The document discusses the concept of dreams, including their definition, stages of sleep, types, and various theories explaining their significance. It outlines five stages of sleep, highlights different types of dreams such as nightmares and lucid dreams, and presents intriguing facts about dreaming, including the impact on creativity and memory. The presentation concludes with a reflection on the meaning of dreams and references used throughout the discussion.

1. Topic: Dream
Tayyab Ahmad Khan FA14-BCE-037
Waqas Ajaib FA14-BCE-029
Hassam-ul-Islam FA14-BCE-013
Hassaan Ahmed Khan FA14-BCE-058
Muhammad Umer Farooq FA14-BCE-006
Ali Raza FA14-BCE-021
MA'AM Nasira Jamil
Submitted to:
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Introduction to psychology presentation
Department of Electrical Engineering
Group Members

2. Agenda of Presentation
• Dream
• Five Stages of sleep
• Types of a dreams
• Fact about dreams
• Theories of dreams
• Conclusion
2

3. Dream
 A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that
usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.
 A sequence of imaginative thoughts indulged in while awake; daydream;
fantasy
3Fig.0: Art of sleeping

4.  First stage
• 5-15 minutes
• Very light sleep
• Sense of falling common
• Non-Rapid Eye Movement
4
Five Stages of sleep (1/4)
Fig.1: Stage 1 of sleep cycle

5.  Second stage
• 5-15 minutes
• Light sleep
• Body temperature drops
• Heart rate drops
• Non-Rapid Eye
Movement
(NREM) sleep
5
Five Stages of sleep (2/4)
Fig.2: Stage 2 of sleep cycle

6.  Third & four stage
• 5-15 minutes
• Slow-Wave / Delta Sleep
• Sleep 4 slightly deeper
• Body repairs itself
• Non-Rapid Eye Movement
(NREM) sleep
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Five Stages of sleep (3/4)
Fig.3:Stage 3 & 4 of sleep cycle

7.  5th stage
• 10 minute in the first cycle(up
to 1 hour & subsequent cycle)
• Dreaming occurs
• Brain activity similar to walking
level
• Rapid Eye Movement(REM)
sleep
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Five Stages of sleep (4/4)
Fig.4: Stage 5 of sleep cycle
Sleep cycle restarts after Rem

8. Daydream
False awakening dreams
Lucid dreams
Nightmares
Recurring dreams
Healing dreams
Prophetic dreams
Signal dreams
Epic dreams
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Types of a dreams (1/10)
Fig.5: Types

9.  Daydreams
• Sort of mental drifting
• Occur when you are half awake,
and it is the imaging or
remembering of images or
experiences in the past or future
• Many time a day
• Studies show that people day
dreams for 70-120 minutes every
day.
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Types of a dreams (2/10)
Fig.6: Man see a day dream

10.  False awakening dreams
• A false awakening is a vivid and
convincing dream about
awakening from sleep
• Dreamer in reality continues to
sleep.
• After a false awakening, subjects
often dream they are performing
daily morning rituals such as
cooking, cleaning and eating.
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Types of a dreams (3/10)
Fig.7: Girl see a false awakening dream

11.  Lucid dreams
• A lucid dream is a dream during
which the dreamer is aware of
dreaming.
• The dreamer may be able to exert
some degree of control over the
dream characters, narrative, and
environment..
11
Types of a dreams (4/10)
Fig.8: Girl see a lucid dream

12.  Nightmares dreams
• A nightmare is a disturbing dream
that causes you to wake up feeling
anxious and frightened
• Nightmares may also be occur
because you have ignored or
refused to accept a particular life
situation
12
Types of a dreams (5/10)
Fig.9: Baby see a nightmares dreams

13.  Recurring dreams
• Same or a similar dream many
times over either a short period of
time or their lifetime
• The dream repeats because you
have not corrected the problem
• people who experience recurring
dreams have some sort of trauma
in their past they are trying to deal
with
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Types of a dreams (6/10)
Fig.10: Woman see a recurring dream

14.  Healing dreams
• Healing dreams are dreams in
which you learn something
extremely important about yourself
• Does not mean that after this
dream you are cured of the head
cold that you had, or that your
broken leg is suddenly mended
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Types of a dreams (7/10)
Fig.11: Art of healing dream

15.  Prophetic dreams
• A Prophetic dream, also referred to
as a precognitive dream, are
dreams of events or incidents
before they happen
• study showed that 42% of people
felt they had had a dream about
something that later came true
15
Types of a dreams (8/10)
Fig.12: Art of prophetic dream

16.  Signal dreams
• Signal dreams help you how to
solve problems or make decisions
in your waking life
1. Dreaming of a signal, means that
an old friend will intervene in
your life.
2. Dreaming you see a signal,
means that something will
happen that you forgot about, or
that you abandoned
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Types of a dreams (9/10)
Fig.13: Art of signal dream

17.  Epic dreams
• Epic dreams are dreams with a
long, continuous story line,
sometimes continuing over many
dreams and even many nights.
• Epic dreams tend to be extremely
vivid, and have extensive detail
that is easy to remember.
17
Types of a dreams (10/10)
Fig.14: Art of Epic dream

18.  Fact #1: Inventions inspired by dreams
• Dreams are responsible for many
of the greatest inventions of
mankind. A few examples include:
1. The idea for Google -Larry Page
2. Alternating current generator -Tesla
3. DNA’s double helix spiral form -James
Watson
4. The sewing machine -Elias Howe
5. Periodic table -Dimitri Mendeleyev
18
Fact about dreams (1/12)
Fig.15: Invention

19.  Fact #2: Dream Drugs
• people who like dreaming and
dreams so much that they never
want to wake up
• Take an illegal and extremely
potent hallucinogenic drug called
Dimethyltryptamine.
• It is actually only an isolated and
synthetic form of the chemical our
brains produce naturally during
dreaming.
19
Fact about dreams (2/12)
Fig.16: Drugs

20.  Fact #3: Increased brain activity
• You would associate sleeping with
peace and quiet, but actually our
brains are more active during sleep
than during the day..
20
Fact about dreams (3/12)
Fig.17: Brain activity

21.  Fact #4: Pets dream too
• Our animal companions dream as
well.
• Watch a dog or a cat sleep and you
can see that they are moving their
paws and making noises like they
were chasing something.
21
Fact about dreams (4/12)
Fig.18: Pets in dreams

22.  Fact #5: Blind people dream too
• Blind people who were not born
blind see images in their dreams
• people who were born blind don’t
see anything at all in dreams but
They still dream, and their dreams
are just as intense and interesting,
but they involve the other senses
beside sight.
22
Fact about dreams (5/12)
Fig.19: Blind people

23.  Fact #6: In our dreams we only see faces that we
already know
• It is proven that in dreams we can
only see faces that we have seen in
real life before
• So beware: that scary-looking old
lady next to you on the bus might
as well be in your next nightmare
23
Fact about dreams
Fig.20: Many faces in one picture

24.  Fact #7: Dreams tend to be negative
• Surprisingly, dreams are more
often negative than positive.
• The three most widely reported
emotions felt during dreaming are
anger, sadness and fear.
24
Fact about dreams (7/12)
Fig.21: Symbol of negativety

25.  Fact #8: Multiple dreams per night
• You can have up to seven different
dreams per night depending on
how many REM cycles you have
• We only dream during the REM
period of sleep, and the average
person dreams one to two hours
every night.
25
Fact about dreams (8/12)
Fig.22: A girl see multiple dream in one night

26.  Fact #9: Gender differences
• Interestingly, 70% of all the
characters in a man’s dream are
other men
• women’s dream contain an equal
amount of women and men.
• men’s dreams contain a lot more
aggression
• women and men dream about
sexual themes equally often.
26
Fact about dreams (9/12)
Fig.23: Gender differences

27.  Fact #10: Not everyone dreams in color
• As much as 12% of people only
dream in black and white
27
Fact about dreams (10/12)
Fig.24: Black and white colour in one picture

28.  Fact #11:people average dreaming
• During a typical lifetime people
spend an average of six year
dreaming
28
Fact about dreams (11/12)
Fig.25: young boy see a dream

29.  Fact #12:dream forgetting
• Five minute after the end of dream,
50% of the content is forgotten
• After 10 minute 90% is forgotten
29
Fact about dreams (12/12)
Fig.26: A man forget something

30.  Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment Theory
• Dreams are the fulfillment of
wishes. Unacceptable thoughts of
sex & aggression are repressed
when you are conscious but come
forth when you are asleep in the
form of dreams
• Manifest Content: the surface
level of a dream (images, action).
• Latent Content: the unconscious
meaning of a dream.
30
Theories of dreams (1/6)
Fig.27:Sigmund Freud

31.  Information-Processing theories
• Dreams sift, sort and fix the day’s
experiences into memory
• REM sleep facilitates memory
• Evidence:
People who get more REM
sleep have higher scores on memory
exams
31
Theories of dreams (2/6)
Fig.28: Memory exam

32.  Physiological Theory
• Dreams provide the sleeping
brain with periodic stimulation
that helps preserve brain’s neural
pathways
• Evidence-
Infants spend more time in
REM sleep than older people
32
Theories of dreams (3/6)
Fig.29: human brain

33.  Cognitive Theory
• Dreams are a natural part of brain
maturation and development
• They draw on our working
concepts and knowledge
• Evidence-
The dreams of small children
are more like a slide show.
33
Theories of dreams (4/6)
Fig.30: Art of cognitive human brain

34.  Problem Solving Theory
• Dreams are the continuity of
waking thought but in dreams you
are not constrained by logic or
realism like you are when you are
awake
• Evidence:
People self-report that they
solve problems in their dreams
34
Theories of dreams (5/6)
Fig.31: Art of problem solve

35.  Activation-Synthesis Theory
• Dreams are a product of activity
from pons and/or brainstem
• Cerebral Cortex attempts to make
sense of neuron firings by creating a
story
• DREAMS HAVE NO MEANING!
• Evidence:
PET scans and other imaging
techniques provide evidence for this.
35
Theories of dreams (6/6)
Fig.32:Art of Cerebral Cortex

36. Conclusion
Dream is a product of our imagination, the sum of
all the action taken from our sleep, emotionally,
psychologically and mentally.
 It occur in any time and in many ways,
 dream has a lot of meaning and types . Dreams
defines scientifically, rationally and verbally by those
curious about it
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37. References
• Definition of Dream [Available online] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream
• Types of dreams [Available online ] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream
• Fact about dreams [Available online]
http://www.lifehack.org/articles/productivity/20-amazing-facts-about-dreams-
that-you-might-not-know-about.html
• Theories of dreams [ Available online ] https://www.verywell.com/why-do-we-
dream-top-dream-theories-2795931
• Holloway, G. (2006). Complete Dream Book: Discover What Your Dreams
Reveal about You and Your Life. Sourcebooks, Inc.
• Jung, C. G. (1989). Memories, dreams, reflections (Vol. 268). Vintage.
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