Drama is a literary form for theater where actors portray characters through specific actions, serving to both entertain and instruct. Key elements include plot, character, setting, dialogue, theme, and spectacle, while genres of drama include tragedy, comedy, and tragicomedy. The document also discusses various dramatic techniques such as soliloquies and monologues that enhance character development and the audience's understanding.

1. Drama

2. What is Drama?
• Drama is the literary from designed for the
theater
• Actors take the roles of the characters and
perform the indicated action.
• Drama both entertains and instructs.

3. Elements of Drama
• All plays share some basic elements with
which playwrights and producers work;
Plot Character
Setting
Dialogue
Spectacle
Theme

4. Plot
• Plot is the term for the action of a drama.
• Its function is to give action a form that helps
reader or audience understand relation of
the drama in relation to one another.

5. Plot
• 1. Exposition
- It is an explanation of what happened
before the play began
- To show how the characters arrived at
their present situation

6. Plot
2. Complication (rising action)
• Events which make the situation become
complicated.
• Also, it gradually intensify the conflict
• As the plot progress, it arouses expectations in
the audience of the future events.
• Uncertain about what will happen is called
“Suspense”

7. • If what in fact happens violates our
expectations, it is known as “surprise”

8. Plot
3. Climax
- It is the high point of tension or emotion in
the plot.
- It is the moments of stability and adjustment
in between

9. 4. Crisis
- Climax and crisis may occur at the same time
- Crisis is considered a time of decision or a
turning point
- The character is faced with choices which will
determine his fate

10. • 5. Falling action
Once the climax has been reached, the
plot moves, the action will move to its
conclusion.

11. 6. Denouement/Resolution
The end of the play
The solution to the problems

13. Character
• Character is the person endowed with moral
and dispositional qualities that expressed in
what he says------ dialogue
what he does----- the action

14. • 1. Character is revealed by speech.
– His manner of speaking, his voice quality
– The playwright take good care of dialogue because
it make immediate effect upon character’s
personality
2. Character is established by action.
3. Character maybe revealed by what other say
about him.

15. Setting
• Time and Place where the action occurs
• Scenery and physical elements appear on
stage to vivify the author’s stage direction

16. Dialogue
• Plays depend for their unfolding on dialogue
• The dialogue is the verbal exchange between
the characters
• The dialogue must tell the whole story
• Talk alone to reveal motives, intentions, state
of mind – “Soliloquy”
• Talk to one another, who then responds

17. “Soliloquy”
• Soliloquy is a speech that one gives to oneself.
In a play, a character delivering a soliloquy
talks to herself – thinking out loud, as it were
– so that the audience better understands
what is happening to the character internally.

18. “Example of Soliloquy”
• The most well-known soliloquy in the English
language appears in Act III, Scene 1 of Hamlet:
• To be, or not to be, — that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? (etc.)

19. Monologue
• A monologue is an extended, uninterrupted
speech by a single person. The person may be
speaking his or her thoughts aloud or directly
addressing other persons, e.g. an audience, a
character, or a reader.

20. Example of Monologue
• Marc Antony delivers a well-known monologue to
the people of Rome in Shakespeare's Julius
Caesar. You probably know how it starts:
• “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your
ears;
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones:
So let it be with Caesar. (etc.)

21. • A monologue might be delivered to an
audience within a play, as it is with Antony's
speech, or it might be delivered directly to the
audience sitting in the theater and watching
the play.

22. Theme
• The theme of a play is its message, its central
idea
in short, what it is about

23. Spectacle
• Visual aspects of production scenery,
lighting, costume, make-up and the
business and movement of the
actors

24. Genre of Drama
• Tragedy
• Tragedy is kind of drama that presents a
serious subject matter about human suffering
and corresponding terrible events in a
dignified manner.

25. • Comedy
• Comedy is a literary genre and a type of dramatic
work that is amusing and satirical in its tone,
mostly having cheerful ending.
• This dramatic work is triumph over unpleasant
circumstance by which to create comic effects,
resulting in happy or successful conclusion.
• The purpose of comedy is to amuse the audience.

26. • Romantic Comedy
Involves the theme of love leading to happy
conclusion
Romantic comedy in Shakespearean plays
These plays are concerned with idealized love
affairs.
It is a fact that the true love never runs smooth;
however, love overcomes the difficulties.

27. • Comedy of Humors
• ‘humor’ that means liquid
• It explains that when human beings have
balance of these humors in their bodies, they
remain healthy.

28. • Tragicomedy
• It contains both tragedy and comedy. There
might be a happy ending after a series of
unfortunate events.
• It is incorporated with jokes throughout the
story just to lighten the tone.