Dreams are what gives us strength each day to continue what we love doing.
We must think of the kind of lifestyle we promised ourselves before we feel like giving up
www.psy.vanderbilt.edu › courses › hon182 › Dreams
presenation from Physcological Science
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming proposed by Hobson and McCarley suggests that dreams are caused by random brain activity during REM sleep. Evidence for this comes from studies showing regular REM sleep patterns. However, the theory has been criticized for overstating the randomness of dreams, as many people report dreams relating to their daily lives. Lucid dreaming, where people are aware they are dreaming, also does not fit with the idea of dreams being random. The theory may also not explain why young children dream less even though they experience normal amounts of REM sleep.
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming proposes that:
1) During REM sleep, the brain generates random neural signals that are interpreted into dream narratives.
2) These random signals occur because sensory input is blocked and movements are inhibited during REM sleep.
3) The brain synthesizes the random neural activations into coherent stories that make up our dreams.
Kindly download the file to view enjoyable animations done in the ppt :)
This is a short presentation about Dreams, that we see in our daily lives while sleeping. There are some general concepts shown in the presentation, not much about the technicality of the dreams. Meanings of different kind of dreams are also illustrated. A rare topic - lucid dreaming has also been given some emphasis. People who don't know about "this man" can get knowledge about that guy from this presentation,
hope you like it! :)
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including different states of consciousness like lucid dreaming and altered states induced by drugs. It also discusses theories of reality construction and how words and language shape our perceptions. Sleep and dreams are examined, outlining the different sleep stages and common sleep disorders. Near death experiences and parapsychology concepts like remote viewing are also mentioned.
Consciousness refers to our awareness of ourselves and our environment, which varies depending on our attention. It describes what we are aware of, but many things are processed outside of our consciousness. Daydreaming and fantasizing are almost universal, and tend to serve adaptive functions like escaping reality, preparing for the future, and increasing creativity. Biological rhythms like circadian rhythms regulate our daily alertness cycles. Higher consciousness can be achieved through meditation and allows one to transcend normal thought patterns.
Dreaming involves confused memories and fantasies being temporarily confused with reality. Daydreams are common and involve mundane thoughts, while nightdreams occur 4-5 times per night and last 10-30 minutes. Nightdreams are often illogical, bizarre, and unpleasant. Some theories suggest dreams reflect unconscious desires (psychodynamic theory) or are products of random brain activity given meaning by memory (activation-synthesis theory). Extensions to waking life theory agrees dreams relate to thoughts and emotions from when awake.
Dream Interpretation and Psychology pp (2)Deb Carney
The document discusses Carl Jung's theory of dream interpretation, which involves writing down dreams, analyzing psychological associations to dream elements based on personal experiences rather than fixed meanings, and linking these associations. It emphasizes that the meaning of dream symbols is subjective and depends on the dreamer's associations. The document also discusses theories about recurring dreams, nightmares, and cultural beliefs about dreams from various traditions.
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming proposed by Hobson and McCarley suggests that dreams are caused by random brain activity during REM sleep. Evidence for this comes from studies showing regular REM sleep patterns. However, the theory has been criticized for overstating the randomness of dreams, as many people report dreams relating to their daily lives. Lucid dreaming, where people are aware they are dreaming, also does not fit with the idea of dreams being random. The theory may also not explain why young children dream less even though they experience normal amounts of REM sleep.
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming proposes that:
1) During REM sleep, the brain generates random neural signals that are interpreted into dream narratives.
2) These random signals occur because sensory input is blocked and movements are inhibited during REM sleep.
3) The brain synthesizes the random neural activations into coherent stories that make up our dreams.
Kindly download the file to view enjoyable animations done in the ppt :)
This is a short presentation about Dreams, that we see in our daily lives while sleeping. There are some general concepts shown in the presentation, not much about the technicality of the dreams. Meanings of different kind of dreams are also illustrated. A rare topic - lucid dreaming has also been given some emphasis. People who don't know about "this man" can get knowledge about that guy from this presentation,
hope you like it! :)
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including different states of consciousness like lucid dreaming and altered states induced by drugs. It also discusses theories of reality construction and how words and language shape our perceptions. Sleep and dreams are examined, outlining the different sleep stages and common sleep disorders. Near death experiences and parapsychology concepts like remote viewing are also mentioned.
Consciousness refers to our awareness of ourselves and our environment, which varies depending on our attention. It describes what we are aware of, but many things are processed outside of our consciousness. Daydreaming and fantasizing are almost universal, and tend to serve adaptive functions like escaping reality, preparing for the future, and increasing creativity. Biological rhythms like circadian rhythms regulate our daily alertness cycles. Higher consciousness can be achieved through meditation and allows one to transcend normal thought patterns.
Dreaming involves confused memories and fantasies being temporarily confused with reality. Daydreams are common and involve mundane thoughts, while nightdreams occur 4-5 times per night and last 10-30 minutes. Nightdreams are often illogical, bizarre, and unpleasant. Some theories suggest dreams reflect unconscious desires (psychodynamic theory) or are products of random brain activity given meaning by memory (activation-synthesis theory). Extensions to waking life theory agrees dreams relate to thoughts and emotions from when awake.
Dream Interpretation and Psychology pp (2)Deb Carney
The document discusses Carl Jung's theory of dream interpretation, which involves writing down dreams, analyzing psychological associations to dream elements based on personal experiences rather than fixed meanings, and linking these associations. It emphasizes that the meaning of dream symbols is subjective and depends on the dreamer's associations. The document also discusses theories about recurring dreams, nightmares, and cultural beliefs about dreams from various traditions.
This chapter discusses variations in consciousness, including different levels of awareness from wakefulness to coma and death. It covers topics like sleep stages and circadian rhythms, dreams, hypnosis, meditation, and psychoactive drugs. Key points include that consciousness involves awareness of internal and external experiences; sleep involves cycling through stages including REM and non-REM; and psychoactive drugs can alter consciousness in different ways, some carrying health risks.
This document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including sensory awareness, attention, inner awareness, personal identity, sleep, dreams, altered states of consciousness, and consciousness-altering substances. It provides definitions and examples of constructs associated with consciousness, such as selective attention and different levels of consciousness. It also summarizes research on sleep stages, dreams, sleep disorders, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of various psychoactive drugs in altering consciousness.
Consciousness refers to our subjective awareness and ability to reason, plan, and monitor progress towards goals. Psychology studies both conscious and unconscious behaviors and processes. Philosophically, dualism views consciousness as separate from the physical body, while others see it as existing solely in the brain. Sleep involves four stages in a repeating cycle, including REM dreaming sleep and changes in brain waves, temperature, and heart rate. Disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea can disrupt normal sleep patterns. Psychoactive drugs alter consciousness by affecting neurotransmitters and include stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opioids. Hypnosis, sensory deprivation, and meditation are other means of inducing changed states of consciousness.
The document provides an overview of consciousness and discusses several key topics:
1) Introspection is the main way to study consciousness, but it has limitations as people lack vocabulary to describe experiences and interpret them differently.
2) Much of mental activity occurs outside of conscious awareness in the unconscious. Brain damage patients can demonstrate unconscious functioning through behaviors despite reported inability to perceive.
3) The reticular activating system regulates levels of consciousness from alert to comatose. Good consciousness requires both alertness and awareness.
4) Sleep involves cycles through stages including REM sleep for dreaming and deeper non-REM sleep for restoration. Disorders disrupt normal sleep patterns.
The document discusses different types of dreams, focusing on lucid dreams where the dreamer is aware they are dreaming. It describes how lucid dreams feel real to the senses and can be controlled by the dreamer's imagination. The document also discusses the Lucidity Institute founded by Stephen LaBerge to research techniques for achieving lucid dreams, such as using flashing lights to signal to the dreamer that they are asleep.
Cognitive Science of dreaming: Physiology and Phenomenology of REM Dreaming Mechanism. This project aims at explaining what are Dreams and the cognitive science behind their occurrence- it includes Neurobiological theories of dreaming and clarification on old schools of thought on dreaming. It is based upon the Nature Review by J. Allan Hobson, Professor of Psychiatry, Emeritus, at Harvard Medical School and Edward F.Pace-Schott, MIT
As dreams are our daily experiences, who is not interested to know how and why dreams occur? We generally think that dreams are recollection of immediate and past experiences, repeating in sleep. Well, it is a very general conception; a more scientific enquiry into the theory of dream is too expedient.
This document provides an overview of key topics in consciousness and altered states, including the following:
1. It discusses different states of consciousness like sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and those induced by drugs. It explains sleep cycles, theories of why we dream, and facts vs myths about hypnosis.
2. It describes different classes of psychoactive drugs like depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens; and drugs within each class like alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, LSD.
3. It discusses influences on drug use and approaches to prevention/treatment. Near-death experiences are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various states of consciousness and levels of awareness, including sleep stages and cycles. It describes several sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, and somnambulism. Theories of dreaming and hypnosis are outlined. Finally, it categorizes psychoactive drugs as stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opiates, providing examples of each and their effects.
The document provides an overview of consciousness and related concepts through definitions, examples, and theories. It discusses consciousness as:
1) A mystery that modern science still aims to explain, such as how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience.
2) A state of awareness that can be altered through different states of brain activity, perception, experiences like dreams, meditation, and altered states induced by drugs or sensory tricks.
3) A topic explored through different philosophical perspectives, such as dualism, functionalism, and theories that consciousness is an illusion or epiphenomenon of physical processes.
A research proposal concerning various problems and ideas about neuroscience and human consciousness. I have wanted to work on human consciousness and neuroscience for a long time. Eventually I came up with this research proposal. This is not an exhaustive research proposal however. Moreover, it does not contain any citations. I hope to be able to add them in the due course.
The document summarizes research on the potential neurophysiological basis of pathological lying. It outlines the pathways in the brain involved in normal lying, including the limbic system, Broca's area, premotor cortex, amygdala, and anterior thalamic nucleus. Studies using MRI have found increased white matter volume in the prefrontal cortex of pathological liars compared to normal individuals and those with antisocial disorders. To better understand if pathological lying is innate or developed, the document proposes a longitudinal study using repeated MRI scans to examine changes in white matter from repeated lying behavior over time in young adult subjects.
Discussion in this chapter focuses on consciousness and altered states of consciousness. We look at sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of illicit drugs.
This document provides an introduction to Sigmund Freud's book "Dream Psychology" which explores the meaning and interpretation of dreams. It discusses the various historical views on dreams, from ancient cultures viewing dreams as messages from gods to modern medical views dismissing dreams as meaningless. Freud developed a new method of psychoanalysis to interpret dreams and uncovered 5 major findings: 1) Dreams are connected to the dreamer's life, 2) Dreams represent the fulfillment of unconscious wishes, 3) Dreams use symbolic representations, 4) Sexual desires play a large role in the unconscious mind, and 5) Dreams are connected to mental illness. His work revolutionized the field of psychology and the understanding of the unconscious mind.
The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe below the cortex and plays an important role in memory consolidation, emotions, navigation, and spatial orientation. Three studies were summarized. The first found that more physically fit children had a larger hippocampus. The second found that long-term ecstasy users had a smaller hippocampus. The third found that Gulf War veterans who had recovered from PTSD had larger hippocampal volumes than those who had not recovered. Damage to the hippocampus can cause amnesia or memory loss and may eventually lead to Alzheimer's disease.
Dreams are involuntary mental experiences that occur during certain stages of sleep. While the exact purpose and content of dreams is not fully understood, scientists believe they are important for brain function. Dreams can last from a few seconds to twenty minutes and people typically experience three to five dreams per night, with dreams tending to get longer later in the night. Some cultures and religions, including Christianity and Judaism, believe dreams can have divine inspiration or help with problem solving. Nightmares are unpleasant dreams that cause strong negative emotions like fear or horror and can be difficult to recover from upon waking.
This document is a student project about dreams. It contains sections on what dreams are, why we have dreams, where dreams come from in the brain, when we dream, different types of dreams, classmates' examples of dreams they've had, a bibliography, and the student's self reflection. The main points are that dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions and sensations that occur in certain areas of sleep; scientists have not determined why we dream but have several hypotheses; dreams originate from the prefrontal cortex area of the brain; and there are different recognized types of dreams like daydreams, false awakenings, lucid dreams, and recurring dreams.
The document discusses the limbic system and its components. It describes the structures that make up the limbic lobe, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. It then explains some of the key functions of the hypothalamus, including regulating hormones and body temperature. The hippocampus is important for forming long-term memories, while the amygdala is involved in emotional responses and associating thoughts with surroundings. The document also outlines association areas in the brain like the prefrontal cortex which is important for planning and working memory. Finally, it notes that language processing is typically lateralized to the left hemisphere for most people.
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the detection of physical stimuli by the senses and perception as the interpretation and organization of sensory information. It describes bottom-up processing as analysis starting with sense receptors and working up to the brain, and top-down processing as information guided by higher-level mental processes and experience. It also discusses psychophysics, sensory thresholds, adaptation, and the senses of vision and audition.
Dreams occur during sleep and their exact purpose is unknown. There are several hypotheses about what dreams may represent, including the mind working through emotions, creating new ideas, or preparing for future events. Most dreams occur during REM sleep, when brain activity is high. While dreaming, the body is paralyzed to protect from acting out dreams. Researchers have studied lucid dreaming and dream interpretation but the exact nature and purpose of dreams remains unclear.
This document discusses various states of consciousness including waking consciousness, altered states like sleep and dreaming, and deliberately induced altered states through hypnosis and drug use. It describes the major stages of sleep including REM and non-REM sleep. REM sleep is characterized by dreaming and other physiological changes. The importance of sleep, circadian rhythms, daydreaming, and hypnosis are also summarized.
discuss the what studies were and be sure to discuss.docxbkbk37
This document summarizes the history of dream research and current theories about dreaming. It discusses the seminal 1953 discovery of REM sleep by Aserinski and Kleitman, which revealed that the brain is highly active during dreaming sleep. However, many scientists became convinced that REM sleep and dreaming are the same, which has hindered progress. Recent work has abandoned stagnant theories and postulated new functions of dreaming, such as improving sleep quality or preparing for danger. However, the true purpose of dreaming remains unclear as researchers cannot directly observe dreams. The document reviews what is known about the physiology and content of dreams during REM sleep.
This chapter discusses variations in consciousness, including different levels of awareness from wakefulness to coma and death. It covers topics like sleep stages and circadian rhythms, dreams, hypnosis, meditation, and psychoactive drugs. Key points include that consciousness involves awareness of internal and external experiences; sleep involves cycling through stages including REM and non-REM; and psychoactive drugs can alter consciousness in different ways, some carrying health risks.
This document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including sensory awareness, attention, inner awareness, personal identity, sleep, dreams, altered states of consciousness, and consciousness-altering substances. It provides definitions and examples of constructs associated with consciousness, such as selective attention and different levels of consciousness. It also summarizes research on sleep stages, dreams, sleep disorders, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of various psychoactive drugs in altering consciousness.
Consciousness refers to our subjective awareness and ability to reason, plan, and monitor progress towards goals. Psychology studies both conscious and unconscious behaviors and processes. Philosophically, dualism views consciousness as separate from the physical body, while others see it as existing solely in the brain. Sleep involves four stages in a repeating cycle, including REM dreaming sleep and changes in brain waves, temperature, and heart rate. Disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea can disrupt normal sleep patterns. Psychoactive drugs alter consciousness by affecting neurotransmitters and include stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opioids. Hypnosis, sensory deprivation, and meditation are other means of inducing changed states of consciousness.
The document provides an overview of consciousness and discusses several key topics:
1) Introspection is the main way to study consciousness, but it has limitations as people lack vocabulary to describe experiences and interpret them differently.
2) Much of mental activity occurs outside of conscious awareness in the unconscious. Brain damage patients can demonstrate unconscious functioning through behaviors despite reported inability to perceive.
3) The reticular activating system regulates levels of consciousness from alert to comatose. Good consciousness requires both alertness and awareness.
4) Sleep involves cycles through stages including REM sleep for dreaming and deeper non-REM sleep for restoration. Disorders disrupt normal sleep patterns.
The document discusses different types of dreams, focusing on lucid dreams where the dreamer is aware they are dreaming. It describes how lucid dreams feel real to the senses and can be controlled by the dreamer's imagination. The document also discusses the Lucidity Institute founded by Stephen LaBerge to research techniques for achieving lucid dreams, such as using flashing lights to signal to the dreamer that they are asleep.
Cognitive Science of dreaming: Physiology and Phenomenology of REM Dreaming Mechanism. This project aims at explaining what are Dreams and the cognitive science behind their occurrence- it includes Neurobiological theories of dreaming and clarification on old schools of thought on dreaming. It is based upon the Nature Review by J. Allan Hobson, Professor of Psychiatry, Emeritus, at Harvard Medical School and Edward F.Pace-Schott, MIT
As dreams are our daily experiences, who is not interested to know how and why dreams occur? We generally think that dreams are recollection of immediate and past experiences, repeating in sleep. Well, it is a very general conception; a more scientific enquiry into the theory of dream is too expedient.
This document provides an overview of key topics in consciousness and altered states, including the following:
1. It discusses different states of consciousness like sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and those induced by drugs. It explains sleep cycles, theories of why we dream, and facts vs myths about hypnosis.
2. It describes different classes of psychoactive drugs like depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens; and drugs within each class like alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, LSD.
3. It discusses influences on drug use and approaches to prevention/treatment. Near-death experiences are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various states of consciousness and levels of awareness, including sleep stages and cycles. It describes several sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, and somnambulism. Theories of dreaming and hypnosis are outlined. Finally, it categorizes psychoactive drugs as stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opiates, providing examples of each and their effects.
The document provides an overview of consciousness and related concepts through definitions, examples, and theories. It discusses consciousness as:
1) A mystery that modern science still aims to explain, such as how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience.
2) A state of awareness that can be altered through different states of brain activity, perception, experiences like dreams, meditation, and altered states induced by drugs or sensory tricks.
3) A topic explored through different philosophical perspectives, such as dualism, functionalism, and theories that consciousness is an illusion or epiphenomenon of physical processes.
A research proposal concerning various problems and ideas about neuroscience and human consciousness. I have wanted to work on human consciousness and neuroscience for a long time. Eventually I came up with this research proposal. This is not an exhaustive research proposal however. Moreover, it does not contain any citations. I hope to be able to add them in the due course.
The document summarizes research on the potential neurophysiological basis of pathological lying. It outlines the pathways in the brain involved in normal lying, including the limbic system, Broca's area, premotor cortex, amygdala, and anterior thalamic nucleus. Studies using MRI have found increased white matter volume in the prefrontal cortex of pathological liars compared to normal individuals and those with antisocial disorders. To better understand if pathological lying is innate or developed, the document proposes a longitudinal study using repeated MRI scans to examine changes in white matter from repeated lying behavior over time in young adult subjects.
Discussion in this chapter focuses on consciousness and altered states of consciousness. We look at sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of illicit drugs.
This document provides an introduction to Sigmund Freud's book "Dream Psychology" which explores the meaning and interpretation of dreams. It discusses the various historical views on dreams, from ancient cultures viewing dreams as messages from gods to modern medical views dismissing dreams as meaningless. Freud developed a new method of psychoanalysis to interpret dreams and uncovered 5 major findings: 1) Dreams are connected to the dreamer's life, 2) Dreams represent the fulfillment of unconscious wishes, 3) Dreams use symbolic representations, 4) Sexual desires play a large role in the unconscious mind, and 5) Dreams are connected to mental illness. His work revolutionized the field of psychology and the understanding of the unconscious mind.
The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe below the cortex and plays an important role in memory consolidation, emotions, navigation, and spatial orientation. Three studies were summarized. The first found that more physically fit children had a larger hippocampus. The second found that long-term ecstasy users had a smaller hippocampus. The third found that Gulf War veterans who had recovered from PTSD had larger hippocampal volumes than those who had not recovered. Damage to the hippocampus can cause amnesia or memory loss and may eventually lead to Alzheimer's disease.
Dreams are involuntary mental experiences that occur during certain stages of sleep. While the exact purpose and content of dreams is not fully understood, scientists believe they are important for brain function. Dreams can last from a few seconds to twenty minutes and people typically experience three to five dreams per night, with dreams tending to get longer later in the night. Some cultures and religions, including Christianity and Judaism, believe dreams can have divine inspiration or help with problem solving. Nightmares are unpleasant dreams that cause strong negative emotions like fear or horror and can be difficult to recover from upon waking.
This document is a student project about dreams. It contains sections on what dreams are, why we have dreams, where dreams come from in the brain, when we dream, different types of dreams, classmates' examples of dreams they've had, a bibliography, and the student's self reflection. The main points are that dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions and sensations that occur in certain areas of sleep; scientists have not determined why we dream but have several hypotheses; dreams originate from the prefrontal cortex area of the brain; and there are different recognized types of dreams like daydreams, false awakenings, lucid dreams, and recurring dreams.
The document discusses the limbic system and its components. It describes the structures that make up the limbic lobe, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. It then explains some of the key functions of the hypothalamus, including regulating hormones and body temperature. The hippocampus is important for forming long-term memories, while the amygdala is involved in emotional responses and associating thoughts with surroundings. The document also outlines association areas in the brain like the prefrontal cortex which is important for planning and working memory. Finally, it notes that language processing is typically lateralized to the left hemisphere for most people.
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the detection of physical stimuli by the senses and perception as the interpretation and organization of sensory information. It describes bottom-up processing as analysis starting with sense receptors and working up to the brain, and top-down processing as information guided by higher-level mental processes and experience. It also discusses psychophysics, sensory thresholds, adaptation, and the senses of vision and audition.
Dreams occur during sleep and their exact purpose is unknown. There are several hypotheses about what dreams may represent, including the mind working through emotions, creating new ideas, or preparing for future events. Most dreams occur during REM sleep, when brain activity is high. While dreaming, the body is paralyzed to protect from acting out dreams. Researchers have studied lucid dreaming and dream interpretation but the exact nature and purpose of dreams remains unclear.
This document discusses various states of consciousness including waking consciousness, altered states like sleep and dreaming, and deliberately induced altered states through hypnosis and drug use. It describes the major stages of sleep including REM and non-REM sleep. REM sleep is characterized by dreaming and other physiological changes. The importance of sleep, circadian rhythms, daydreaming, and hypnosis are also summarized.
discuss the what studies were and be sure to discuss.docxbkbk37
This document summarizes the history of dream research and current theories about dreaming. It discusses the seminal 1953 discovery of REM sleep by Aserinski and Kleitman, which revealed that the brain is highly active during dreaming sleep. However, many scientists became convinced that REM sleep and dreaming are the same, which has hindered progress. Recent work has abandoned stagnant theories and postulated new functions of dreaming, such as improving sleep quality or preparing for danger. However, the true purpose of dreaming remains unclear as researchers cannot directly observe dreams. The document reviews what is known about the physiology and content of dreams during REM sleep.
Dreams are generally referred to as images, stories, thoughts and emotions that occur while sleeping. Visual imagery is said to be the most common type of imagery
The document discusses various topics related to sleep including sleep stages, brain waves during sleep, sleep disorders, effects of sleep on children, dreaming, and factors that influence sleep like drugs and diet. It notes that sleep involves alternating periods of REM and non-REM sleep. Non-REM sleep progresses from stages 1 to 3, then back to 2 before entering REM sleep. Brain waves measured during sleep include alpha, beta, theta, gamma and delta waves which correspond to different sleep stages. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy and circadian rhythm disorders.
This document summarizes the key points from a research paper on dreams. It discusses various topics related to dreams including lucid dreaming, premonition dreams, sleep paralysis, REM sleep disorder, creativity and dreams, animals dreaming, differences in dreaming between genders, and medical perspectives on dream interpretation. The conclusion emphasizes that dreams have long been a subject of curiosity and research, with modern psychologists like Freud studying their relationship to suppressed emotions and desires.
This document discusses various topics related to dreams including what dreams are, theories about why we dream, the sleep cycle and stages of sleep including REM sleep, the importance of dreaming, daydreams and fantasies, nightmares, and epic dreams. Dreams occur during REM sleep and can last a few minutes to 20 minutes, involving imaginary images, sounds, or sensations that may seem real but did not actually occur. Scientists have various theories about why we dream but none have been proven, and dreaming is thought to be important for brain and emotional health.
The document discusses various aspects of consciousness, sleep, and dreams. It begins by defining consciousness and describing different levels of consciousness such as waking, subconscious, and unconscious states. It then discusses sleep stages and brain wave patterns associated with each stage. REM sleep is specifically called out as the stage where most vivid dreams occur. The document also covers sleep disorders, the effects of sleep deprivation, and theories about the purpose and meaning of dreams.
Dreams occur during REM sleep and can reflect our unconscious thoughts and concerns. While the exact purpose of dreaming is unknown, deprivation of REM sleep has been shown to have negative mental and physical effects. Daydreams and fantasies allow us to imagine possibilities when awake. Recurring and nightmares may indicate unresolved issues, while lucid dreaming involves realizing one is dreaming.
The document discusses different theories of dreaming. It defines dreaming and different types such as daydreams and nightdreams. It describes gender differences in dream content and theories such as psychodynamic theory proposed by Freud that dreams represent unconscious desires in symbolic form. The activation-synthesis hypothesis proposes that dreams arise from random neural activation in the brainstem that the cortex interprets. Extensions to waking life theory agrees dreams relate to a person's daily concerns and emotions.
Dreams likely have no adaptive function or purpose according to current evidence from dream research. While dreams seem meaningful and relate to people's lives, cultures, and preoccupations, systematic studies find little support for theories that dreams serve functions like problem-solving. Some researchers view dreams as essentially meaningless stories our minds generate during sleep for no important reason. However, cultures have developed uses for dreams in areas like healing, prophecy, and psychotherapy. Overall, the evidence suggests dreams are non-essential byproducts of sleep rather than having an inherent biological function.
Dreams are generally referred to as images, stories, thoughts and emotions that occur while sleeping. Visual imagery is said to be the most common type of imagery. But all our senses can be constituted in our dreams. As people are different, the pattern of dreams also differs according to persons.
Dreams have cultural, psychological, spiritual, and physiological meanings. Psychologically, dreams are seen as reflections of the subconscious and modifications of mental schemas during sleep. Physiologically, activation synthesis theory and continual-activation theory propose that dreams result from brain activation and the interpretation of signals during sleep. Dream content often involves illogical scenarios, exaggerated memories, and emotions that help strengthen memory consolidation.
The document discusses different aspects of dreams including what dreams are, theories about why we dream, the sleep cycle and stages of sleep, facts about dreams, different types of dreams, and the importance of dreaming. It provides details on the physiological and psychological theories of why we dream, describes the four stages of sleep as well as REM sleep where dreaming occurs, lists interesting facts such as that people spend 6 years dreaming and animals also dream, and outlines types such as daydreams, lucid dreams, nightmares, and recurring dreams. The document concludes by discussing the importance of dreaming for well-being, stress relief, and mental and physical recharging.
This document discusses dreams and provides information on various topics related to dreams. It defines what dreams are, explores theories about why we dream, describes the sleep cycle and stages of sleep including REM sleep where dreaming occurs. It provides facts about dreaming such as that people spend 6 years dreaming on average and animals also dream. It outlines different types of dreams like daydreams, lucid dreams and nightmares. The document discusses the importance of dreaming and provides references for further reading. In the end, it asks if the reader has any questions.
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Amid the constant barrage of distractions and dwindling motivation, self-discipline emerges as the unwavering beacon that guides individuals toward triumph. This vital quality serves as the key to unlocking one’s true potential, whether the aspiration is to attain personal goals, ascend the career ladder, or refine everyday habits.
Understanding Self-Discipline
2. Dream is a word used to describe the subconscious
experience of a sequence of images, sounds, ideas, emotions,
or other sensations usually during sleep, especially REM
sleep
There is no neurologically agreed upon, biological definition
for dreaming
It is known that dreams are strongly associated with REM
sleep
But there is a lot that is unknown about dreams and the
purpose of dreams is interpreted in many different ways
What is the purpose of dreams? Do we need to dream? Are
dreams an interaction between your subconscious and
conscious?
3. REM stands for “rapid eye movement”
REM sleep is a state of sleep in which brain activity is most
like wakefulness
Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleep in 1953 while
working in the lab of his PhD advisor. Aserinsky noticed
that the sleepers' eyes fluttered beneath their closed eyelids.
He later used a polygraph machine to record the sleeper’s
brain waves during these periods.
Adult humans spend about a quarter of their sleep time in
REM (approximately 90-120 minutes), much of it dreaming
During a typical night, humans experience 4 or 5 periods of
REM sleep (short periods at the beginning of the night and
longer periods as the night progresses)
Amount of REM sleep varies with age- a newborn baby
typically spends more than 80% of total sleep time in REM
4. Physiologically, certain neurons in the brain step,
known as REM sleep-on cells, (located in the pontine
tegmentum), are particularly active during REM sleep,
and are probably responsible for its occurrence. The
release of certain neurotransmitters, the monoamines
are completely shut down during REM. This causes
REM atonia, a state in which the motor neurons are
not stimulated and thus the body's muscles don't
move. Lack of such REM atonia causes REM Behavior
Disorder where sufferers act out the movements
occurring in their dreams.
Heart rate and breathing rate are irregular during REM
sleep
Body temperature is not well regulated during REM
sleep
5. Lucid dreaming occurs when dreamers realize that they are dreaming
(lucid dreaming can occur with varying levels of awareness and dream
control)
The dreamers are sometimes capable of changing their dream
environment and controlling various aspects of their dream.
The dream environment is often much more realistic in a lucid dream,
and the senses heightened
The realization is usually triggered by the dreamer noticing some
impossible or unlikely occurrence in the dream
Two types of lucid dreaming: dream-initiated lucid dreaming and wake-
initiated lucid dreaming
Dream-initiated lucid dreaming: Starts off as a normal dream until the
dreamer realizes that they’re dreaming
Wake-initiated lucid dreaming: The dreamer goes from a normal waking
state directly into a dream state with no apparent lapse in conscousness
Time passage appears to be the same during lucid dreaming as when
awake
6. There are “How to” books on lucid dreaming,
websites focused on teaching people the “art and
science” of lucid dreaming, advertisements stating-
"Now instead of wasting up to Eight Hours Every
Single Day with normal sleep, by mastering the art
of lucid dreaming I am now able to enjoy truly
mind blowing experiences every night!”
(www.lucid-dreamer.info)
Lucid dreaming is very appealing to people and
many try to learn how to become lucid dreamers
and “control” their dreams
Is this possible?
7. Dreams provide clues to the nature of more serious mental illness
Schizophrenics, for example, have poor-quality dreams, usually
about objects rather than people
According to one study, "good dreamers," people who have vivid
dreams with strong story lines, are less likely to remain depressed
It is thought that dreaming helps diffuse strong emotions.
Dreaming is believed to be a “mental-health activity“
However, no one has yet been able to say that REM sleep or
dreaming are essential to life or even sanity
MAO inhibitors, an older class of antidepressants, essentially
block REM sleep without any detectable effects, although people
do get a "REM rebound"—extra REM—if they stop the medication.
That's also true of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
like Prozac, which reduce dreaming by a third to a half
8. The Ontogenetic Hypothesis of REM sleep states that this
sleep phase is particularly important to the developing
brain, possibly because it provides the neural stimulation
that newborns need to form mature neural connections and
for proper nervous system development.
Studies investigating the effects of Active Sleep deprivation
have shown that deprivation early in life can result in
behavioral problems, permanent sleep disruption, decreased
brain mass (Mirmiran et al. 1983), and result in an abnormal
amount of neuronal cell death (Morrissey, Duntley & Anch,
2004).
REM sleep is necessary for proper central nervous system
development (Marks et al. 1995). Further supporting this
theory is the fact that the amount of REM sleep decreases
with age, as well as the data from other species
9. Zhang hypothesizes that the function of sleep is to process, encode and
transfer the data from the temporary memory to the long-term memory:
NREM sleep processes the conscious-related memory (declarative
memory), and REM sleep processes the unconscious related memory
(procedural memory)
Numerous studies have suggested that REM sleep is important for
consolidation of procedural and spatial memories.
A recent study (Marshall, Helgadóttir, Mölle & Born, 2006) shows that
artificial enhancement of the REM sleep improves the next-day recall of
memorized pairs of words
Freud proposed that dreams protect sleep, which might be disturbed by
the arousal of unacceptable wishes
Ferenczi proposed that dreams may communicate something that is not
being said outright (subconscious thoughts)
There have also been analogies made with the cleaning-up operations of
computers when they are off-line. Dreams may remove parasitic nodes
and other "junk" from the mind during sleep.
Dreams may also create new ideas through the generation of random
thought mutations
10. Dreams may also regulate mood. Hartmann says dreams may function like
psychotherapy, by "making connections in a safe place" and allowing the dreamer to
integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life
Both Freud and Jung identify dreams as an interaction between the unconscious and the
conscious
Dreams are seen as projections of parts of the self that have been ignored, rejected, or
suppressed
It is believed that people resolve issues in their sleep and use dreams to reorganize
thoughts – are dreams used to deal with traumatic events?
Another idea is that dreams helps the mind run tests of its Emergency Broadcast System,
a way to prepare for potential disaster. For example, when new mothers dream about
losing their babies, they may actually be rehearsing what they would do or how they
would react if their worst fears were realized.
There's also evidence that dreaming helps certain kinds of learning. Some researchers
have found that dreaming about physical tasks, like a gymnast's floor routine, enhances
performance. Dreaming can also help people find solutions to elusive problems.
"Anything that is very visual may get extra help from dreams," says Deirdre Barrett,
assistant professor at Harvard Medical School and editor of the journal Dreaming.
Barrett has found that even ordinary people can solve simple problems in their lives (like
how to fit old furniture into a new apartment) if they focus on the dilemma before they
fall asleep
11. Humans spend about 6 years dreaming
Dreams are generated in the forebrain
Most common emotion experienced during dreaming is anxiety
The U.S. ranks the highest amongst industrialized nations for
aggression in dreams with 50% of U.S. males reporting aggression
in dreams, compared to 32% for Dutch men
Men generally have more aggressive feelings in their dreams than
women, and children's dreams do not have very much aggression
until they reach teen age
This parallel much of the current research on gender and gender
role comparisons in aggressive behavior
This supports the view that there is a continuity between our
conscious and unconscious styles and personalities
In men's dreams 70 percent of the characters are other men, while
a female's dreams contain an equal number of men and women
12. Sexual dreams show up about 10% of the time and
are more prevalent in young to mid-teens
Approximately 70% of women have recurring
dreams and 65% of men
The most common themes are: situations relating
to school, being chased, sexual experiences, falling,
arriving too late, a person now alive being dead,
flying, failing an examination, or a car accident
Twelve percent of people dream only in black and
white
In general, more introverted, psychologically
oriented people naturally remember their dreams
and practical, concrete thinkers don’t
13. Almost the entire state of being before we're born is REM
sleep
Researchers believe children have to reach a certain level of
intellectual maturity, around the age of 8 or 9, before their
dreams resemble adults‘
Research has shown that children dream about animals
more often than adults and are more likely to report being
victims than aggressors
Children are also more likely to have "fantastic" dreams,
while adults' dreams tend to contain more elements of
reality
A typical fantastic dream from a 10-year-old studied
included a cat asking for directions to the "cat bathroom."
Similarly, an 11-year-old boy dreamed that a snake wanted
to go up a ski lift
14. All night long, Jared is drunk and talking in his incoherent
mumbly monotone. Finally, I have enough and tell him off. I
call him a boring bastard. Then I notice a baby girl standing
inside a flaming fireplace. I go up to her and say
sympathetically, "You must be very hot and uncomfortable."
She agrees. I pick her up and I hold her, taking her away
from the fire. (A Junior in High School)
“I was in school and at a play. There were three new boys.
The oldest one gave me presents. They kept coming out of
this box. There was a witch. She locked the old one in a cage.
Suddenly there was a gust of wind. I struggled for the key
and unlocked it. Then I went to some movie with the 5th
grade. I went down to sit. Some people sat five rows behind
us.” (A Fifth Grader)
Taken from dreambank.net
15. "One thing that's unique about mammals and birds
is that they regulate body temperature," says
neuroscientist Jerry Siegel, director of UCLA's
Center for Sleep Research. "There's no good
evidence that any coldblooded animal has REM
sleep." REM sleep heats up the brain and non-REM
cools it off, Siegel says, and that could mean that
the changing sleep cycles allow the brain to repair
itself. "It seems likely that REM sleep is filling a
basic physiological function and that dreams are a
kind of epiphenomenon," Siegel says—an
extraneous byproduct, like foam on beer.