This document discusses various forming operations used in sheet metal working. It describes processes like bending, coining, embossing, flanging, hole flanging, beading and curling, ironing, and drawing. For each process, it provides details on how the process works, common applications, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses considerations for forming die design like part material properties, number of required stampings, and clearance between the punch and die.
Rod, wire and tube drawing is a metalworking process where a rod, wire or tube is pulled through a die to reduce its cross-sectional area and increase its length. It involves applying both tensile and compressive forces. Products include wire, rods, and tubes used in applications like electrical wiring, springs and hydraulic tubing. The process offers close dimensional control, lower costs than rolling or extrusion, and can produce very small cross-sections. Lubrication and annealing are important to control work hardening during multiple drawing passes. Dies are commonly made of alloy steels, carbides or diamond to withstand wear from the process.
Metal Forming, Production Engineering IIዘረአዳም ዘመንቆረር
The document discusses sheet metal forming and cutting operations. It covers topics like sheet metal forming processes, applications of sheet metal, and basic sheet metal cutting operations like shearing, blanking, and punching. The engineering analysis of sheet metal cutting operations focuses on clearance between the punch and die, cutting forces, and determining punch and die sizes. Forming operations like bending, drawing, and associated engineering analysis are also covered.
The document discusses different failure modes of engineering materials including ductile fracture, brittle fracture, fatigue, creep, and impact fracture. It describes how ductile materials experience plastic deformation before fracturing while brittle materials fracture without plastic deformation. Fatigue occurs due to fluctuating stresses and is a major cause of failure in metals. Creep is the permanent deformation of materials under constant stress at high temperatures. Fracture mechanics examines how small flaws influence material strength.
Proper clearance between the die and punch is important for stamping operations. Too large of a clearance can result in rolled edges or crowning, while too small can cause high stripping forces and secondary shear where the fractures from the die and punch do not meet cleanly.
For cutting operations in ferrous metals, shear strength is typically 70-80% of ultimate tensile strength. Tonnage can be calculated as the ultimate tensile strength multiplied by the perimeter, thickness, and a compensation factor for die wear. Work and energy of cutting is calculated as average force multiplied by the penetration distance.
Bending operations involve applying forces to sheet metal to create bends and folds. The bend radius, bend angle, and
The document summarizes key concepts about pre-stressed concrete design. It discusses the working stress design (WSD) method, which assumes linear stress-strain behavior and uses allowable stress levels. The document outlines WSD assumptions and procedures for analyzing rectangular beams, including transformed section properties and determining steel ratio effects. It also describes the internal couple method and use of double reinforcement when maximum moment exceeds allowable.
This document discusses various sheet metalworking processes. It covers cutting processes like shearing, blanking, and punching. Bending and drawing are also discussed, along with the factors that influence them like clearance, bending allowance, springback, and drawing ratio. Other forming operations like ironing, embossing, stretch forming, roll bending, and spinning are also summarized. The document concludes with a brief overview of dies for sheet metalworking and high-energy rate forming processes.
This document discusses various forming operations used in sheet metal working. It describes processes like bending, coining, embossing, flanging, hole flanging, beading and curling, ironing, and drawing. For each process, it provides details on how the process works, common applications, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses considerations for forming die design like part material properties, number of required stampings, and clearance between the punch and die.
Rod, wire and tube drawing is a metalworking process where a rod, wire or tube is pulled through a die to reduce its cross-sectional area and increase its length. It involves applying both tensile and compressive forces. Products include wire, rods, and tubes used in applications like electrical wiring, springs and hydraulic tubing. The process offers close dimensional control, lower costs than rolling or extrusion, and can produce very small cross-sections. Lubrication and annealing are important to control work hardening during multiple drawing passes. Dies are commonly made of alloy steels, carbides or diamond to withstand wear from the process.
Metal Forming, Production Engineering IIዘረአዳም ዘመንቆረር
The document discusses sheet metal forming and cutting operations. It covers topics like sheet metal forming processes, applications of sheet metal, and basic sheet metal cutting operations like shearing, blanking, and punching. The engineering analysis of sheet metal cutting operations focuses on clearance between the punch and die, cutting forces, and determining punch and die sizes. Forming operations like bending, drawing, and associated engineering analysis are also covered.
The document discusses different failure modes of engineering materials including ductile fracture, brittle fracture, fatigue, creep, and impact fracture. It describes how ductile materials experience plastic deformation before fracturing while brittle materials fracture without plastic deformation. Fatigue occurs due to fluctuating stresses and is a major cause of failure in metals. Creep is the permanent deformation of materials under constant stress at high temperatures. Fracture mechanics examines how small flaws influence material strength.
Proper clearance between the die and punch is important for stamping operations. Too large of a clearance can result in rolled edges or crowning, while too small can cause high stripping forces and secondary shear where the fractures from the die and punch do not meet cleanly.
For cutting operations in ferrous metals, shear strength is typically 70-80% of ultimate tensile strength. Tonnage can be calculated as the ultimate tensile strength multiplied by the perimeter, thickness, and a compensation factor for die wear. Work and energy of cutting is calculated as average force multiplied by the penetration distance.
Bending operations involve applying forces to sheet metal to create bends and folds. The bend radius, bend angle, and
The document summarizes key concepts about pre-stressed concrete design. It discusses the working stress design (WSD) method, which assumes linear stress-strain behavior and uses allowable stress levels. The document outlines WSD assumptions and procedures for analyzing rectangular beams, including transformed section properties and determining steel ratio effects. It also describes the internal couple method and use of double reinforcement when maximum moment exceeds allowable.
This document discusses various sheet metalworking processes. It covers cutting processes like shearing, blanking, and punching. Bending and drawing are also discussed, along with the factors that influence them like clearance, bending allowance, springback, and drawing ratio. Other forming operations like ironing, embossing, stretch forming, roll bending, and spinning are also summarized. The document concludes with a brief overview of dies for sheet metalworking and high-energy rate forming processes.
The document discusses various bulk metal deformation processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing. It provides details on the mechanics and applications of these processes. Specifically, it describes techniques like flat rolling, shape rolling, thread rolling, open-die forging, impression-die forging, multi-step forging, flashless forging, upsetting and heading, rotary swaging, direct and indirect extrusion, hot and cold extrusion, and wire and bar drawing. Diagrams are included to illustrate key aspects of each technique.
Drawing is a process where the cross-section of a solid rod, wire, or tubing is reduced or changed in shape by pulling it through a die. The drawing process involves pulling a workpiece made of metal through progressively smaller dies to reduce its cross-sectional area. Multiple draws may be required to achieve the desired size or shape. Drawing is commonly used to produce wire and rod stock and can achieve very small diameters down to 0.03 mm.
This document discusses the design of drillstrings and bottom hole assemblies (BHAs). It covers the components of drillstrings including drill pipe, drill collars, heavy weight drill pipe, stabilizers, and directional control equipment. It provides information on drill pipe and tool joint selection, as well as how to calculate the approximate weight of drill pipe and tool joint assemblies. The document also discusses bottom hole assembly design considerations such as configuration types, bending strength ratios, and stiffness ratios. Additional topics covered include drill collar selection, drillstring design criteria such as collapse, tension, and dogleg severity analysis.
This document discusses the design of drillstrings and bottom hole assemblies (BHAs). It covers the components of drillstrings including drill pipe, drill collars, heavy weight drill pipe, and stabilizers. It also discusses BHA configurations and the purpose and components of BHAs. The document provides information on selecting drill collars and drill pipe grades. It covers criteria for drillstring design including collapse pressure, tension loading, and dogleg severity analysis.
Presentation on rectangular beam design by USD method000041
This document provides a summary of the presentation on rectangular beam design using the Ultimate Strength Design (USD) method for singly and doubly reinforced beams. It discusses factors affecting design such as concrete strength, steel yield strength, reinforcement spacing, and concrete cover. It also covers important considerations like factored loads and capacity reduction factors. Key definitions are presented for balanced steel ratio, under-reinforced beams, and over-reinforced beams. Design types and equations for singly and doubly reinforced beams are shown for flexure and shear.
The document provides an overview of rectangular beam design using the Ultimate Strength Design (USD) method for singly and doubly reinforced beams. It discusses factors affecting design such as concrete strength, steel yield strength, reinforcement spacing, and concrete cover. Important considerations in design are factored loads and capacity reduction factors. Key definitions include balanced steel ratio, under-reinforced beams, and over-reinforced beams. Design types are described for singly and doubly reinforced beams. Flexural and shear design equations are presented.
The document provides an overview of rectangular beam design using the Ultimate Strength Design (USD) method for singly and doubly reinforced beams. It discusses factors affecting design such as concrete strength, steel yield strength, reinforcement spacing, and concrete cover. Important considerations in design are factored loads and capacity reduction factors. Key definitions include balanced steel ratio, under-reinforced beams, and over-reinforced beams. Design types are described for singly and doubly reinforced beams. Flexural and shear design equations are presented.
This presentation is for academic purpose
Topics:-
1) Metal forming
2) Stress- strain analysis for forming process
3) Hot working and cold working process
4) Rolling process
5) Rolling mill arrangements
6) Rolling defects
7) Ring rolling
8) Thread rolling
9)Seamless Pipe Manufacturing By Rolling Process
10) Production of Steel Balls by Rolling Process
11) Roll-Forging
This document provides an overview of various metal forming processes including forging, rolling, extrusion, and drawing. It discusses topics such as the stages of impression die forging, load-stroke curves in closed-die forging, flat and shape rolling processes, defects in flat rolling, ring rolling, types of extrusion and defects like chevron cracking, variables in drawing, and forming processes used for rocket casings. The document contains illustrations of many metal forming techniques and operations.
This document discusses various sheet metal forming processes and related topics. It begins by outlining some key metal characteristics that affect sheet metal processing, such as elongation, anisotropy, grain size, and residual stress. It then describes basic sheet metal processes like cutting, bending, drawing, and various specific processes like roll forming, spinning, and super plastic forming. The document provides details on processes like shearing, punching, bending, deep drawing, and stretch forming. It also discusses topics such as formability tests, springback, necking, and methods for measuring strain in sheet metal.
The document discusses various sheet metal processes including shearing, punching, blanking, bending, drawing, spinning, and forming. It provides details on each process such as the basic setup, how it works, applications, advantages, and equations to calculate forces required. Key points covered include how shearing produces rough cut edges, the importance of proper clearance in punching, the stages of deep drawing including thinning, and how spinning can form axisymmetric shapes through localized deformation.
Forging processes involve shaping metals by applying compressive forces. There are four main types: hammer/drop forging uses gravity impacts, press forging uses hydraulic or mechanical presses, and open-die and closed-die forging differ in whether dies fully contain the metal. Forging increases strength by working the metal and altering its microstructure. Proper die and process design are needed to control metal flow, fill dies completely, and minimize flash and defects. Die materials must withstand thermal and mechanical stresses, while coatings can extend die life.
This presentation is on design of welded and riveted connections in steel structures. in this presentation we learn briefly about these connections and design terminology about these connections.
(1) The document provides an example to calculate quantities for a reinforced concrete beam, including formwork, reinforcement, and concrete.
(2) It first describes the beam dimensions and reinforcement details. Then it shows the steps to calculate the (a) formwork area, (b) reinforcement weights using a bar bending schedule, and (c) concrete volume.
(3) The reinforcement calculation involves determining the cutting lengths of different bar shapes based on the beam geometry and development lengths, then summing the weights.
chapter 4 flexural design of beam 2021.pdfAshrafZaman33
This chapter discusses the flexural analysis and design of beams. It covers fundamental assumptions for bending and shear stresses in beams. It also discusses bending behavior of homogeneous and reinforced concrete beams. The chapter includes analysis of cracked and uncracked beam sections, and design for flexure including underreinforced, overreinforced and balanced conditions. It also covers design of doubly reinforced beams, T-beams and practical considerations like concrete cover and bar spacing.
Design of rectangular & t beam using usdTipu Sultan
1) The document discusses the design of T-beams and rectangular reinforced concrete beams. It provides definitions of beams, T-beams, and their key components.
2) Methods for calculating the effective flange width of T-beams and analyzing the strengths of T-beam sections are presented. Design equations are given for singly and doubly reinforced beam design.
3) The design process described includes determining steel reinforcement areas for the flange and web of T-beams to resist nominal bending moments, based on the effective flange width and strength calculations.
The document discusses the research work done in three stages (RPS) to analyze stress concentration factors (SCF) in steel connections under cyclic loading. In RPS 1, literature on steel connections was reviewed and ABAQUS was used to model and validate the behavior of a welded moment connection. RPS 2 identified stress concentration problems and modeled prequalified connections in ABAQUS to analyze load-displacement behavior and SCF. RPS 3 conducted parametric studies to analyze SCF and cyclic behavior of a type 1 connection using ABAQUS. The research concluded that reinforcements like stiffeners can reduce SCF, and haunched connections have the lowest SCF and highest stiffness.
The document discusses mechanical failure and fracture in materials. It addresses how cracks form and propagate, leading to brittle or ductile fracture depending on the material. Stress concentration at crack tips is a key factor. Fracture toughness and impact testing methods are introduced to characterize a material's resistance to fracture. Fatigue failure from cyclic stresses often initiates at flaws and can occur at stresses below typical strength values. S-N curves relate the cyclic stress amplitude to the lifetime of a material. Temperature and loading conditions also influence failure behavior.
This document discusses printed circuit board (PCB) design. It begins with an introduction to PCBs, describing how they mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive tracks on insulating substrates. It then discusses the basic materials that make up PCBs like copper foil and plating. The document outlines the main fabrication steps for PCBs which include setting up, imaging, etching, drilling, masking, and electrical testing. It also describes the characteristics of through-hole and surface mount technology. The etching and assembly processes are explained in more detail. Finally, the document provides an overview of PCB design and routing software like EAGLE and includes an example of a power supply board.
This document provides information on various sheet metal operations used in metal fabrication. It begins with an introduction to pressed metal frames and the advantages of sheet metal. Various sheet metal cutting and forming operations are described such as punching, blanking, deep drawing, bending, squeezing, and notchting. Hooke's law and its application to sheet metal forming is explained. Details are provided on punching, blanking, deep drawing, and bending operations including the forces involved. Applications of sheet metal operations in various industries are mentioned. Finally, types of sheet metals and mechanical linkages used in sheet metal presses are discussed.
Khushmeet Khushi Resume of manufacturing industry Khushmeet Khushi
A result oriented professional working for Process and New Technology of Manufacturing industry presently associated with Manufacturing Industry as
Asst. Manager in Research & Development. Skilled in manufacturing Process of various type of cords, cables, connector, wire Harness, Remote Control devices, Switches including backward integration thereof. Acquired knowledge of New product and process development, QMS, Compliance and product certification, IPQC, Product & process Stranded, Lean Manufacturing Methodology, and problem solving methodology, VAVE, Etc.
The document discusses various bulk metal deformation processes including rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing. It provides details on the mechanics and applications of these processes. Specifically, it describes techniques like flat rolling, shape rolling, thread rolling, open-die forging, impression-die forging, multi-step forging, flashless forging, upsetting and heading, rotary swaging, direct and indirect extrusion, hot and cold extrusion, and wire and bar drawing. Diagrams are included to illustrate key aspects of each technique.
Drawing is a process where the cross-section of a solid rod, wire, or tubing is reduced or changed in shape by pulling it through a die. The drawing process involves pulling a workpiece made of metal through progressively smaller dies to reduce its cross-sectional area. Multiple draws may be required to achieve the desired size or shape. Drawing is commonly used to produce wire and rod stock and can achieve very small diameters down to 0.03 mm.
This document discusses the design of drillstrings and bottom hole assemblies (BHAs). It covers the components of drillstrings including drill pipe, drill collars, heavy weight drill pipe, stabilizers, and directional control equipment. It provides information on drill pipe and tool joint selection, as well as how to calculate the approximate weight of drill pipe and tool joint assemblies. The document also discusses bottom hole assembly design considerations such as configuration types, bending strength ratios, and stiffness ratios. Additional topics covered include drill collar selection, drillstring design criteria such as collapse, tension, and dogleg severity analysis.
This document discusses the design of drillstrings and bottom hole assemblies (BHAs). It covers the components of drillstrings including drill pipe, drill collars, heavy weight drill pipe, and stabilizers. It also discusses BHA configurations and the purpose and components of BHAs. The document provides information on selecting drill collars and drill pipe grades. It covers criteria for drillstring design including collapse pressure, tension loading, and dogleg severity analysis.
Presentation on rectangular beam design by USD method000041
This document provides a summary of the presentation on rectangular beam design using the Ultimate Strength Design (USD) method for singly and doubly reinforced beams. It discusses factors affecting design such as concrete strength, steel yield strength, reinforcement spacing, and concrete cover. It also covers important considerations like factored loads and capacity reduction factors. Key definitions are presented for balanced steel ratio, under-reinforced beams, and over-reinforced beams. Design types and equations for singly and doubly reinforced beams are shown for flexure and shear.
The document provides an overview of rectangular beam design using the Ultimate Strength Design (USD) method for singly and doubly reinforced beams. It discusses factors affecting design such as concrete strength, steel yield strength, reinforcement spacing, and concrete cover. Important considerations in design are factored loads and capacity reduction factors. Key definitions include balanced steel ratio, under-reinforced beams, and over-reinforced beams. Design types are described for singly and doubly reinforced beams. Flexural and shear design equations are presented.
The document provides an overview of rectangular beam design using the Ultimate Strength Design (USD) method for singly and doubly reinforced beams. It discusses factors affecting design such as concrete strength, steel yield strength, reinforcement spacing, and concrete cover. Important considerations in design are factored loads and capacity reduction factors. Key definitions include balanced steel ratio, under-reinforced beams, and over-reinforced beams. Design types are described for singly and doubly reinforced beams. Flexural and shear design equations are presented.
This presentation is for academic purpose
Topics:-
1) Metal forming
2) Stress- strain analysis for forming process
3) Hot working and cold working process
4) Rolling process
5) Rolling mill arrangements
6) Rolling defects
7) Ring rolling
8) Thread rolling
9)Seamless Pipe Manufacturing By Rolling Process
10) Production of Steel Balls by Rolling Process
11) Roll-Forging
This document provides an overview of various metal forming processes including forging, rolling, extrusion, and drawing. It discusses topics such as the stages of impression die forging, load-stroke curves in closed-die forging, flat and shape rolling processes, defects in flat rolling, ring rolling, types of extrusion and defects like chevron cracking, variables in drawing, and forming processes used for rocket casings. The document contains illustrations of many metal forming techniques and operations.
This document discusses various sheet metal forming processes and related topics. It begins by outlining some key metal characteristics that affect sheet metal processing, such as elongation, anisotropy, grain size, and residual stress. It then describes basic sheet metal processes like cutting, bending, drawing, and various specific processes like roll forming, spinning, and super plastic forming. The document provides details on processes like shearing, punching, bending, deep drawing, and stretch forming. It also discusses topics such as formability tests, springback, necking, and methods for measuring strain in sheet metal.
The document discusses various sheet metal processes including shearing, punching, blanking, bending, drawing, spinning, and forming. It provides details on each process such as the basic setup, how it works, applications, advantages, and equations to calculate forces required. Key points covered include how shearing produces rough cut edges, the importance of proper clearance in punching, the stages of deep drawing including thinning, and how spinning can form axisymmetric shapes through localized deformation.
Forging processes involve shaping metals by applying compressive forces. There are four main types: hammer/drop forging uses gravity impacts, press forging uses hydraulic or mechanical presses, and open-die and closed-die forging differ in whether dies fully contain the metal. Forging increases strength by working the metal and altering its microstructure. Proper die and process design are needed to control metal flow, fill dies completely, and minimize flash and defects. Die materials must withstand thermal and mechanical stresses, while coatings can extend die life.
This presentation is on design of welded and riveted connections in steel structures. in this presentation we learn briefly about these connections and design terminology about these connections.
(1) The document provides an example to calculate quantities for a reinforced concrete beam, including formwork, reinforcement, and concrete.
(2) It first describes the beam dimensions and reinforcement details. Then it shows the steps to calculate the (a) formwork area, (b) reinforcement weights using a bar bending schedule, and (c) concrete volume.
(3) The reinforcement calculation involves determining the cutting lengths of different bar shapes based on the beam geometry and development lengths, then summing the weights.
chapter 4 flexural design of beam 2021.pdfAshrafZaman33
This chapter discusses the flexural analysis and design of beams. It covers fundamental assumptions for bending and shear stresses in beams. It also discusses bending behavior of homogeneous and reinforced concrete beams. The chapter includes analysis of cracked and uncracked beam sections, and design for flexure including underreinforced, overreinforced and balanced conditions. It also covers design of doubly reinforced beams, T-beams and practical considerations like concrete cover and bar spacing.
Design of rectangular & t beam using usdTipu Sultan
1) The document discusses the design of T-beams and rectangular reinforced concrete beams. It provides definitions of beams, T-beams, and their key components.
2) Methods for calculating the effective flange width of T-beams and analyzing the strengths of T-beam sections are presented. Design equations are given for singly and doubly reinforced beam design.
3) The design process described includes determining steel reinforcement areas for the flange and web of T-beams to resist nominal bending moments, based on the effective flange width and strength calculations.
The document discusses the research work done in three stages (RPS) to analyze stress concentration factors (SCF) in steel connections under cyclic loading. In RPS 1, literature on steel connections was reviewed and ABAQUS was used to model and validate the behavior of a welded moment connection. RPS 2 identified stress concentration problems and modeled prequalified connections in ABAQUS to analyze load-displacement behavior and SCF. RPS 3 conducted parametric studies to analyze SCF and cyclic behavior of a type 1 connection using ABAQUS. The research concluded that reinforcements like stiffeners can reduce SCF, and haunched connections have the lowest SCF and highest stiffness.
The document discusses mechanical failure and fracture in materials. It addresses how cracks form and propagate, leading to brittle or ductile fracture depending on the material. Stress concentration at crack tips is a key factor. Fracture toughness and impact testing methods are introduced to characterize a material's resistance to fracture. Fatigue failure from cyclic stresses often initiates at flaws and can occur at stresses below typical strength values. S-N curves relate the cyclic stress amplitude to the lifetime of a material. Temperature and loading conditions also influence failure behavior.
This document discusses printed circuit board (PCB) design. It begins with an introduction to PCBs, describing how they mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive tracks on insulating substrates. It then discusses the basic materials that make up PCBs like copper foil and plating. The document outlines the main fabrication steps for PCBs which include setting up, imaging, etching, drilling, masking, and electrical testing. It also describes the characteristics of through-hole and surface mount technology. The etching and assembly processes are explained in more detail. Finally, the document provides an overview of PCB design and routing software like EAGLE and includes an example of a power supply board.
This document provides information on various sheet metal operations used in metal fabrication. It begins with an introduction to pressed metal frames and the advantages of sheet metal. Various sheet metal cutting and forming operations are described such as punching, blanking, deep drawing, bending, squeezing, and notchting. Hooke's law and its application to sheet metal forming is explained. Details are provided on punching, blanking, deep drawing, and bending operations including the forces involved. Applications of sheet metal operations in various industries are mentioned. Finally, types of sheet metals and mechanical linkages used in sheet metal presses are discussed.
Similar to Drawing and drawing on drawing all drawing.pptx (20)
Khushmeet Khushi Resume of manufacturing industry Khushmeet Khushi
A result oriented professional working for Process and New Technology of Manufacturing industry presently associated with Manufacturing Industry as
Asst. Manager in Research & Development. Skilled in manufacturing Process of various type of cords, cables, connector, wire Harness, Remote Control devices, Switches including backward integration thereof. Acquired knowledge of New product and process development, QMS, Compliance and product certification, IPQC, Product & process Stranded, Lean Manufacturing Methodology, and problem solving methodology, VAVE, Etc.
The semiochemicals market size has grown rapidly in
recent years. It will grow from $4.56 billion in 2023
to $5.37 billion in 2024 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 17.6%. The growth in the
historic period can be attributed to market
acceptance and education, pest resistance concerns,
increased agricultural productivity demands,
chemical ecology research, growing advancements in
formulations. The semiochemicals market size is
expected to see rapid growth in the next few years. It
will grow to $9.67 billion in 2028 at a compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.9%.
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1. NC State University
Department of Materials Science and Engineering 1
Processing of Metallic Materials
Lecture 11: Drawing and Forming
2. NC State University
Sheet Drawing
Sheet metal forming to make
cup-shaped, box-shaped, or other
complex-curved, hollow-shaped
parts
• Products: beverage cans,
ammunition shells, automobile body
panels
• Also known as deep drawing (to
distinguish it from wire and bar
drawing)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ph3AOxvcR4&feature=related
3. NC State University
• Drawing of
cup-shaped part:
(1) before punch
contacts work,
(2) near end of
stroke
• Starting blank
and drawn part
shown in lower
views
Deep Drawing of Cup
4. NC State University
Clearance in Drawing
• Sides of punch and die
separated by a clearance
c given by:
c = 1.1 t
where t = stock thickness
• In other words, clearance
is about 10% greater than
stock thickness
6. NC State University
Drawing Ratio DR
where Db = blank diameter; and
Dp = punch diameter
• Indicates severity of a given
drawing operation
– Upper limit: DR 2.0
Most easily defined for cylindrical
shape (e.g., cup)
p
b
D
D
DR
7. NC State University
Reduction r
• Defined for cylindrical shape:
b
p
b
D
D
D
r
Value of r should be less than 0.50
8. NC State University
Thickness-to-Diameter Ratio t/Db
Thickness of starting
blank divided by blank
diameter
• Desirable for t/Db ratio to
be greater than 1%
• As t/Db decreases,
tendency for wrinkling
increases
9. NC State University
Blank Size Determination
• For final dimensions of drawn shape to be
correct, starting blank diameter Db must be
right
• Solve for Db by setting starting sheet metal
blank volume = final product volume
• To facilitate calculation, assume negligible
thinning of part wall
11. NC State University
Common defects
Department of Materials Science and Engineering 11
(a)Wrinkling in the flange (b) Wrinkling in the wall
(c) Tearing (d) Earing
(e) Scratches
12. NC State University
Wire and Bar Drawing
• Similar to extrusion except work is pulled through die
in drawing
– It is pushed through in extrusion
• Although drawing applies tensile stress, compression
also plays a significant role since metal is squeezed
as it passes through die opening
13. NC State University
Area Reduction in Drawing
• Change in size of work is usually given
by area reduction:
The true drawing strain:
o
f
o
A
A
A
r
e = ln
A0
Af
= ln
1
1-r
14. NC State University
Practical Drawing Force
Department of Materials Science and Engineering 14
sd = s 1+
m
tana
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷fe
f = 0.88+ 0.12D / LC
LC =
D0 - Df
2sina
F = Af sd = Af s 1+
m
tana
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷fe
sd is the exit stress
Average diameter: (D0+Df)/2
15. NC State University
Drawing Practice and Products
• Drawing practice:
– Usually performed as cold working
– Most frequently used for round cross sections
• Products:
– Wire: electrical wire; wire stock for fences, coat
hangers, and shopping carts
– Rod stock for nails, screws, rivets, and springs
– Bar stock: metal bars for machining, forging, and
other processes
16. NC State University
Bar Drawing
• Accomplished as a single-draft
operation - the stock is pulled through one die
opening
• Requires a batch type operation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejJ6Uqs5grU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKAg1yMZIpY
17. NC State University
Wire Drawing
• Continuous drawing machines consisting
of multiple draw dies (typically 4 to 12)
separated by accumulating drums
– Each drum (capstan) provides proper force to
draw wire stock through upstream die
– Each die provides a small reduction, so desired
total reduction is achieved by the series of dies
– Annealing sometimes required between dies to
relieve work hardening
18. NC State University
Continuous Wire Drawing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-3ka0E-sl8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlLWBM2e5qg&playnext=1&list=PL6DE0478CFB849C93&feature=results_main
19. NC State University
Features of a Draw Die
• Entry region - funnels lubricant into the die to prevent scoring of work
and die
• Approach - cone-shaped region where drawing occurs
• Bearing surface - determines final stock size
• Back relief - exit zone - provided with a back relief angle (half-angle) of
about 30
• Die materials: tool steels or cemented carbides
20. NC State University
HW assignment
• Reading assignment: Chapters 14
• Review Questions: 13.20, 13.21, 13.22,
14.9, 14.10, 14.12
• Problems: 13.29, 13.31, 14.14, 14.15,
14.19, 14.22, 14.25
Department of Materials Science and Engineering 20
