SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Skeletal S_Axial Division.pdf

•
•
Prof. Dr Pharmacology
Prof. Dr Pharmacology

skeletal

Health & Medicine
1 of 61
Download to read offline
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 The Skeletal System: Axial Division PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The axial skeleton: • Composed of bones along the central axis of the body • Divided into three regions: • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1b The Axial Skeleton (Part 1 of 2) Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the bones of the axial skeleton Skull Ribs Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • Functional anatomy of the axial skeleton: • Framework that supports and protects organs in the dorsal and ventral body cavities • Protects special sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision • Attachment sites for muscles that: • Adjust the posture of the head, neck, and trunk • Move the thoracic cage for respiration • Stabilize the appendicular skeleton • The connection between axial and appendicular skeleton in the upper body is sternum-clavicle.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1a The Axial Skeleton SKELETAL SYSTEM APPENDICULAR SKELETON (see Figure 7.1) AXIAL SKELETON 80 Skull and associated bones Thoracic cage Vertebral column Skull Associated bones Auditory ossicles Cranium Face Hyoid Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx 29 25 26 14 24 24 8 6 1 1 1 1 Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting components of the axial skeleton; the flowchart indicates relationships among the axial components. 126 206
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 1 of 2) SKULL ASSOCIATED BONES Hyoid bone 1 7 6 Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 18) FACE CRANIUM 14 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 Maxillae Palatine bones Nasal bones Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Vomer Mandible Occipital bone Parietal bones Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid Ethmoid 1
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 2 of 2) Facial Bones Cranial Bones Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Lacrimal bone Vomer Mandible Frontal bone Sphenoid Ethmoid Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Bones of the Cranium  The cranial cavity is a fluid-filled chamber that supports and protects the brain. It is made up of the  Occipital: foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyle.  Parietal (2): coronal, lambdoid and sagittal surures.  Frontal: supraorbital foramen, supraorbital arch, glabella, frontal sinus.  Temporal (2): squamous portion, petrose portion, mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus.  Sphenoid: sella turcica, clinoid process, optic groove, dorsum sellae, pterigoid process.  Ethmoid: perforating panel, crista galli, perpendicular plate, ethmoid sinuses, superior portion of nasal septum. The Skull and Associated Bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull Posterior view of the bones of the adult skull Mandible External occipital protuberance Occipital condyle Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Occipital bone Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Temporal bone External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Occipital condyle Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Occipital bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.6a The Occipital and Parietal Bones Occipital bone, inferior (external) view Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Hypoglossal canal Condyloid fossa Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull Superior view of the bones of the adult skull Nasal bones Frontal bone Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Occipital bone Occipital bone Frontal bone Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Coronal suture Zygomatic bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull Parietal bone Frontal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line Squamous suture Lambdoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic arch Styloid process Zygomatic process of temporal bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mandible Coronal suture Sphenoid Supra-orbital foramen Frontonasal suture Nasal bone Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Ethmoid Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Mental foramen Mental protuberance
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull Parietal bone Supra-orbital foramen Sphenoid Temporal bone Ethmoid Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomatic bone Nasal bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Frontal bone Coronal suture Frontonasal suture Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Temporal process of zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mental foramen Mental protuberance
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3e The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Inferior view of the adult skull, mandible removed Greater palatine foramen Frontal bone Lesser palatine foramen Zygomatic bone Vomer Sphenoid Foramen ovale Styloid process Mandibular fossa Temporal squama External acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Condyloid fossa Lambdoid suture Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Incisive fossa Palatal process of maxilla Maxilla Internal nares Palatine bone Zygomatic arch Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Temporal bone Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Occipitomastoid suture Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Superior nuchal line
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (Part 1 of 2) Frontal bone Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal bone Carotid canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Occipital bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Horizontal section
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (Part 1 of 2) Sagittal section Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid Sphenoidal sinus (right) Frontal sinus Crista galli Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Palatine bone Maxilla Mandible Styloid process Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone Internal acoustic meatus Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Lambdoid suture Temporal bone Squamous suture Parietal bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9a The Sphenoid Superior surface Tuberculum sellae Foramen rotundum Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Optic groove Anterior clinoid process Lesser wing Greater wing Foramen ovale Posterior clinoid process Foramen spinosum Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Sphenoidal spine Foramen rotundum Anterior clinoid process Optic groove Tuberculum sellae Lesser wing Greater wing Temporal bone Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Posterior clinoid process Middle clinoid process To optic canal
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.10b The Ethmoid Anterior view Ethmoidal labyrinth containing lateral masses Cribriform plate Crista galli Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.11a The Cranial Fossae A sagittal section through the skull showing the relative positions of the cranial fossae Optic groove Crista galli Frontal sinus Sphenopalatine foramen Sphenoidal sinus Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Sella turcica Hypoglossal canal Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.11b The Cranial Fossae Horizontal sections, superior view. The superior portion of the brain has been removed, but portions of the brain stem and associated nerves and blood vessels remain. Sella turcica Entrance to optic canal Anterior clinoid process Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Posterior clinoid process Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Petrous part of temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum Crista galli of ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Olfactory tract Optic nerve Optic chiasm Cerebral arterial circle Midbrain Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Face  The skull contains 14 total facial bones.  The facial bones included the paired bones named the  Maxillae: alveolar process, maxillary sinus (the largest paranasal sinus), infraorbital foramen, front part of hard palate.  Palatine: dorsal part of hard palate.  Nasal  Zygomatic: cheek bones  Lacrimal  Inferior nasal conchae  Single bones of the face are the  Vomer: makes the inferior portion of nasal septum.  Mandible: Alveolar process, ramus, condylar process, coronoid process. The Skull and Associated Bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.12ac The Maxillae Right maxilla, anterior and lateral surfaces Body Zygomatic process Frontal process Lacrimal groove Orbital surface Infra-orbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Superior view of a horizontal section through both maxillae and palatine bones showing the orientation of the maxillary sinuses and the structure of the hard palate Alveolar process Maxillary sinuses Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Incisive canals Palatal process of right maxilla
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.14a The Mandible Superior and lateral surfaces Head Teeth (molar) Mylohyoid line Coronoid process Condylar process Mandibular notch Ramus Angle Body Mental foramen Mental protuberance Alveolar part
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex Sphenoid Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Optic canal Palatine bone Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Lacrimal groove Nasolacrimal canal Maxillary bone Supra-orbital notch Frontal bone Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Inferior orbital fissure Infra-orbital groove Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Infra-orbital foramen Nasolacrimal canal
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nasal Complex  Paranasal sinuses are the interconnected hollow spaces inside the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones.  These spaces reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and allow air to resonate for voice production.  These paranasal sinuses are called the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and the ethmoidal air cells. The Skull and Associated Bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.16b The Nasal Complex, Part I Diagrammatic sagittal section with the nasal septum removed to show major features of the wall of the right nasal cavity Nasal bone Ethmoid Frontal sinuses Frontal bone Maxilla (hard palate) Sphenoidal sinuses Sphenoid Superior Middle Inferior Nasal conchae Horizontal plate of palatine bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.7c The Frontal Bone Posterior view Margin of coronal suture Squamous part Frontal crest Orbital part Notch for ethmoid
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.18a The Hyoid Bone Anterior view showing the relationship of the hyoid bone to the skull, the larynx, and selected skeletal muscles Digastric muscle (anterior belly) Greater horn Lesser horn Thyrohyoid ligament Thyroid cartilage Digastric muscle (posterior belly) Stylohyoid muscle Stylohyoid ligament Mandible Masatoid process (temporal bone) Styloid process (temporal bone)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • There are 22 bones of the skull • Facial bones • Maxillae – 2 • Palatine bones – 2 • Nasal bones – 2 • Inferior nasal conchae – 2 • Zygomatic bones – 2 • Lacrimal bones – 2 • Vomer – 1 • Mandible – 1 Review of the Skull
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • There are 22 bones of the skull • Cranial bones • Occipital bone – 1 • Parietal bones – 2 • Frontal bone – 1 • Temporal bones – 2 • Sphenoid bone – 1 • Ethmoid bone – 1 Review of the Skull (continued)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • There are 7 associated bones of the skull • Associated bones • Auditory ossicles – 6 • Hyoid bone – 1 Review of the Skull (continued)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • Major features of the infant skull • 4 major fontanel areas • Membranous areas where sutures will eventually form • Anterior fontanel (baby’s “soft spot”) • Posterior fontanel • Sphenoidal fontanels • Mastoid fontanels The Skull of Infants
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.19a The Skull of an Infant Lateral view Maxilla Mandible Temporal bone Mastoid fontanel Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoidal fontanel Greater wing of sphenoid Nasal bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.19c The Skull of an Infant Superior view Coronal suture Coronal suture Posterior fontanel Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Frontal bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Parietal bone Frontal suture Anterior fontanel Sagittal suture
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.19d The Skull of an Infant Posterior view Sagittal suture Parietal bone Posterior fontanel Lambdoid suture Occipital bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • The adult vertebral column is made up of 26 bones: • 24 vertebrae • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • 1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) • 1 coccyx (3 to 5 fused vertebrae) The Vertebral Column
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column • Functional anatomy of the vertebral column • Encloses and protects the spinal cord • Supports the skull • Supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk • Transfers weight to the lower limbs • Helps maintain the upright position of the body
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20a The Vertebral Column The major divisions of the vertebral column, showing the four adult spinal curves Sacral Lumbar Thoracic Cervical Cervical Sacral Lumbar Thoracic Coccygeal C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column Spinal Curves Primary curves/accommodation curves are the posteriorly sweeping curves of the thoracic and sacral regions. These curves develop before birth to allow the abdominopelvic viscera more room. Secondary curves/compensation curves develop in the infant and toddler as anteriorly sweeping curves of the cervical and lumbar regions. These curves develop as the infant learns to hold up his or her head (cervical) and begins to walk (lumbar).
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20d The Vertebral Column The development of spinal curves Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral 2 fetal months 6 fetal months Newborn 4-year- old 13-year- old Adult
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column • Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column • Scoliosis • Abnormal lateral curvature • Kyphosis • Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic region • Lordosis • Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Spinal curve deformities
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column • Vertebral Processes (Cervical Vertebrae) • Vertebral body • Vertebral foramen • Spinous process • Transverse process • Transverse foramen • Lamina • Pedicle
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column  Cervical Vertebrae  7 total cervical vertebrae are the smallest, most superior vertebrae.  The spinous processes are relatively stumpy and may be split, resulting in a bifid process.  Costal processes are extra extensions of bone from the ventrolateral body that attach to the transverse processes.  Transverse foramina result from the hole between the costal process and the transverse process.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.22c Cervical Vertebrae Superior view of the same vertebra. Note the characteristic features listed in Table 6.3. Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Pedicle Transverse process Costal process Bifid tip of spinous process Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Vertebral body
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column The Atlas (C1) The atlas has no body and articulates cranially with the occipital condyles. The articulations with the occipital condyles allow one to shake his or her head “yes.” The atlas has two arches—the anterior and posterior vertebral arches. Superior and inferior articular facets do not extend beyond the arches.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.23e Atlas and Axis The articulated atlas and axis, in superior and posterior view Articular facet for dens of axis Dens Atlas (C1) Axis (C2)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column The Axis (C2) The body of the atlas fuses with the body of the axis during development to form the dens (odontoid process). Because of the dens, there is no intervertebral disc. The articulation between the atlas and axis allows one to shake his or her head “no.”
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.23f Atlas and Axis Articular facet for dens of axis Dens Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) The articulated atlas (C1) and axis (C2) showing the transverse ligament that holds the dens of the axis in position at the articular facet of the atlas Transverse ligament
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The vertebral column Vertebra Prominens (C7)  The last cervical vertebrae, and therefore resembles the thoracic vertebra in structure  This vertebra has a long, slender spinous process, and enlarged transverse processes that may or may not contain a transverse foramen.  An elastic ligament called the ligamentum nuchae extends from the spinous process cranially to the occipital crest.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral column  Thoracic Vertebrae  12 total thoracic vertebrae make up the posterior of the rib cage.  The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae have a heart shape.  The spinous process is long and slender and points on a posterocaudal angle.  The transverse processes point dorsolateral.  The thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs and therefore contain extra facets.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.24c Thoracic Vertebrae A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib Superior costal facet Spinous process Lamina Transverse costal facet Transverse process Superior articular facet Superior articular process Pedicle Inferior costal facet Vertebral foramen Vertebral body Superior costal facet
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral column
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral column  Lumbar Vertebrae  5 total lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae, and they make up the lower back region.  The body of lumbar vertebrae is very thick and oval shaped.  The relatively small vertebral foramen is triangular.  The transverse processes point more laterally than the thoracic vertebrae.  The spinous process resembles a tail fin of a fish, stumpy and flattened.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.25b Lumbar Vertebrae A representative lumbar vertebra, superior view Vertebral body Vertebral body Vertebral foramen Vertebral foramen Superior articular facet Superior articular facet Pedicle Superior articular process Transverse process Lamina Spinous process
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral column
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.26a The Sacrum and Coccyx Posterior view Articular process Entrance to sacral canal Sacral hiatus Sacral tuberosity Lateral sacral crest Median sacral crest Sacral cornu Coccygeal cornu
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Thoracic Cage  The Thoracic cage has two functions:  Made of sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae.  Sternum is made of:  Manubrium  Body  Xiphoid process  12 pairs of ribs:  1-7 are true ribs: attach to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions.  8-10 are false ribs: attach to the sternum by one shared cartilaginous extension.  11-12 are floating ribs: not attached to the sternum.  Function:  It protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other structures within the cavity.  It serves as the attachment site for muscles involved in  Respiration  Positioning the vertebral column  Movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.27a The Thoracic Cage Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum T11 T12 T1 11 12 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jugular notch Clavicular articulation Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Costal cartilages Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.27b The Thoracic Cage Posterior view of the rib cage True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12) T12 T11 T10 T9 T8 T7 T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1 C7 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 L1
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.27c The Thoracic Cage A superior view of the articulation between a thoracic vertebra and the vertebral end of a left rib Transverse costal facet Costal facet Tubercle of rib Neck Angle Head (capitulum) Vertebral end

Recommended

Dr. B Ch 06_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 06_lecture_presentationDr. B Ch 06_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 06_lecture_presentationTheSlaps
 
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)DRAM NOTES | DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
 
Lec 5 skull
Lec 5 skullLec 5 skull
Lec 5 skullMeinah Razak
 
Topic 5 bone of skull neck
Topic 5 bone of skull neckTopic 5 bone of skull neck
Topic 5 bone of skull neckSado Anatomist
 
Skull, neck and muscle
Skull, neck and muscleSkull, neck and muscle
Skull, neck and muscleUE
 
Skeletal anatomy part 1
Skeletal anatomy part 1Skeletal anatomy part 1
Skeletal anatomy part 1MissReith
 
Anatomy Lab exercise 9
Anatomy Lab exercise 9Anatomy Lab exercise 9
Anatomy Lab exercise 9Jhillock
 
Skull,face
Skull,faceSkull,face
Skull,faceMuhieddine Hamie
 

Recommended

Dr. B Ch 06_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 06_lecture_presentationDr. B Ch 06_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 06_lecture_presentationTheSlaps
 
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)DRAM NOTES | DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
 
Lec 5 skull
Lec 5 skullLec 5 skull
Lec 5 skullMeinah Razak
 
Topic 5 bone of skull neck
Topic 5 bone of skull neckTopic 5 bone of skull neck
Topic 5 bone of skull neckSado Anatomist
 
Skull, neck and muscle
Skull, neck and muscleSkull, neck and muscle
Skull, neck and muscleUE
 
Skeletal anatomy part 1
Skeletal anatomy part 1Skeletal anatomy part 1
Skeletal anatomy part 1MissReith
 
Anatomy Lab exercise 9
Anatomy Lab exercise 9Anatomy Lab exercise 9
Anatomy Lab exercise 9Jhillock
 
Skull,face
Skull,faceSkull,face
Skull,faceMuhieddine Hamie
 
Anatomy of orbit presentation.pptx
Anatomy of orbit presentation.pptxAnatomy of orbit presentation.pptx
Anatomy of orbit presentation.pptxMusaKhan67891
 
Head and neck anat fin
Head and neck anat finHead and neck anat fin
Head and neck anat finEmiru Tilahun
 
introduction of head and neck anatomy.pptx
introduction of head and neck anatomy.pptxintroduction of head and neck anatomy.pptx
introduction of head and neck anatomy.pptxabubakarduule
 
Skull of rabbit
Skull of rabbit Skull of rabbit
Skull of rabbit Shivani Rawat
 
Axial skeleton
Axial skeletonAxial skeleton
Axial skeletonKelley Crawford
 
Owais anatomy.pdf
Owais anatomy.pdfOwais anatomy.pdf
Owais anatomy.pdfOWAIS sheikh
 
Cranium of the skull copy
Cranium of the skull copyCranium of the skull copy
Cranium of the skull copydrjopogs
 
Ch07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalCh07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalTheSlaps
 
The Skull and Vertebral column
The Skull and Vertebral columnThe Skull and Vertebral column
The Skull and Vertebral columnSeddie Chitamu
 
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya Tiwari
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya TiwariSkull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya Tiwari
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
 
SWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdf
SWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdfSWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdf
SWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdfSwernyMumba
 
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)michgcubed
 
1 osteology of the skull (cranium)
1 osteology of the skull (cranium)1 osteology of the skull (cranium)
1 osteology of the skull (cranium)Muhammad Zeeshan Anwar
 
Osteology of facial skeleton
Osteology of facial skeletonOsteology of facial skeleton
Osteology of facial skeletonK BHATTACHARJEE
 
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●AlyciaGold776
 
Ch07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalCh07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalTheSlaps
 
Axial SkeletonPart.ppt
Axial SkeletonPart.pptAxial SkeletonPart.ppt
Axial SkeletonPart.pptkenosewe1
 
Axial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Axial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYAxial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Axial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYPARUL UNIVERSITY
 
Dr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentationDr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentationTheSlaps
 
head and neck anatomy.ppt
head and neck anatomy.ppthead and neck anatomy.ppt
head and neck anatomy.pptAsongEric
 
4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt
4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt
4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.pptProf. Dr Pharmacology
 
Anthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.ppt
Anthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.pptAnthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.ppt
Anthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.pptProf. Dr Pharmacology
 

More Related Content

Similar to Skeletal S_Axial Division.pdf

Anatomy of orbit presentation.pptx
Anatomy of orbit presentation.pptxAnatomy of orbit presentation.pptx
Anatomy of orbit presentation.pptxMusaKhan67891
 
Head and neck anat fin
Head and neck anat finHead and neck anat fin
Head and neck anat finEmiru Tilahun
 
introduction of head and neck anatomy.pptx
introduction of head and neck anatomy.pptxintroduction of head and neck anatomy.pptx
introduction of head and neck anatomy.pptxabubakarduule
 
Cranium of the skull copy
Cranium of the skull copyCranium of the skull copy
Cranium of the skull copydrjopogs
 
Ch07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalCh07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalTheSlaps
 
The Skull and Vertebral column
The Skull and Vertebral columnThe Skull and Vertebral column
The Skull and Vertebral columnSeddie Chitamu
 
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya Tiwari
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya TiwariSkull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya Tiwari
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
 
SWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdf
SWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdfSWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdf
SWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdfSwernyMumba
 
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)michgcubed
 
Osteology of facial skeleton
Osteology of facial skeletonOsteology of facial skeleton
Osteology of facial skeletonK BHATTACHARJEE
 
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●AlyciaGold776
 
Ch07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalCh07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalTheSlaps
 
Axial SkeletonPart.ppt
Axial SkeletonPart.pptAxial SkeletonPart.ppt
Axial SkeletonPart.pptkenosewe1
 
Axial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Axial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYAxial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Axial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYPARUL UNIVERSITY
 
Dr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentationDr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentationTheSlaps
 
head and neck anatomy.ppt
head and neck anatomy.ppthead and neck anatomy.ppt
head and neck anatomy.pptAsongEric
 

Similar to Skeletal S_Axial Division.pdf (20)

Anatomy of orbit presentation.pptx
Anatomy of orbit presentation.pptxAnatomy of orbit presentation.pptx
Anatomy of orbit presentation.pptx
 
Head and neck anat fin
Head and neck anat finHead and neck anat fin
Head and neck anat fin
 
introduction of head and neck anatomy.pptx
introduction of head and neck anatomy.pptxintroduction of head and neck anatomy.pptx
introduction of head and neck anatomy.pptx
 
Skull of rabbit
Skull of rabbit Skull of rabbit
Skull of rabbit
 
Axial skeleton
Axial skeletonAxial skeleton
Axial skeleton
 
Owais anatomy.pdf
Owais anatomy.pdfOwais anatomy.pdf
Owais anatomy.pdf
 
Cranium of the skull copy
Cranium of the skull copyCranium of the skull copy
Cranium of the skull copy
 
Ch07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalCh07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletal
 
The Skull and Vertebral column
The Skull and Vertebral columnThe Skull and Vertebral column
The Skull and Vertebral column
 
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya Tiwari
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya TiwariSkull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya Tiwari
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya Tiwari
 
SWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdf
SWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdfSWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdf
SWERNY SKELETAL 2.pdf
 
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)
 
1 osteology of the skull (cranium)
1 osteology of the skull (cranium)1 osteology of the skull (cranium)
1 osteology of the skull (cranium)
 
Osteology of facial skeleton
Osteology of facial skeletonOsteology of facial skeleton
Osteology of facial skeleton
 
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●
 
Ch07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletalCh07 a.skeletal
Ch07 a.skeletal
 
Axial SkeletonPart.ppt
Axial SkeletonPart.pptAxial SkeletonPart.ppt
Axial SkeletonPart.ppt
 
Axial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Axial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYAxial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Axial skeleton ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
 
Dr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentationDr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentation
Dr. B Ch 07_lecture_presentation
 
head and neck anatomy.ppt
head and neck anatomy.ppthead and neck anatomy.ppt
head and neck anatomy.ppt
 

More from Prof. Dr Pharmacology

4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt
4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt
4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.pptProf. Dr Pharmacology
 
Anthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.ppt
Anthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.pptAnthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.ppt
Anthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.pptProf. Dr Pharmacology
 
introtopharmacology-101213190521-phpapp02 (1).pdf
introtopharmacology-101213190521-phpapp02 (1).pdfintrotopharmacology-101213190521-phpapp02 (1).pdf
introtopharmacology-101213190521-phpapp02 (1).pdfProf. Dr Pharmacology
 
introductiontopharmacology-180925200753.pdf
introductiontopharmacology-180925200753.pdfintroductiontopharmacology-180925200753.pdf
introductiontopharmacology-180925200753.pdfProf. Dr Pharmacology
 

More from Prof. Dr Pharmacology (20)

4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt
4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt
4- Biochemistry_2-Glycogen Metabolism.ppt
 
Anthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.ppt
Anthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.pptAnthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.ppt
Anthelmintics and Antiprotozoal medications.ppt
 
cough.pdf
cough.pdfcough.pdf
cough.pdf
 
EXPECTORANT.pdf
EXPECTORANT.pdfEXPECTORANT.pdf
EXPECTORANT.pdf
 
DRC.pdf
DRC.pdfDRC.pdf
DRC.pdf
 
ANTIPROTOZOALs.ppt
ANTIPROTOZOALs.pptANTIPROTOZOALs.ppt
ANTIPROTOZOALs.ppt
 
EXPECTORANT.pdf
EXPECTORANT.pdfEXPECTORANT.pdf
EXPECTORANT.pdf
 
cough.pdf
cough.pdfcough.pdf
cough.pdf
 
Scabies.pptx
Scabies.pptxScabies.pptx
Scabies.pptx
 
ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS.ppt
ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS.pptANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS.ppt
ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS.ppt
 
Antimicrobials.ppt
Antimicrobials.pptAntimicrobials.ppt
Antimicrobials.ppt
 
ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS.ppt
ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS.pptANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS.ppt
ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS.ppt
 
ANTIHELMINTHICs.ppt
ANTIHELMINTHICs.pptANTIHELMINTHICs.ppt
ANTIHELMINTHICs.ppt
 
CVS_Lecture 2.pdf
CVS_Lecture 2.pdfCVS_Lecture 2.pdf
CVS_Lecture 2.pdf
 
CNS_Lecture4.pdf
CNS_Lecture4.pdfCNS_Lecture4.pdf
CNS_Lecture4.pdf
 
CNS_Lecture5.pdf
CNS_Lecture5.pdfCNS_Lecture5.pdf
CNS_Lecture5.pdf
 
Doses.pdf
Doses.pdfDoses.pdf
Doses.pdf
 
Drugs.pdf
Drugs.pdfDrugs.pdf
Drugs.pdf
 
introtopharmacology-101213190521-phpapp02 (1).pdf
introtopharmacology-101213190521-phpapp02 (1).pdfintrotopharmacology-101213190521-phpapp02 (1).pdf
introtopharmacology-101213190521-phpapp02 (1).pdf
 
introductiontopharmacology-180925200753.pdf
introductiontopharmacology-180925200753.pdfintroductiontopharmacology-180925200753.pdf
introductiontopharmacology-180925200753.pdf
 

Recently uploaded

Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...hotbabesbook
 
Artifacts in Nuclear Medicine with Identifying and resolving artifacts.
Artifacts in Nuclear Medicine with Identifying and resolving artifacts.Artifacts in Nuclear Medicine with Identifying and resolving artifacts.
Artifacts in Nuclear Medicine with Identifying and resolving artifacts.MiadAlsulami
 
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...narwatsonia7
 
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...Arohi Goyal
 
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort ServicePremium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Servicevidya singh
 
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore EscortsCall Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escortsvidya singh
 
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD availableChandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD availableDipal Arora
 
Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai Samaira 8617697112 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai Samaira 8617697112 Independent Escort Service ...Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai Samaira 8617697112 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai Samaira 8617697112 Independent Escort Service ...Call girls in Ahmedabad High profile
 
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...astropune
 
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
 
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service KochiLow Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service KochiSuhani Kapoor
 
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Call Girls Coimbatore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Coimbatore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Coimbatore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Coimbatore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore EscortsVIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escortsaditipandeya
 
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 9521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON De...
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 9521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON De...(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 9521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON De...
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 9521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON De...indiancallgirl4rent
 
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...Neha Kaur
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
 
Artifacts in Nuclear Medicine with Identifying and resolving artifacts.
Artifacts in Nuclear Medicine with Identifying and resolving artifacts.Artifacts in Nuclear Medicine with Identifying and resolving artifacts.
Artifacts in Nuclear Medicine with Identifying and resolving artifacts.
 
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
 
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
 
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort ServicePremium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
 
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore EscortsCall Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
 
Escort Service Call Girls In Sarita Vihar,, 99530°56974 Delhi NCR
Escort Service Call Girls In Sarita Vihar,, 99530°56974 Delhi NCREscort Service Call Girls In Sarita Vihar,, 99530°56974 Delhi NCR
Escort Service Call Girls In Sarita Vihar,, 99530°56974 Delhi NCR
 
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD availableChandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
 
Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai Samaira 8617697112 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai Samaira 8617697112 Independent Escort Service ...Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai Samaira 8617697112 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai Samaira 8617697112 Independent Escort Service ...
 
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
 
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
 
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service KochiLow Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
 
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Coimbatore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Coimbatore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Coimbatore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Coimbatore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore EscortsVIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
 
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 9521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON De...
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 9521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON De...(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 9521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON De...
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 9521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON De...
 
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
 

Skeletal S_Axial Division.pdf

  • 1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 The Skeletal System: Axial Division PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska
  • 2. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The axial skeleton: • Composed of bones along the central axis of the body • Divided into three regions: • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage
  • 3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1b The Axial Skeleton (Part 1 of 2) Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the bones of the axial skeleton Skull Ribs Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum
  • 4. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • Functional anatomy of the axial skeleton: • Framework that supports and protects organs in the dorsal and ventral body cavities • Protects special sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision • Attachment sites for muscles that: • Adjust the posture of the head, neck, and trunk • Move the thoracic cage for respiration • Stabilize the appendicular skeleton • The connection between axial and appendicular skeleton in the upper body is sternum-clavicle.
  • 5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1a The Axial Skeleton SKELETAL SYSTEM APPENDICULAR SKELETON (see Figure 7.1) AXIAL SKELETON 80 Skull and associated bones Thoracic cage Vertebral column Skull Associated bones Auditory ossicles Cranium Face Hyoid Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx 29 25 26 14 24 24 8 6 1 1 1 1 Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting components of the axial skeleton; the flowchart indicates relationships among the axial components. 126 206
  • 6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 1 of 2) SKULL ASSOCIATED BONES Hyoid bone 1 7 6 Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 18) FACE CRANIUM 14 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 Maxillae Palatine bones Nasal bones Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Vomer Mandible Occipital bone Parietal bones Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid Ethmoid 1
  • 7. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 2 of 2) Facial Bones Cranial Bones Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Lacrimal bone Vomer Mandible Frontal bone Sphenoid Ethmoid Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone
  • 8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  Bones of the Cranium  The cranial cavity is a fluid-filled chamber that supports and protects the brain. It is made up of the  Occipital: foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyle.  Parietal (2): coronal, lambdoid and sagittal surures.  Frontal: supraorbital foramen, supraorbital arch, glabella, frontal sinus.  Temporal (2): squamous portion, petrose portion, mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus.  Sphenoid: sella turcica, clinoid process, optic groove, dorsum sellae, pterigoid process.  Ethmoid: perforating panel, crista galli, perpendicular plate, ethmoid sinuses, superior portion of nasal septum. The Skull and Associated Bones
  • 9. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull Posterior view of the bones of the adult skull Mandible External occipital protuberance Occipital condyle Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Occipital bone Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Temporal bone External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Occipital condyle Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Occipital bone
  • 10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.6a The Occipital and Parietal Bones Occipital bone, inferior (external) view Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Hypoglossal canal Condyloid fossa Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance
  • 11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull Superior view of the bones of the adult skull Nasal bones Frontal bone Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Occipital bone Occipital bone Frontal bone Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Coronal suture Zygomatic bone
  • 12. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull Parietal bone Frontal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line Squamous suture Lambdoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic arch Styloid process Zygomatic process of temporal bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mandible Coronal suture Sphenoid Supra-orbital foramen Frontonasal suture Nasal bone Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Ethmoid Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Mental foramen Mental protuberance
  • 13. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull Parietal bone Supra-orbital foramen Sphenoid Temporal bone Ethmoid Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomatic bone Nasal bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Frontal bone Coronal suture Frontonasal suture Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Temporal process of zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mental foramen Mental protuberance
  • 14. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3e The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Inferior view of the adult skull, mandible removed Greater palatine foramen Frontal bone Lesser palatine foramen Zygomatic bone Vomer Sphenoid Foramen ovale Styloid process Mandibular fossa Temporal squama External acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Condyloid fossa Lambdoid suture Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Incisive fossa Palatal process of maxilla Maxilla Internal nares Palatine bone Zygomatic arch Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Temporal bone Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Occipitomastoid suture Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Superior nuchal line
  • 15. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (Part 1 of 2) Frontal bone Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal bone Carotid canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Occipital bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Horizontal section
  • 16. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (Part 1 of 2) Sagittal section Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid Sphenoidal sinus (right) Frontal sinus Crista galli Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Palatine bone Maxilla Mandible Styloid process Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone Internal acoustic meatus Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Lambdoid suture Temporal bone Squamous suture Parietal bone
  • 17. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9a The Sphenoid Superior surface Tuberculum sellae Foramen rotundum Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Optic groove Anterior clinoid process Lesser wing Greater wing Foramen ovale Posterior clinoid process Foramen spinosum Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Sphenoidal spine Foramen rotundum Anterior clinoid process Optic groove Tuberculum sellae Lesser wing Greater wing Temporal bone Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Posterior clinoid process Middle clinoid process To optic canal
  • 18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.10b The Ethmoid Anterior view Ethmoidal labyrinth containing lateral masses Cribriform plate Crista galli Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate
  • 19. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.11a The Cranial Fossae A sagittal section through the skull showing the relative positions of the cranial fossae Optic groove Crista galli Frontal sinus Sphenopalatine foramen Sphenoidal sinus Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Sella turcica Hypoglossal canal Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus
  • 20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.11b The Cranial Fossae Horizontal sections, superior view. The superior portion of the brain has been removed, but portions of the brain stem and associated nerves and blood vessels remain. Sella turcica Entrance to optic canal Anterior clinoid process Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Posterior clinoid process Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Petrous part of temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum Crista galli of ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Olfactory tract Optic nerve Optic chiasm Cerebral arterial circle Midbrain Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa
  • 21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Face  The skull contains 14 total facial bones.  The facial bones included the paired bones named the  Maxillae: alveolar process, maxillary sinus (the largest paranasal sinus), infraorbital foramen, front part of hard palate.  Palatine: dorsal part of hard palate.  Nasal  Zygomatic: cheek bones  Lacrimal  Inferior nasal conchae  Single bones of the face are the  Vomer: makes the inferior portion of nasal septum.  Mandible: Alveolar process, ramus, condylar process, coronoid process. The Skull and Associated Bones
  • 22. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.12ac The Maxillae Right maxilla, anterior and lateral surfaces Body Zygomatic process Frontal process Lacrimal groove Orbital surface Infra-orbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Superior view of a horizontal section through both maxillae and palatine bones showing the orientation of the maxillary sinuses and the structure of the hard palate Alveolar process Maxillary sinuses Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Incisive canals Palatal process of right maxilla
  • 23. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.14a The Mandible Superior and lateral surfaces Head Teeth (molar) Mylohyoid line Coronoid process Condylar process Mandibular notch Ramus Angle Body Mental foramen Mental protuberance Alveolar part
  • 24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex Sphenoid Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Optic canal Palatine bone Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Lacrimal groove Nasolacrimal canal Maxillary bone Supra-orbital notch Frontal bone Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Inferior orbital fissure Infra-orbital groove Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Infra-orbital foramen Nasolacrimal canal
  • 25. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nasal Complex  Paranasal sinuses are the interconnected hollow spaces inside the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones.  These spaces reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and allow air to resonate for voice production.  These paranasal sinuses are called the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and the ethmoidal air cells. The Skull and Associated Bones
  • 26. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.16b The Nasal Complex, Part I Diagrammatic sagittal section with the nasal septum removed to show major features of the wall of the right nasal cavity Nasal bone Ethmoid Frontal sinuses Frontal bone Maxilla (hard palate) Sphenoidal sinuses Sphenoid Superior Middle Inferior Nasal conchae Horizontal plate of palatine bone
  • 27. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.7c The Frontal Bone Posterior view Margin of coronal suture Squamous part Frontal crest Orbital part Notch for ethmoid
  • 28. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.18a The Hyoid Bone Anterior view showing the relationship of the hyoid bone to the skull, the larynx, and selected skeletal muscles Digastric muscle (anterior belly) Greater horn Lesser horn Thyrohyoid ligament Thyroid cartilage Digastric muscle (posterior belly) Stylohyoid muscle Stylohyoid ligament Mandible Masatoid process (temporal bone) Styloid process (temporal bone)
  • 29. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • There are 22 bones of the skull • Facial bones • Maxillae – 2 • Palatine bones – 2 • Nasal bones – 2 • Inferior nasal conchae – 2 • Zygomatic bones – 2 • Lacrimal bones – 2 • Vomer – 1 • Mandible – 1 Review of the Skull
  • 30. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • There are 22 bones of the skull • Cranial bones • Occipital bone – 1 • Parietal bones – 2 • Frontal bone – 1 • Temporal bones – 2 • Sphenoid bone – 1 • Ethmoid bone – 1 Review of the Skull (continued)
  • 31. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • There are 7 associated bones of the skull • Associated bones • Auditory ossicles – 6 • Hyoid bone – 1 Review of the Skull (continued)
  • 32. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • Major features of the infant skull • 4 major fontanel areas • Membranous areas where sutures will eventually form • Anterior fontanel (baby’s “soft spot”) • Posterior fontanel • Sphenoidal fontanels • Mastoid fontanels The Skull of Infants
  • 33. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.19a The Skull of an Infant Lateral view Maxilla Mandible Temporal bone Mastoid fontanel Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoidal fontanel Greater wing of sphenoid Nasal bone
  • 34. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.19c The Skull of an Infant Superior view Coronal suture Coronal suture Posterior fontanel Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Frontal bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Parietal bone Frontal suture Anterior fontanel Sagittal suture
  • 35. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.19d The Skull of an Infant Posterior view Sagittal suture Parietal bone Posterior fontanel Lambdoid suture Occipital bone
  • 36. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • The adult vertebral column is made up of 26 bones: • 24 vertebrae • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • 1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) • 1 coccyx (3 to 5 fused vertebrae) The Vertebral Column
  • 37. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column • Functional anatomy of the vertebral column • Encloses and protects the spinal cord • Supports the skull • Supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk • Transfers weight to the lower limbs • Helps maintain the upright position of the body
  • 38. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20a The Vertebral Column The major divisions of the vertebral column, showing the four adult spinal curves Sacral Lumbar Thoracic Cervical Cervical Sacral Lumbar Thoracic Coccygeal C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS
  • 39. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column Spinal Curves Primary curves/accommodation curves are the posteriorly sweeping curves of the thoracic and sacral regions. These curves develop before birth to allow the abdominopelvic viscera more room. Secondary curves/compensation curves develop in the infant and toddler as anteriorly sweeping curves of the cervical and lumbar regions. These curves develop as the infant learns to hold up his or her head (cervical) and begins to walk (lumbar).
  • 40. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20d The Vertebral Column The development of spinal curves Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral 2 fetal months 6 fetal months Newborn 4-year- old 13-year- old Adult
  • 41. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column • Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column • Scoliosis • Abnormal lateral curvature • Kyphosis • Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic region • Lordosis • Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region
  • 42. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Spinal curve deformities
  • 43. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column • Vertebral Processes (Cervical Vertebrae) • Vertebral body • Vertebral foramen • Spinous process • Transverse process • Transverse foramen • Lamina • Pedicle
  • 44. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column  Cervical Vertebrae  7 total cervical vertebrae are the smallest, most superior vertebrae.  The spinous processes are relatively stumpy and may be split, resulting in a bifid process.  Costal processes are extra extensions of bone from the ventrolateral body that attach to the transverse processes.  Transverse foramina result from the hole between the costal process and the transverse process.
  • 45. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.22c Cervical Vertebrae Superior view of the same vertebra. Note the characteristic features listed in Table 6.3. Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Pedicle Transverse process Costal process Bifid tip of spinous process Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Vertebral body
  • 46. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column The Atlas (C1) The atlas has no body and articulates cranially with the occipital condyles. The articulations with the occipital condyles allow one to shake his or her head “yes.” The atlas has two arches—the anterior and posterior vertebral arches. Superior and inferior articular facets do not extend beyond the arches.
  • 47. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.23e Atlas and Axis The articulated atlas and axis, in superior and posterior view Articular facet for dens of axis Dens Atlas (C1) Axis (C2)
  • 48. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column The Axis (C2) The body of the atlas fuses with the body of the axis during development to form the dens (odontoid process). Because of the dens, there is no intervertebral disc. The articulation between the atlas and axis allows one to shake his or her head “no.”
  • 49. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.23f Atlas and Axis Articular facet for dens of axis Dens Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) The articulated atlas (C1) and axis (C2) showing the transverse ligament that holds the dens of the axis in position at the articular facet of the atlas Transverse ligament
  • 50. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The vertebral column Vertebra Prominens (C7)  The last cervical vertebrae, and therefore resembles the thoracic vertebra in structure  This vertebra has a long, slender spinous process, and enlarged transverse processes that may or may not contain a transverse foramen.  An elastic ligament called the ligamentum nuchae extends from the spinous process cranially to the occipital crest.
  • 51. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral column  Thoracic Vertebrae  12 total thoracic vertebrae make up the posterior of the rib cage.  The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae have a heart shape.  The spinous process is long and slender and points on a posterocaudal angle.  The transverse processes point dorsolateral.  The thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs and therefore contain extra facets.
  • 52. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.24c Thoracic Vertebrae A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib Superior costal facet Spinous process Lamina Transverse costal facet Transverse process Superior articular facet Superior articular process Pedicle Inferior costal facet Vertebral foramen Vertebral body Superior costal facet
  • 53. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral column
  • 54. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral column  Lumbar Vertebrae  5 total lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae, and they make up the lower back region.  The body of lumbar vertebrae is very thick and oval shaped.  The relatively small vertebral foramen is triangular.  The transverse processes point more laterally than the thoracic vertebrae.  The spinous process resembles a tail fin of a fish, stumpy and flattened.
  • 55. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.25b Lumbar Vertebrae A representative lumbar vertebra, superior view Vertebral body Vertebral body Vertebral foramen Vertebral foramen Superior articular facet Superior articular facet Pedicle Superior articular process Transverse process Lamina Spinous process
  • 56. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral column
  • 57. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.26a The Sacrum and Coccyx Posterior view Articular process Entrance to sacral canal Sacral hiatus Sacral tuberosity Lateral sacral crest Median sacral crest Sacral cornu Coccygeal cornu
  • 58. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Thoracic Cage  The Thoracic cage has two functions:  Made of sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae.  Sternum is made of:  Manubrium  Body  Xiphoid process  12 pairs of ribs:  1-7 are true ribs: attach to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions.  8-10 are false ribs: attach to the sternum by one shared cartilaginous extension.  11-12 are floating ribs: not attached to the sternum.  Function:  It protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other structures within the cavity.  It serves as the attachment site for muscles involved in  Respiration  Positioning the vertebral column  Movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb
  • 59. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.27a The Thoracic Cage Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum T11 T12 T1 11 12 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jugular notch Clavicular articulation Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Costal cartilages Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12)
  • 60. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.27b The Thoracic Cage Posterior view of the rib cage True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12) T12 T11 T10 T9 T8 T7 T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1 C7 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 L1
  • 61. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.27c The Thoracic Cage A superior view of the articulation between a thoracic vertebra and the vertebral end of a left rib Transverse costal facet Costal facet Tubercle of rib Neck Angle Head (capitulum) Vertebral end