial of polyethylene glycol la...Duwan Arismendy
OBJECTIVES:
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 (MiraLAX) is currently approved for the short-term treatment of occasional constipation. This study was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of PEG laxative versus placebo over a 6-month treatment period in patients with chronic constipation.
METHODS:
Study subjects who met defined criteria for chronic constipation were randomized in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study to receive PEG laxative as a single daily dose of 17 g or placebo for 6 months. Baseline constipation status was confirmed during a 14-day observation period. As a primary efficacy variable, treatment success was defined as relief of modified ROME criteria for constipation for 50% or more of their treatment weeks. Various secondary measures were assessed. An Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) recorded daily bowel movement experience and study efficacy and safety information. Laboratory testing at baseline and monthly for the study duration was analyzed for hematology, blood chemistry including amylase, GGT, uric acid, lipids, and urinalysis.
RESULTS:
A total of 304 patients were enrolled and received treatment at one of 50 centers. Successful treatment according to the primary efficacy variable was seen in 52.0% of PEG and 11% of placebo subjects (P < 0.001). Similar efficacy was seen in a subgroup of 75 elderly subjects. According to the primary efficacy definition (based on individual treatment weeks), 61% of PEG treatment weeks versus 22% of the placebo weeks were successful (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in laboratory findings or adverse events except for the gastrointestinal category where diarrhea, flatulence, and nausea were the most frequent with PEG although they were not individually statistically significant compared with placebo. Similar results were observed when analyzed for differences due to gender, race, or age.
Journal club - Disease progression in hemodynamically stable patients present...Farooq Khan
Critical appraisal of:
Glickman SW et al. Disease Progression in Hemodynamically Stable Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Sepsis. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 17:383-90
Interactive quiz on early goal-directed therapy, surviving sepsis guidelines and EBM topic of prognosis studies.
Penicillin is drug of Choice for Syphilis- Still it holds good?inventionjournals
Syphilis resistant to Tetracyclins and macrolids had well documented. Penicillin is still considered as drug of choice in the treatment of Syphilis. Treponemes resistant to Penicillin are yet to be documented. In a private STD clinic of Tirunelveli, South India, during the period of January 2010 to June 2015, 68 cases reactive for syphilis were noted. 13.2 % of false positive were identified. Remaining 59 cases, 31 lost for follow up after treatment. Among whom 12 responded well to treatment following anti-syphilitic treatment with Penicillin whereas 16 (57.14%) remained reactive for more than a year or more. The titers either persist as same or even go up. Nobody in this group are reactive for HIV. All these patients remain in latent state in this series. Nobody progressed to neuro or cardiovascular syphilis. This warrants that it is high time to look for some other better alternative to treat Syphilis or otherwise increase in the dosage may have to be considered. Even though this study comprises of small number of patients, it has to be studied in detail for a longer period at multiple centers.
During this presentation, Dr. Charlene Sanders and Angi Robinson reviewed topics including the evaluation of study design considerations such as duration of treatment, required assessments, use of placebo, and inclusion of specific age groups; selection of appropriate sites for pediatric trials and the unique needs of these sites; identification of pediatric recruitment/retention hurdles and site specific strategies to overcome these as well as a reflection on ethical concerns related to pediatric research.
Comparative evaluation of 2g single dose versus conventional dose azithromycin in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections. Indian Journal Of Pharmacology. August 2015;Vol. 47; Issue 4
Prescribing practices of antibiotics in outpatient setting of a tertiary care...SriramNagarajan19
Antibiotic resistance is a form of drug resistance whereby certain sub-populations of a microorganism, usually a bacterial species, are able to survive after exposure to one or more antibiotics; pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotics are considered multidrug resistant (MDR) and the issue is the subject of ongoing investigation these days. The present study observed the rationality of antibiotics prescribed in an outpatient setting in a tertiary care hospital.
A prospective cohort study was conducted for 2 months on the patients who were prescribed antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital in outpatient setting. The prescriptions of patients were evaluated with respect to the medical condition of the patient. A total of 500 prescriptions were evaluated for rationality out of which 240 prescriptions (48%) were rational and 260 prescriptions (52%) were found to be irrational. The misuse of antibiotics continues to haunt the health care system of Pakistan and pose a threat of pandemic of bacterial resistance due to irrational use. Interventions by clinical pharmacists in the given situation are the need of the hour.
Clinical, Demographic and Serological Characterization of suspected Chikungun...Ahmad Ozair
This e-poster was presented at the American College of Physicians 3rd India Chapter Congress in Lucknow on 1st September 2018.
The study was undertaken as part of ICMR-STS project under the supervision of Prof. Amita Jain, Head of the Department of Microbiology at KGMU. (ICMR ID 2018-02187).
This e-poster highlights important conclusions for clinicians.
A randomized, multicenter, placebo controlled trial of polyethylene glycol la...Duwan Arismendy
OBJECTIVES:
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 (MiraLAX) is currently approved for the short-term treatment of occasional constipation. This study was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of PEG laxative versus placebo over a 6-month treatment period in patients with chronic constipation.
METHODS:
Study subjects who met defined criteria for chronic constipation were randomized in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study to receive PEG laxative as a single daily dose of 17 g or placebo for 6 months. Baseline constipation status was confirmed during a 14-day observation period. As a primary efficacy variable, treatment success was defined as relief of modified ROME criteria for constipation for 50% or more of their treatment weeks. Various secondary measures were assessed. An Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) recorded daily bowel movement experience and study efficacy and safety information. Laboratory testing at baseline and monthly for the study duration was analyzed for hematology, blood chemistry including amylase, GGT, uric acid, lipids, and urinalysis.
RESULTS:
A total of 304 patients were enrolled and received treatment at one of 50 centers. Successful treatment according to the primary efficacy variable was seen in 52.0% of PEG and 11% of placebo subjects (P < 0.001). Similar efficacy was seen in a subgroup of 75 elderly subjects. According to the primary efficacy definition (based on individual treatment weeks), 61% of PEG treatment weeks versus 22% of the placebo weeks were successful (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in laboratory findings or adverse events except for the gastrointestinal category where diarrhea, flatulence, and nausea were the most frequent with PEG although they were not individually statistically significant compared with placebo. Similar results were observed when analyzed for differences due to gender, race, or age.
Journal club - Disease progression in hemodynamically stable patients present...Farooq Khan
Critical appraisal of:
Glickman SW et al. Disease Progression in Hemodynamically Stable Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Sepsis. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 17:383-90
Interactive quiz on early goal-directed therapy, surviving sepsis guidelines and EBM topic of prognosis studies.
Penicillin is drug of Choice for Syphilis- Still it holds good?inventionjournals
Syphilis resistant to Tetracyclins and macrolids had well documented. Penicillin is still considered as drug of choice in the treatment of Syphilis. Treponemes resistant to Penicillin are yet to be documented. In a private STD clinic of Tirunelveli, South India, during the period of January 2010 to June 2015, 68 cases reactive for syphilis were noted. 13.2 % of false positive were identified. Remaining 59 cases, 31 lost for follow up after treatment. Among whom 12 responded well to treatment following anti-syphilitic treatment with Penicillin whereas 16 (57.14%) remained reactive for more than a year or more. The titers either persist as same or even go up. Nobody in this group are reactive for HIV. All these patients remain in latent state in this series. Nobody progressed to neuro or cardiovascular syphilis. This warrants that it is high time to look for some other better alternative to treat Syphilis or otherwise increase in the dosage may have to be considered. Even though this study comprises of small number of patients, it has to be studied in detail for a longer period at multiple centers.
During this presentation, Dr. Charlene Sanders and Angi Robinson reviewed topics including the evaluation of study design considerations such as duration of treatment, required assessments, use of placebo, and inclusion of specific age groups; selection of appropriate sites for pediatric trials and the unique needs of these sites; identification of pediatric recruitment/retention hurdles and site specific strategies to overcome these as well as a reflection on ethical concerns related to pediatric research.
Helicobacter pylori Frequency in Polycythemia Vera Patients without Dyspeptic...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: In polycythemia vera (PV) patients, peptic ulcer and gastroduodenal erosions are more common than the general population, but there are insufficient data on the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and its role in etiopathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of HP infection in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints with a healthy control group without dyspeptic complaints. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with PV without dyspeptic complaints and 50 controls without dyspeptic complaints were enrolled in this study after informed consent obtained. Stool samples of selected patients were analyzed using HP stool antigen test (True Line®). Results: There was surprisingly striking difference between HP prevalence in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints and asymptomatic healthy controls (64% vs. 2%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship found between HP presence and age, gender, treatment modalities, complete blood count, positivity of JAK2 V617F, serum erythropoietin level, and splenomegaly in PV patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion: As the susceptibility of HP infections in PV patients are higher, it is recommended to have close surveillance of these patients by screening HP presence. In addition, when HP positivity is determined, the eradication of HP is essential to prevent possible future gastrointestinal lesions in patients with PV.
Study Of Prevalence Of Malnutrition In HIV Positive Children And Its Correlat...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Title: "DNB Exam: Past Papers and Answers - Your Comprehensive Guide"Raju678948
Welcome to your one-stop destination for DNB (Diplomate of National Board) exam preparation! In this curated collection, we bring you a comprehensive set of past papers along with detailed answers, all conveniently hosted on SlideShare. Whether you're gearing up for your upcoming DNB exam or looking to sharpen your skills, these resources are tailored to suit your needs.
Each slide is meticulously crafted to present a challenging yet rewarding experience, mirroring the format and difficulty level of the actual DNB exam. With a diverse range of topics covered, including medicine, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, pediatrics, and more, you'll find ample opportunities to test your knowledge and enhance your understanding.
Our team of experts has meticulously curated these past papers and answers to ensure accuracy and relevance. We understand the importance of rigorous preparation in achieving success, which is why we've gone the extra mile to provide detailed explanations for each question. Whether you're reviewing core concepts or tackling complex scenarios, you'll find invaluable insights to guide you every step of the way.
Take advantage of this invaluable resource to streamline your DNB exam preparation journey. Whether you're studying solo or collaborating with peers, these past papers and answers are designed to empower you with the confidence and proficiency needed to excel on exam day.
Don't leave your success to chance – equip yourself with the tools and knowledge necessary to achieve your goals. Dive into our collection of DNB past papers and answers today and embark on a journey towards professional excellence. Your success awaits!
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. To draw the attention of a prospective reader
To induce him / her to read the entire paper or
at least the abstract
To make electronic retrieval of the article
both sensitive and specific
4. Simple and concise, but informative
Interesting and eye-catching
Accurate and specific about paper’s content
State the subject in full
Indicate study design, animal species
Grammatically correct
State results or not ?
5. Do not
Use abbreviations (unless well accepted)
Use literary titles
Use interrogative/exclamatory titles
Use all capitals
6. Pediatric intussusception: A report of 55 cases
Studies on cobalt estimation in liver disease
Comparative study of two new hypoglycemic drugs
7. Pediatric intussusception: A report of 55 cases
Small bowel intussusception in children: A report of 55 cases
Studies on cobalt estimation in liver disease
Comparative study of two new hypoglycemic drugs
8. Pediatric intussusception: A report of 55 cases
Small bowel intussusception in children: …
Studies on cobalt estimation in liver disease
Serum cobalt levels in patients with cirrhosis of liver
Comparative study of two new hypoglycemic drugs
9. Pediatric intussusception: A report of 55 cases
Small bowel intussusception in children: …
Studies on cobalt estimation in liver disease
Serum cobalt levels in patients with cirrhosis of liver
Comparative study of two new hypoglycemic drugs
Comparison of hypoglycemic effects of A and B with
chlorpropamide in diabetic nude mice
10. Words or short phrases used for cross-indexing,
and retrieval
3-10 identifiers representing main concepts
included in the article
Use MeSH words
Exclude words already in title
Arrange alphabetically
11. Key words
Coeliac disease
Children
India
Studied
▪ Clinical features
▪ Nutritional status
▪ Histopathology findings
12. Key words
Coeliac disease
Children
India
Clinical features, nutritional status, histopathology
findings
Title
Coeliac disease in Indian children: Assessment of
clinical, nutritional and pathologic characteristics
13. Key words
Hepatitis B virus
Asymptomatic infection
Transmission of infection to babies
Viral kinetics
14. Asymptomatic hepatitis B virus infection is associated
with low viral load and transmission of disease to babies
Hepatitis B virus with low viral load – low risk of
transmission of disease to babies
Low viral load in hepatitis B is associated with low risk of
transmission of virus to babies
15. Original paper
Effects of tegaserod and erythromycin in patients
with upper gut dysmotility- a comparative study
Editorial
Promotility drugs: not all uniform?
16. A placebo-controlled trial of interferon gamma-1b in
patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Self-reported treatment adherence in inflammatory
bowel disease in Indian patients
Daily aspirin -- only half the answer
Influence of baicalin onTNF-α mRNA expression in
pancreatic tissue and apoptosis of pancreatic acinar
cells of rats with severe acute pancreatitis
17. A succinct, accurate, summary of the paper
Purposes
Included in several abstracting services (including Medline)
Helps readers browse and decide
Independent (stand-alone)
18. A brief statement of chief points
Short but intelligible
Informative and interesting
Avoid unnecessary detail
Stand alone
Accurate
19. IMRAD pattern: purpose, basic procedures, main
findings, principal conclusions
Structured/unstructured
Length: 150-250 words
No information not included in main body
Not a copy of sentences in the text
No references or abbreviations
Include main statistical conclusions
21. Background/Objectives: Disease progression in Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
infection may have association with different genotypes of the virus.
In view of limited data available, we studied the
prevalence/association and role of HBV genotypes, with reference to
the viral and host characteristics in patients, reflecting the chronic
form of the disease.
Methods: A total of 96 HBsAg seropositive and chronically infected
patients attending the Gastroenterology out patients’ department of
___ Gastroenterology were studied for determination of HBV
genotypes by nested PCR using type- specific primers. Biochemical
markers of liver functions and HBe antigen status were evaluated by
standard methods. Serum HBV DNA levels of patients were also
measured by real-time PCR usingTaqman® chemistry.
22. Results: HBV genotype was noted to be in the order of D (N=
80; 69.5%) > A (N=10; 8.6%) > B (N= 3; 2.6%) or B+ D (N= 3;
2.6%). Higher viral load (7.68 x 108 copies/ml) was
associated in patients with elevated serum ALT activity (>
64 IU/L). Majority of the patients (86.3 %) also tested
negative for HBe Ag upon serological analysis.
Conclusion: Identification of genotype B individually and
intermingling of this genotype with the common genotype
D is now reported for the first time from India. A detailed
follow-up study, involving larger number of such patients
might be helpful for better understanding of the HBV
disease transmission and pathogenesis.
23. Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of a single large oral dose of
vitamin A in treating acute shigellosis in children in Bangladesh.
Design: Randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial.
Setting: Dhaka Hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh.
Subjects: 83 children aged 17 years with bacteriologically proved
shigellosis but no clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency; 42 were
randomized to treatment with vitamin A and 41 formed a
control group.
Intervention: Children were given a single oral dose of 200,000 IU
of vitamin A plus 25 IU vitamin E or a control preparation of 25
IU vitamin E.
24. Little information is available on the knowledge about scientific
writing among medical teachers. We administered a 10-point
questionnaire to test knowledge about scientific writing among
medical teachers participants attending a writing workshop. 32
medical teachers participated. Of these, only 20 (63%) achieved a
score of 50% or above.The younger participants (aged less than 30
years) scored worse than the older participants (aged > 30 years),
the average scores in the two groups being 6.5 + 1.5 and 4.5 + 1.7,
respectively (t-test; p<0.05). Indian medical teachers lack skills in
medical writing and steps to improve this are needed.
25. Main focus is Methods and Results
V short introduction and Discussion
26. Do not provide
References
Figures
Tables
Long introduction / Discussion
27. Main text
No mismatch in numbers / results
No contradictions
28. Title should be accurate, detailed, interesting
Abstract
Structured vs unstructured
Short, concise and accurate
