Genitourinary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and commonly affects the kidneys, ureters, bladder and genitals. It spreads hematogenously from the lungs. Symptoms include dysuria, hematuria and flank pain. Diagnosis involves urine testing showing sterile pyuria and hematuria. Imaging like CT and IVU show lesions, calcifications and organ damage. Treatment involves multidrug antibiotic therapy for at least 6 months along with surgery for complications like strictures. Outcomes are good with early diagnosis and combined medical and surgical management.
The document discusses radiological approaches to diagnosing and evaluating urinary tract infections (UTIs). It begins by distinguishing between upper and lower UTIs, as well as uncomplicated and complicated UTIs. Common causative organisms of UTIs are also identified. Various imaging modalities are then described for evaluating UTIs, including intravenous urography, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine scans. Specific radiological findings of acute bacterial pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, tuberculous infections of the urinary tract are also summarized.
The document describes three clinical cases involving renal issues. Case 1 involves a 67-year-old male with abdominal pain and a large retroperitoneal mass seen on CT scan. Case 2 involves a 34-year-old man with urinary symptoms, hematuria, and positive urine culture for M. tuberculosis, indicating renal tuberculosis. Case 3 involves a 53-year-old man admitted for vomiting and weakness, found to have renal dysfunction and biopsy showing tubular changes consistent with drug-induced interstitial nephritis. The remainder of the document provides details on renal tuberculosis, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations and management.
Investigation and treatment of Urinary tract infection in childrenFaridAlam29
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. The two main types are pyelonephritis, which involves the kidneys, and cystitis, which involves the bladder.
- Symptoms vary with age but may include fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, and abnormal urine odor or color. Physical exams can reveal costovertebral angle tenderness or abdominal tenderness.
- Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and imaging studies like ultrasound or voiding cystourethrogram to check for vesicoureteral reflux or other abnormalities.
- Escherichia coli is the most common cause. Treatment depends
Short review of genitourinary tuberculosisRavi7209
Genitourinary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infecting the genitourinary tract, most commonly from a primary lung infection. It accounts for 10-40% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases. Symptoms vary depending on the infected organ but may include persistent pyuria, hematuria, epididymal swelling, or prostatic/vesicle induration. Diagnosis is made by detecting acid-fast bacilli in urine samples. Treatment involves a standard 6 month antibiotic regimen, with surgery reserved for complications like obstruction or advanced scarring.
This document provides information on tuberculosis of the genitourinary system. It discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary TB. Some key points:
- Genitourinary TB accounts for 30-40% of extra pulmonary TB cases and most commonly affects the kidneys, epididymis in men, and fallopian tubes in women via hematogenous spread.
- Clinical findings may include urinary frequency, painful urination, hematuria, and loin pain. Diagnosis involves urine culture and nucleic acid amplification testing, imaging like IVU, and histopathological examination.
- Treatment consists of a standard 6 month drug regimen including isoniaz
This document discusses Genitourinary Tuberculosis (GUTB). It begins with the clinical history of GUTB and epidemiological data. It then describes the pathogenesis and clinical features of GUTB involving different organs like the kidneys, ureters, bladder, reproductive organs etc. It discusses the various investigations used for diagnosis of GUTB including urine examination, imaging modalities and microbiological tests. It also provides details of specific tests like tuberculin skin test, interferon-gamma release assays, culture tests and newer diagnostic techniques like PCR.
This document provides information about renal tuberculosis, including its diagnosis and management. It begins with a brief history of tuberculosis and then focuses on renal tuberculosis. Key points include:
- Renal tuberculosis is most commonly caused by hematogenous spread from a pulmonary infection and presents with symptoms of urinary tract inflammation like dysuria, back/flank pain, or hematuria.
- Diagnosis involves urine analysis showing pyuria and sterile cultures, imaging like intravenous pyelography showing calcifications and abnormalities, and culture of urine or tissues.
- Radiological findings include calcifications, cavitary lesions, infundibular strictures, and evidence of destruction like a "putty kidney". Management involves antibiotic therapy but can be complicated
The document discusses radiological approaches to diagnosing and evaluating urinary tract infections (UTIs). It begins by distinguishing between upper and lower UTIs, as well as uncomplicated and complicated UTIs. Common causative organisms of UTIs are also identified. Various imaging modalities are then described for evaluating UTIs, including intravenous urography, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine scans. Specific radiological findings of acute bacterial pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, tuberculous infections of the urinary tract are also summarized.
The document describes three clinical cases involving renal issues. Case 1 involves a 67-year-old male with abdominal pain and a large retroperitoneal mass seen on CT scan. Case 2 involves a 34-year-old man with urinary symptoms, hematuria, and positive urine culture for M. tuberculosis, indicating renal tuberculosis. Case 3 involves a 53-year-old man admitted for vomiting and weakness, found to have renal dysfunction and biopsy showing tubular changes consistent with drug-induced interstitial nephritis. The remainder of the document provides details on renal tuberculosis, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations and management.
Investigation and treatment of Urinary tract infection in childrenFaridAlam29
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. The two main types are pyelonephritis, which involves the kidneys, and cystitis, which involves the bladder.
- Symptoms vary with age but may include fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, and abnormal urine odor or color. Physical exams can reveal costovertebral angle tenderness or abdominal tenderness.
- Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and imaging studies like ultrasound or voiding cystourethrogram to check for vesicoureteral reflux or other abnormalities.
- Escherichia coli is the most common cause. Treatment depends
Short review of genitourinary tuberculosisRavi7209
Genitourinary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infecting the genitourinary tract, most commonly from a primary lung infection. It accounts for 10-40% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases. Symptoms vary depending on the infected organ but may include persistent pyuria, hematuria, epididymal swelling, or prostatic/vesicle induration. Diagnosis is made by detecting acid-fast bacilli in urine samples. Treatment involves a standard 6 month antibiotic regimen, with surgery reserved for complications like obstruction or advanced scarring.
This document provides information on tuberculosis of the genitourinary system. It discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary TB. Some key points:
- Genitourinary TB accounts for 30-40% of extra pulmonary TB cases and most commonly affects the kidneys, epididymis in men, and fallopian tubes in women via hematogenous spread.
- Clinical findings may include urinary frequency, painful urination, hematuria, and loin pain. Diagnosis involves urine culture and nucleic acid amplification testing, imaging like IVU, and histopathological examination.
- Treatment consists of a standard 6 month drug regimen including isoniaz
This document discusses Genitourinary Tuberculosis (GUTB). It begins with the clinical history of GUTB and epidemiological data. It then describes the pathogenesis and clinical features of GUTB involving different organs like the kidneys, ureters, bladder, reproductive organs etc. It discusses the various investigations used for diagnosis of GUTB including urine examination, imaging modalities and microbiological tests. It also provides details of specific tests like tuberculin skin test, interferon-gamma release assays, culture tests and newer diagnostic techniques like PCR.
This document provides information about renal tuberculosis, including its diagnosis and management. It begins with a brief history of tuberculosis and then focuses on renal tuberculosis. Key points include:
- Renal tuberculosis is most commonly caused by hematogenous spread from a pulmonary infection and presents with symptoms of urinary tract inflammation like dysuria, back/flank pain, or hematuria.
- Diagnosis involves urine analysis showing pyuria and sterile cultures, imaging like intravenous pyelography showing calcifications and abnormalities, and culture of urine or tissues.
- Radiological findings include calcifications, cavitary lesions, infundibular strictures, and evidence of destruction like a "putty kidney". Management involves antibiotic therapy but can be complicated
Inflammation of the kidney due to a bacterial infection.
The inflammation of the kidney is due to a specific type of urinary tract infection (UTI). The UTI usually begins in the urethra or bladder and travels to the kidneys.
Tuberculosis commonly involves the genitourinary tract. Genitourinary TB can affect any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and genital organs. It typically presents with vague urinary symptoms like recurrent urinary tract infections that do not respond to antibiotics. Diagnosis involves identifying the tuberculosis bacteria in urine or tissue samples through smear, culture, or PCR tests. Imaging findings on IVU, CT, or MRI may demonstrate changes in the kidneys like calcification or destruction of the renal parenchyma. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent long-term complications like renal failure.
The document discusses genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB), including its pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and diagnostic workup. Some key points:
- GUTB most commonly involves the kidneys and presents with irritative voiding symptoms in over 50% of patients. Diagnosis is made by identifying acid-fast bacilli in urine cultures or tissues.
- Diagnostic workup includes urine analysis, cultures, imaging like IVU or CT urography showing changes like calcifications, obstructions, and radiographic signs of early renal involvement.
- Definitive diagnosis requires one major criteria (histopathology showing granulomas, positive AFB or PCR) or two minor criteria
Pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses can develop from a variety of causes. Ultrasound or CT imaging are used to identify abscesses, which appear as hypoechoic or low attenuation areas on scans. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics along with drainage of larger abscesses via needle aspiration or catheter placement. For pyogenic abscesses, antibiotics are chosen based on culture results and typically include combinations targeting common bacteria. Amebic abscesses are generally treated with metronidazole or other nitroimidazole antibiotics, sometimes along with drainage or other antiparasitic drugs. Complications can arise if abscesses rupture or spread beyond the liver.
Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a necrotizing renal infection characterized by gas in the renal parenchyma or surrounding tissue. It commonly affects diabetics and those with urinary tract obstructions. CT scan is most accurate for diagnosis by detecting renal gas. Treatment involves controlling blood glucose, relieving obstruction, IV antibiotics, and sometimes percutaneous drainage or nephrectomy. Mortality rates are high without prompt treatment.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can range from asymptomatic bacteriuria to severe kidney infection. Common symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency. UTIs are more common in women than men. Types include cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis and pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that can cause loin pain, fever and vomiting. It is generally treated with oral or IV antibiotics depending on severity. Complicated UTIs involve abnormal anatomy or immunity.
This document summarizes the diagnosis and management of adult urinary tract infections. It defines different types of UTIs like cystitis, pyelonephritis, and recurrent infections. Diagnosis involves history, examination, urinalysis, urine culture, and occasionally imaging. Uncomplicated cystitis is usually treated with a 3-5 day course of antibiotics like nitrofurantoin, TMP-SMX, or fluoroquinolones. Recurrent UTIs may require behavioral changes, continuous antibiotic prophylaxis, or non-antibiotic alternatives like cranberry, D-mannose, or estrogen.
1. Urinary tract infections are usually caused by bacteria like E. coli entering the urinary tract and multiplying. Risk factors include anatomical abnormalities, catheters, diabetes, and pregnancy.
2. Symptoms depend on the location of infection, ranging from painful urination with cystitis to fever and flank pain with pyelonephritis. Diagnosis involves urine tests and culture.
3. Treatment involves antibiotics, with uncomplicated cystitis typically treated for 3 days and pyelonephritis requiring longer courses in hospital. Prevention focuses on personal hygiene and drinking plenty of fluids.
The patient, a 63-year-old man, has noted increasing back pain for 7 months and has had recurrent respiratory infections. Laboratory tests show decreased kidney function with proteinuria. A renal biopsy shows deposits of pink amorphous material in the glomeruli, interstitium, and arteries. These findings are most consistent with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Pyogenic and amebic liver infections and infestations are described. Pyogenic liver abscesses are usually caused by bacteria spreading from another infected site via the bloodstream and are typically treated with antibiotics and drainage. Amebic liver abscesses are caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and present with right upper quadrant pain, fever, and tenderness. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging, and treatment consists of antiparasitic medications and sometimes drainage. Hydatid cysts are caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus and seen endemic areas; they may cause liver masses, pain, or allergic reactions.
Liver abscesses occur when bacteria, protozoa, or fungi infect and destroy hepatic tissue. There are two main types: pyogenic (caused by bacteria) and amebic (caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica). Common symptoms include fever, right upper quadrant pain, and hepatomegaly. Imaging tests like ultrasound and CT are used to detect abscesses. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of large abscesses, and treating any underlying infection. Outcomes are generally good but complications can include sepsis, empyema, and rupture.
1. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in children and can lead to serious complications if left untreated, such as renal scarring and failure.
2. Symptoms of UTI in children vary depending on age but often include fever, vomiting, and abnormal urine symptoms. Diagnosis involves urinalysis and culture.
3. Treatment involves antibiotics and may require hospitalization for young infants or children appearing toxic. The goal is to prevent progression to pyelonephritis and damage to the kidneys.
This document discusses liver abscesses, including pyogenic liver abscesses (PLA) and amoebic liver abscesses (ALA). PLA are caused by bacteria reaching the liver through the bloodstream, bile ducts, or direct extension. ALA are predominantly caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Clinical features of liver abscesses can include fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Imaging like ultrasound and CT are important for diagnosis. Treatment involves antibiotics for PLA and metronidazole for ALA, with drainage procedures for large or multiple abscesses. Complications include rupture, biliary obstruction, and systemic inflammatory response.
Genitourinary Tuberculosis treatment and managemnt.pptxneeti70
Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) usually results from the hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a primary pulmonary infection. Symptoms of GUTB are often masked by other conditions like UTIs, leading to delayed diagnosis. Resistant or recurrent UTIs should be tested for GUTB without delay. Diagnosis involves smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture, and tissue biopsy showing granulomatous inflammation. Treatment is a standard multidrug regimen for at least six months, sometimes longer for complex cases. Complications can include strictures, fistulas, renal impairment, and infertility if left untreated.
Choledochal cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis in all patients with a history of biliary colic, recurrent cholangitis or pancreatitis with associated dilatation of bile duct, particularly if they are <40 years of age. Delay in the diagnosis increases the incidence of associated biliary pathology and suboptimal surgical therapy
This document provides information on upper urinary tract infections from the Department of Urology at Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India. It defines upper urinary tract infections and various related conditions like pyelonephritis, renal abscesses, perinephric abscesses, and pyonephrosis. It discusses the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of these conditions. Key pathogenic bacteria are outlined and imaging findings for various infections are described. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy and sometimes drainage or nephrectomy.
Urinary tract disorder medical surgical nursing.pptssuser47b89a
This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs). It begins by outlining the objectives of describing signs and symptoms, defining treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria, listing common bacteria and antibiotics, and outlining investigation and treatment of cystitis and pyelonephritis. It then discusses who is most at risk for UTIs, including women, those with voiding abnormalities, and those with instrumentation of the urinary tract. The document outlines signs, symptoms, investigations including urinalysis and culture, differential diagnoses, and treatment approaches including antibiotics and hospitalization for various types of UTIs like cystitis, pyelonephritis, and recurrent or complicated infections.
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It defines UTIs and lists the parts of the urinary tract. The pathophysiology and most common causes are described. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management approaches are outlined for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs in different populations like children, adults, pregnant women. Imaging tests and their appropriate uses are also summarized. Treatment options for UTIs in various groups are provided.
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It defines UTIs and lists the parts of the urinary tract. The pathophysiology and most common causes are described. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management approaches are outlined for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs in different populations like children, adults, pregnant women. Imaging tests and their appropriate uses are also summarized. Treatment options for UTIs in various groups are provided.
1. Priapism is a prolonged and sometimes painful erection that lasts more than 4 hours without sexual stimulation. It is classified as either ischemic (low flow) or non-ischemic (high flow) priapism.
2. Ischemic priapism is the more common and serious type caused by a blockage of the veins draining blood from the penis. It can lead to permanent erectile dysfunction if not properly treated. Non-ischemic priapism is usually caused by trauma that results in an arterial-sinusoidal fistula.
3. Treatment depends on the type of priapism. Ischemic priapism is initially treated through aspiration of blood from the corpus
The document summarizes the development of the genitourinary system during intrauterine life. It discusses the development of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. It describes how the ureteric bud forms the collecting system of the definitive kidney. It also discusses the development of the gonads, testis, male external genitalia and prostate. Congenital anomalies that can affect the kidney, ureter and bladder are also summarized.
Inflammation of the kidney due to a bacterial infection.
The inflammation of the kidney is due to a specific type of urinary tract infection (UTI). The UTI usually begins in the urethra or bladder and travels to the kidneys.
Tuberculosis commonly involves the genitourinary tract. Genitourinary TB can affect any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and genital organs. It typically presents with vague urinary symptoms like recurrent urinary tract infections that do not respond to antibiotics. Diagnosis involves identifying the tuberculosis bacteria in urine or tissue samples through smear, culture, or PCR tests. Imaging findings on IVU, CT, or MRI may demonstrate changes in the kidneys like calcification or destruction of the renal parenchyma. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent long-term complications like renal failure.
The document discusses genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB), including its pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and diagnostic workup. Some key points:
- GUTB most commonly involves the kidneys and presents with irritative voiding symptoms in over 50% of patients. Diagnosis is made by identifying acid-fast bacilli in urine cultures or tissues.
- Diagnostic workup includes urine analysis, cultures, imaging like IVU or CT urography showing changes like calcifications, obstructions, and radiographic signs of early renal involvement.
- Definitive diagnosis requires one major criteria (histopathology showing granulomas, positive AFB or PCR) or two minor criteria
Pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses can develop from a variety of causes. Ultrasound or CT imaging are used to identify abscesses, which appear as hypoechoic or low attenuation areas on scans. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics along with drainage of larger abscesses via needle aspiration or catheter placement. For pyogenic abscesses, antibiotics are chosen based on culture results and typically include combinations targeting common bacteria. Amebic abscesses are generally treated with metronidazole or other nitroimidazole antibiotics, sometimes along with drainage or other antiparasitic drugs. Complications can arise if abscesses rupture or spread beyond the liver.
Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a necrotizing renal infection characterized by gas in the renal parenchyma or surrounding tissue. It commonly affects diabetics and those with urinary tract obstructions. CT scan is most accurate for diagnosis by detecting renal gas. Treatment involves controlling blood glucose, relieving obstruction, IV antibiotics, and sometimes percutaneous drainage or nephrectomy. Mortality rates are high without prompt treatment.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can range from asymptomatic bacteriuria to severe kidney infection. Common symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency. UTIs are more common in women than men. Types include cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis and pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that can cause loin pain, fever and vomiting. It is generally treated with oral or IV antibiotics depending on severity. Complicated UTIs involve abnormal anatomy or immunity.
This document summarizes the diagnosis and management of adult urinary tract infections. It defines different types of UTIs like cystitis, pyelonephritis, and recurrent infections. Diagnosis involves history, examination, urinalysis, urine culture, and occasionally imaging. Uncomplicated cystitis is usually treated with a 3-5 day course of antibiotics like nitrofurantoin, TMP-SMX, or fluoroquinolones. Recurrent UTIs may require behavioral changes, continuous antibiotic prophylaxis, or non-antibiotic alternatives like cranberry, D-mannose, or estrogen.
1. Urinary tract infections are usually caused by bacteria like E. coli entering the urinary tract and multiplying. Risk factors include anatomical abnormalities, catheters, diabetes, and pregnancy.
2. Symptoms depend on the location of infection, ranging from painful urination with cystitis to fever and flank pain with pyelonephritis. Diagnosis involves urine tests and culture.
3. Treatment involves antibiotics, with uncomplicated cystitis typically treated for 3 days and pyelonephritis requiring longer courses in hospital. Prevention focuses on personal hygiene and drinking plenty of fluids.
The patient, a 63-year-old man, has noted increasing back pain for 7 months and has had recurrent respiratory infections. Laboratory tests show decreased kidney function with proteinuria. A renal biopsy shows deposits of pink amorphous material in the glomeruli, interstitium, and arteries. These findings are most consistent with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Pyogenic and amebic liver infections and infestations are described. Pyogenic liver abscesses are usually caused by bacteria spreading from another infected site via the bloodstream and are typically treated with antibiotics and drainage. Amebic liver abscesses are caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and present with right upper quadrant pain, fever, and tenderness. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging, and treatment consists of antiparasitic medications and sometimes drainage. Hydatid cysts are caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus and seen endemic areas; they may cause liver masses, pain, or allergic reactions.
Liver abscesses occur when bacteria, protozoa, or fungi infect and destroy hepatic tissue. There are two main types: pyogenic (caused by bacteria) and amebic (caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica). Common symptoms include fever, right upper quadrant pain, and hepatomegaly. Imaging tests like ultrasound and CT are used to detect abscesses. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of large abscesses, and treating any underlying infection. Outcomes are generally good but complications can include sepsis, empyema, and rupture.
1. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in children and can lead to serious complications if left untreated, such as renal scarring and failure.
2. Symptoms of UTI in children vary depending on age but often include fever, vomiting, and abnormal urine symptoms. Diagnosis involves urinalysis and culture.
3. Treatment involves antibiotics and may require hospitalization for young infants or children appearing toxic. The goal is to prevent progression to pyelonephritis and damage to the kidneys.
This document discusses liver abscesses, including pyogenic liver abscesses (PLA) and amoebic liver abscesses (ALA). PLA are caused by bacteria reaching the liver through the bloodstream, bile ducts, or direct extension. ALA are predominantly caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Clinical features of liver abscesses can include fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Imaging like ultrasound and CT are important for diagnosis. Treatment involves antibiotics for PLA and metronidazole for ALA, with drainage procedures for large or multiple abscesses. Complications include rupture, biliary obstruction, and systemic inflammatory response.
Genitourinary Tuberculosis treatment and managemnt.pptxneeti70
Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) usually results from the hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a primary pulmonary infection. Symptoms of GUTB are often masked by other conditions like UTIs, leading to delayed diagnosis. Resistant or recurrent UTIs should be tested for GUTB without delay. Diagnosis involves smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture, and tissue biopsy showing granulomatous inflammation. Treatment is a standard multidrug regimen for at least six months, sometimes longer for complex cases. Complications can include strictures, fistulas, renal impairment, and infertility if left untreated.
Choledochal cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis in all patients with a history of biliary colic, recurrent cholangitis or pancreatitis with associated dilatation of bile duct, particularly if they are <40 years of age. Delay in the diagnosis increases the incidence of associated biliary pathology and suboptimal surgical therapy
This document provides information on upper urinary tract infections from the Department of Urology at Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India. It defines upper urinary tract infections and various related conditions like pyelonephritis, renal abscesses, perinephric abscesses, and pyonephrosis. It discusses the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of these conditions. Key pathogenic bacteria are outlined and imaging findings for various infections are described. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy and sometimes drainage or nephrectomy.
Urinary tract disorder medical surgical nursing.pptssuser47b89a
This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs). It begins by outlining the objectives of describing signs and symptoms, defining treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria, listing common bacteria and antibiotics, and outlining investigation and treatment of cystitis and pyelonephritis. It then discusses who is most at risk for UTIs, including women, those with voiding abnormalities, and those with instrumentation of the urinary tract. The document outlines signs, symptoms, investigations including urinalysis and culture, differential diagnoses, and treatment approaches including antibiotics and hospitalization for various types of UTIs like cystitis, pyelonephritis, and recurrent or complicated infections.
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It defines UTIs and lists the parts of the urinary tract. The pathophysiology and most common causes are described. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management approaches are outlined for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs in different populations like children, adults, pregnant women. Imaging tests and their appropriate uses are also summarized. Treatment options for UTIs in various groups are provided.
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It defines UTIs and lists the parts of the urinary tract. The pathophysiology and most common causes are described. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management approaches are outlined for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs in different populations like children, adults, pregnant women. Imaging tests and their appropriate uses are also summarized. Treatment options for UTIs in various groups are provided.
1. Priapism is a prolonged and sometimes painful erection that lasts more than 4 hours without sexual stimulation. It is classified as either ischemic (low flow) or non-ischemic (high flow) priapism.
2. Ischemic priapism is the more common and serious type caused by a blockage of the veins draining blood from the penis. It can lead to permanent erectile dysfunction if not properly treated. Non-ischemic priapism is usually caused by trauma that results in an arterial-sinusoidal fistula.
3. Treatment depends on the type of priapism. Ischemic priapism is initially treated through aspiration of blood from the corpus
The document summarizes the development of the genitourinary system during intrauterine life. It discusses the development of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. It describes how the ureteric bud forms the collecting system of the definitive kidney. It also discusses the development of the gonads, testis, male external genitalia and prostate. Congenital anomalies that can affect the kidney, ureter and bladder are also summarized.
This document presents an evaluation of trauma by Dr. Amr Shaddad. It discusses the objectives of understanding types of trauma, the ATLS protocol, and signs of urological injury. The ATLS protocol is described in detail, outlining the primary and secondary surveys with their respective components of cABCDE and a head-to-toe evaluation. Signs of potential urological injuries from trauma to the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra are also summarized. The presentation aims to educate on proper trauma evaluation and management according to established guidelines.
This document discusses urodynamics studies, which evaluate the storage and voiding functions of the lower urinary tract. It describes the objectives, components, and procedures involved in urodynamics studies. The main components are non-invasive tests like uroflowmetry and measurement of post-void residual volume, and invasive tests like cystometry, electromyography, pressure flow studies, and videourodynamics. Cystometry specifically measures detrusor pressure during bladder filling and helps assess bladder capacity, compliance, and control. The tests provide diagnostic and prognostic information to evaluate conditions like incontinence, voiding dysfunction, and the effects of neurological disorders on the urinary tract.
This document discusses neurogenic bladder, which occurs when bladder control is affected by damage to the brain, spinal cord, or nerves that control the bladder. It covers the anatomy and physiology of normal bladder function, classifications of neurogenic bladder types based on the location of injury, symptoms, diagnosis through history, exam, and bladder diary, and management approaches including conservative options like timed voiding, drugs, and catheterization as well as surgical options. The primary aims of treatment are protecting the kidneys, achieving continence, restoring bladder function, and improving quality of life.
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. It begins with the anatomy of the penis and details the structures involved in erection, including arteries, veins, nerves, and erectile tissue. It then discusses the physiology of the erectile process and factors involved in both attaining and maintaining an erection. It outlines various etiologies of erectile dysfunction including neurogenic, vasculogenic, hormonal abnormalities, medications, lifestyle factors, and aging.
This document discusses various types of renal tumors. It begins by stating that most renal tumors arise from the renal parenchyma, while a smaller number arise from the urothelium or mesenchyma. It then discusses specific benign and malignant tumor types in more detail over several sections, including renal cell carcinoma, oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma, leiomyoma and others. For each tumor type, it provides information on incidence, presentation, diagnosis and treatment. The document aims to comprehensively classify and describe the pathologic features of different renal masses.
1. Bladder injuries can result from blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, or iatrogenic causes, and are more likely if the bladder is full. Management ranges from conservative treatment to surgical repair depending on the severity of injury.
2. Evaluation of suspected bladder trauma involves cystography, cystoscopy, and ultrasound to identify leaks or extravasation. Surgical repair is usually needed for penetrating injuries or injuries inside the abdominal cavity.
3. Conservative management involves catheter drainage, antibiotics, and monitoring for healing without repair. Surgical repair is done by closing mucosa and muscle layers. Complications can include infection, leaks, or fistulas if not properly treated.
A 14-year-old boy presented to the ER after an RTA with abdominal distension and tenderness, vomiting, and hematuria. Imaging showed a subcapsular renal hematoma of 150-200ml. The mechanism was blunt trauma from the RTA. Based on imaging findings, it is a Grade 3 renal injury. Evaluation includes hemodynamic stability, history, and testing for hematuria. Management is usually non-operative for Grade 1-4 injuries, with angioembolization for bleeding. Options include exploration for hemodynamic instability or high grade injuries.
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
Get Covid Testing at Fit to Fly PCR TestNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
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PrudentRx: A Resource for Patient Education and Engagement
dr. jihad ajlan TB.pptx
1. Prepared by
Dr. Jihad Ajlan
Supervised by
Dr. Abdulsamad Alsanpani
اليمنية الجمهورية
والسكان الصحة وزارة
البول المسالك جراحة الختصاص العربي المجلس
ية
صنعاء مركز
-
اليمن
هيئة
المستشفى
الجمهوري
2. • Tuberculosis (TB) can affect any
organ system of the body, including
The genitourinary (GU) tract.
• TB of the genitourinary tract is
caused by M. tuberculosis.
• It has a higher incidence in ♂ than ♀.
• Treatment of bladder cancer with
intravesical BCG has also been
reported as a cause of urogenital TB.
• This disease is spread hematogenously
from the lungs and into the affected organ
system or by direct extension.
• Most patients with genitourinary tuberculosis
are immunocompromised, so assessment
of HIV infection status is important
INTRODUCTION
3. • Urinary tuberculosis is a
disease of young adults (60%
of patients are between the
ages of 20 and 40)
• Tubercle bacilli may invade one
or more (or even all) of the
organs of the genitourinary
tract and cause a chronic
granulomatous infection
5. EFFECTS ON THE GENITOURINARY TRACT
Kidney
Hematogenous spread causes granuloma
formation in the renal cortex, associated
with caseous necrosis of the renal papillae
and deformity of the calyces, leading to
release of bacilli into the urine. This is
followed by healing fibrosis and
calcification, which causes destruction of
renal architecture and autonephrectomy.
Ureters
Spread is directly from the kidney and can
result in stricture formation (vesicoureteric
junction, pelviureteric junction, and mid-
ureteric) and ureteritis cystica.
Caseating granuloma
Caseous abscess
Fibrosis
Calcification
Papillary necrosis
Calyceal stem or UPJ obstruction
Autonephrectomy
6. Prostate and seminal vesicles
Hematogenous spread causes cavitation
and calcification, with palpable, hard-
feeling structures. Fistulae may form to
the rectum or perineum.
Epididymis , Spermatic Cord
The vas deferens is often grossly
involved; fusiform swellings represent
tubercles that in chronic cases are
characteristically described as beaded
Bladder
Infection is usually secondary to renal
infection, The bladder wall becomes
edematous, red, and inflamed, with
ulceration and tubercles (yellow
lesions with a red halo). Disease
progression causes fibrosis and
contraction (resulting in a small
capacity ‘thimble’ bladder), obstruction,
and calcification.
8. Retrograde pyelogram shows multiple infundibular
stenosis and papillary necrosis characteristic of
tuberculosis.
CT shows severe shrinkinging, lack of
function, and amorphous calcification of the right kidney
(tuberculous autonephrectomy).
10. Ureter with calcification and stricture
formation
execretory urography shows mild stricture of the
distal right ureter (arrow). Strictlre are also present in
the proximal ureters bilaterally.
13. CLINICAL FINDINGS
The diagnosis of genitourinary TB should be considered in a patient presenting with vague,
longstanding urinary symptoms for which there is no obvious cause
• The typical TB constitutional symptoms of fever, weight loss, night sweats, and
malaise are present in fewer than 20% of patients
• Up to 50% of patients with GU TB have only dysuria on presentation, 50% have
storage symptoms, and 33% have hematuria and flank pain
• Renal colic occurs in fewer than 10% of patients and corresponds to the passage of
necrotic papillary tissue, clots, stones, and caseous phlegmon in patients with
severe
• Typical laboratory findings include sterile pyuria and/or hematuria. This combination
is found in more than 90% of GU TB patients in developing countries.
14. TUBERCULOSIS OF THE GENITOURINARY TRACT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
IN THE PRESENCE OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
(l) Chronic cystitis that refuses to respond to adequate therapy
(2) The finding of sterile pyuria;
(3) gross or microscopic hematuria
(4) non tender, enlarged epididymis with a beaded or thickened vas;
(5) a chronic draining scrotal sinus; or
(6) Induration or nodulation of the prostate and thickening of one or
both seminal vesicles (especially in a young man).
A history of present or past tuberculosis elsewhere in the body should
cause the physician to suspect tuberculosis in the genitourinary
tract when signs or symptoms are present.
15. DIAGNOSIS
Labaratory
• Urinalysis and Culture
1. Acidic urine , sterile pyuria , microscopic hematuria
2. The sensitivity of urine AFB cultures is as high as 80%.
3. Persistent pyuria without organisms on culture means tuberculosis until
proved otherwise
4. Cultures for tubercle bacilli from the first morning urine are positive in a very
high percentage of cases of tuberculous infection. If positive, sensitivity tests
should be ordered. In the face of strong presumptive evidence of tuberculosis,
negative cultures should be repeated. Three to five first morning voided
specimens are ideal.
17. Purified Protein Derivative
:(PPD, Tuberculin Test, Mantoux
Test)
If Positive – supports the
diagnosis.
If Negative – can not
exclude extrapulmonary TB
LABARATORY
19. Nucleic Acid Amplification (NAA) Testing—PCR
Multiple sample.
The tests have reported sensitivities ranging
from 87% to 96% when compared with
culture.
Specificity from 92% to 99.8% (VS culture)
Resistance mutations
LABARATORY
20. Plain Radiography.
• The kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB)
radiograph will frequently demonstrate
calcifications caused by TB, which are
present in more than 50% of patients
The KUB film can also show ureteral
calcifications, Bladder wall calcifications
are not very common except in late cases
of bladder contraction. Calcifications of the
prostate and seminal vesicles are seen in
10% of patients
• Chest x-ray
Abnormal in 50% of patients
DIAGNOSIS
RADIOLOGY
Kidney-ureter-bladder radiographic view in a patient
with left renal tuberculosis with associated
calcifications.
21. Intravenous Urography
(IVU)
• Is the gold standard for imaging
early renal TB
• Calyceal erosions have a moth-
eaten appearance
• Filling defects may be seen
RADIOGRAPHY
26. The cystogram portion of an intravenous
pyelogram in
a patient with left renal tuberculosis. Note the
contracted left side of the bladder that is
secondary to fibrosis from the tuberculosis
27.
28. CT REVEALS :
• calcifications,
• scarring,
• obstruction
• Hydronephrosis or
hydroureter
• Autonephrectomy
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
The right kidney is hydronephrotic secondary to
infundibular stenosis the left kidney is an end-stage
nonfunctioning atrophic kidney with calcification.
29.
30. Adult male with tuberculosis (TB)
of the epididymis. CT reveals a
tubular soft tissue swelling
(arrow) extending cranially from
the left epididymis, compatible
with spread of the TB infection
to the spermatic cord and
adjacent tissues.
31.
32. Coronal MRI of the kidneys in a
47 year old woman
demonstrates gross widening
of the calices due to multiple
strictures of the caliceal
infundibulae on the right side,
from urinary tract tuberculosis.
The lesion in the liver is an
incidentally detected
hemangioma.
33. Rarely indicated in diagnosis
Must under general anesthesia
Assessing the disease extent
or the response to
chemotherapy
No Biopsy advised before
medical therapy
CYSTOSCOPY AND BIOPSY
34. Multidrug treatment
Initial 6-month regimens of
rifampicin, INH,
pyrazinamide, and
ethambutol
Dosage, toxicity, drug
interactions
THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF
UROLOGY GUIDELINES RECOMMENDS 2 OR
3 MONTHS OF INTENSIVE TRIPLE DRUG
THERAPY (INH, RMP, AND EMB) DAILY
FOLLOWED BY 3 MONTHS OF
CONTINUATION THERAPY WITH INH AND
RMP TWO OR THREE TIMES PER WEEK.
TREATMENT
MEDICAL TREATMENT
35.
36.
37. SURGICAL THERAPY
Adjuvant to medical therapy
Focus on organ preservation
The optimal timing of surgery is 4 to 6 weeks after the initiation of medical
therapy. This delay allows active inflammation to subside, the bacillary load to
decrease, and lesions to stabilize.
Excision of diseased tissue and reconstruction
About 55% of patients with GU TB will require surgical management
during the course of their disease
38. NEPHRECTOMY
• Indications
–nonfunctioning kidney with or without calcification
–extensive disease involving the whole kidney, together with
hypertension and UPJ obstruction
–coexisting renal carcinoma
39. PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY
• Localized polar lesion containing calcification that has failed to respond after
6 weeks of intensive chemotherapy
• Area of calcification slowly increasing in size and may gradually destroy the
whole kidney
40. 1. Solitary Ureteric stricture:
A-Lower part
Dilatation or balloon dilatation or endoureterotomy and stenting
Ureteroneocystostomy
Ureteroneocystostomy + psoas hitch or Boari’s flap
B-Middle part
Dilatation or balloon dilatation or endoureterotomy and stenting, or
ureteroneocystostomy + psoas hitch or Boari’s flap according
to the nature and location of the stricture
Intubated ureterotomy
Interposition with appendix on the right side ileal replacement
41. C-Upper part
Dilatation or balloon dilatation or endoureterotomy and stenting*
Percutaneous nephrostomy
Pyeloureteroplasty*
Ureterocalycostomy
Pyeloplasty
Ileal replacement
2-Multiple strictures or total stricture of the urethra
Ileal replacement of the ureter
Diversion
Permanent ureterostomy
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Nephrostomy
44. MONITORING FOR TUBERCULOSIS RELAPSE
• GU TB patients may relapse at a higher rate than pulmonary TB patients, in 6.3% to
22% of cases even after 12 months of medical therapy
• Pulmonary TB patients are usually followed for 2 years after completing treatment;
for GU TB patients, some investigators have recommended 10 years of follow-up,
because the average time of relapse was 5.3 years
45. PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
Women of childbearing age should be advised to avoid pregnancy while being treated
for active TB. If the diagnosis is discovered during pregnancy, prompt therapy should
be initiated because the risk to the fetus from TB outweighs the risk of adverse drug
effects. Treatment consists of INH, ethambutol, rifampin, and pyridoxine, for 9
months. Pyrazinamide is avoided because the effects on the fetus are unknown.
Postpartum, women may breastfeed their infants because drug concentrations in
breast milk are too low to cause toxicity.
46. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION
• HIV infection increases the risk of active TB 30-fold. With HIV and TB coinfection,
each disease accelerates the other. All TB patients should be tested for HIV. Among
HIV-positive persons in the world, almost 25% of deaths are due to TB (WHO,
2013). This is reminiscent of TB mortality rates in 18th- and 19th-century Europe.
• GU TB may be more common in HIV-positive patients. In a small study in India, GU
TB was found postmortem in 49% of AIDS patients
• TB treatment in HIV-positive patients should not be delayed. Treatment guidelines
are similar to those for persons without HIV infection