- Approximately 14.1% of boys and 6.6% of girls ages 5-14 in Colombia were working in 2001, primarily in services, agriculture, manufacturing, and other sectors.
- Child labor is prevalent in both rural and urban areas, with many children working in dangerous conditions in mines, drug cultivation, commercial sexual exploitation, and as combatants for armed groups.
- While Colombia's laws establish minimum ages and restrict hazardous work, enforcement remains a challenge, and many children continue to engage in the worst forms of child labor.
El documento presenta un resumen de la historia de los aviones, describiendo cómo desde la prehistoria los humanos admiraban a los pájaros y querían volar. Explica que Leonardo Da Vinci diseñó uno de los primeros prototipos de avión en el siglo XV y que el primer vuelo controlado lo realizó John J. Montgomery en 1883. También describe las principales partes de un avión como las alas, los spoilers, los tanques de combustible y los alerones, así como los sistemas de control como el piloto automático y los controles de
This letter provides a reference for Neena Aggarwal recommending her for future employment. It details that Neena joined the YWCA Domestic Violence Services Program as an intern and later accepted a job offer. The letter describes that Neena was eager to learn and assist with various shelter duties including crisis counseling, maintaining resources, documentation, and household tasks for seven families residing at the shelter. Neena received training on domestic violence, trauma-informed care, and crisis call techniques. The letter concludes by stating that Neena exceeded expectations as a valued member of the team and would be successful in pursuing future career goals.
Saturno fue observado por primera vez por Galileo Galilei en 1610 y sus anillos fueron vistos por primera vez por Christiaan Huygens en 1659. El planeta tiene numerosos satélites naturales como Titán y Encelado, y es conocido principalmente por sus anillos que se extienden entre 6630 y 12070 km. La sonda Cassini/Huygens fue la primera en orbitar Saturno en 2004 y ha enviado valiosos datos e imágenes del planeta y sus lunas.
On the front lines: Helping Comcast customers understand what happens with se...Walter Neary
The Washington State market was the first in Comcast to reach out through social media, years ago, to customers to let them know about severe storms that affect their service. I'm sharing this after action report prepared by a colleague because I'm passionate that social media is the best way to reach out to customers during significant weather incidents such as windstorms. I've been reaching out to customers like this longer than anyone else at Comcast, because it's the right thing to do. Yes, managing social media for a Comcast market involves dealing with a lot of angry people. And it's no wonder: Internet and video are addictive substances, and people take their Internet and video very seriously. Who can blame them? This particular project involved working 32 days straight - because we have one person in Washington who does social, me. But I didn't mind because the windstorms had done horrific damage and created a story that needed telling. This relentless stream of communication was the right thing to do for our customers.
El documento presenta un resumen de la historia de los aviones, describiendo cómo desde la prehistoria los humanos admiraban a los pájaros y querían volar. Explica que Leonardo Da Vinci diseñó uno de los primeros prototipos de avión en el siglo XV y que el primer vuelo controlado lo realizó John J. Montgomery en 1883. También describe las principales partes de un avión como las alas, los spoilers, los tanques de combustible y los alerones, así como los sistemas de control como el piloto automático y los controles de
This letter provides a reference for Neena Aggarwal recommending her for future employment. It details that Neena joined the YWCA Domestic Violence Services Program as an intern and later accepted a job offer. The letter describes that Neena was eager to learn and assist with various shelter duties including crisis counseling, maintaining resources, documentation, and household tasks for seven families residing at the shelter. Neena received training on domestic violence, trauma-informed care, and crisis call techniques. The letter concludes by stating that Neena exceeded expectations as a valued member of the team and would be successful in pursuing future career goals.
Saturno fue observado por primera vez por Galileo Galilei en 1610 y sus anillos fueron vistos por primera vez por Christiaan Huygens en 1659. El planeta tiene numerosos satélites naturales como Titán y Encelado, y es conocido principalmente por sus anillos que se extienden entre 6630 y 12070 km. La sonda Cassini/Huygens fue la primera en orbitar Saturno en 2004 y ha enviado valiosos datos e imágenes del planeta y sus lunas.
On the front lines: Helping Comcast customers understand what happens with se...Walter Neary
The Washington State market was the first in Comcast to reach out through social media, years ago, to customers to let them know about severe storms that affect their service. I'm sharing this after action report prepared by a colleague because I'm passionate that social media is the best way to reach out to customers during significant weather incidents such as windstorms. I've been reaching out to customers like this longer than anyone else at Comcast, because it's the right thing to do. Yes, managing social media for a Comcast market involves dealing with a lot of angry people. And it's no wonder: Internet and video are addictive substances, and people take their Internet and video very seriously. Who can blame them? This particular project involved working 32 days straight - because we have one person in Washington who does social, me. But I didn't mind because the windstorms had done horrific damage and created a story that needed telling. This relentless stream of communication was the right thing to do for our customers.
When R.E.M. Residential expanded through acquisition, it needed a larger office space to accommodate the increased staff. It considered dividing the new larger space into private offices or cubicles but ultimately decided on an open floor plan to foster transparency, collaboration, and efficiency among employees. The open plan has boosted staff morale and productivity by allowing for easy communication and information sharing across departments. It has also strengthened relationships with clients and tenants by giving all staff exposure to customer issues and queries.
Crescens Inc. is an IT staffing and project services company that has worked with many state and local governments and large companies. It has experienced tremendous growth in recent years and received praise from clients for its workforce quality and quick turnaround times. The company provides a range of IT services including staff augmentation, application maintenance and support, business intelligence, and project management. Some of its past successes include digitizing a state information exchange system to improve decision-making and reduce costs, and implementing change management processes and practices that identified approved changes and saved $0.5 million for a Fortune 200 company.
Thomas Dewey has over 17 years of experience implementing clinical information systems and 21 years of experience as a hospital nurse. He currently works as an Application Coordinator at UCLA Medical Center where he optimizes and supports Epic's clinical documentation functionality. Prior to this role, he held contractor positions implementing and supporting Epic documentation tools at various medical centers. He also has experience implementing clinical documentation systems from other major vendors like GE and IDX.
Modul ini membahas sistem pengendalian manajemen (SPM) dengan menjelaskan pengertian SPM, struktur organisasi, pusat pertanggungjawaban, dan pengukuran kinerja. Modul ini bertujuan membantu mahasiswa memahami materi SPM."
1st public demonstration in Europe of D'Fusion Mobile Markerless tracking"
Nicolas Boireau - Country Manager Total Immersion during Mobilemonday.be session on augmented reality
This document discusses child labor on the streets. It defines different types of work children engage in on the streets, including economic activities, sexual exploitation, and criminal acts. It notes that while the overall number of child laborers has declined slightly in recent years, the goal of eliminating the worst forms of child labor by 2016 is not on track to be met. It discusses challenges in addressing street child labor, such as lack of employer relationships and difficulties in enforcement. It also provides recommendations, such as clearly defining unacceptable work in laws and raising awareness among stakeholders.
This document discusses children working on the street, including the challenges in addressing child labor and worst forms of child labor for children working on the street. It notes that children working on the street may engage in economic activities, sexual exploitation, illicit activities, and criminal acts. The document also summarizes global statistics on child labor and trends, the definition of child labor, and challenges in collecting data on child labor for street working children.
This study examines the determinants of child labour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan through an econometric analysis. Data was collected through surveys of 100 households, with 50 households having children in school and 50 having children working. The results of the econometric model show that the head of household's education and average household income are negatively correlated with child labour, while the age of the child and family size are positively correlated but insignificantly. The study concludes that increasing parental education is necessary to better the future of children, and recommends the government provide more education facilities and skill development centers to reduce child labour.
The document discusses child care in post-communist Bulgaria, using it as an example of the challenges facing the welfare state in post-communist Balkan countries. It notes that the transition from communism exacerbated difficulties in reforming welfare states and hit vulnerable groups like children and ethnic minorities hardest. The summary focuses on key findings about policies for Roma children in Bulgaria, including high poverty rates, inadequate legislation and child protection procedures, lack of support for at-risk families, and the poor condition of the residential care system.
The document discusses strategies for eradicating child labor in Bahawalpur District, Pakistan. It begins with an introduction describing the problem of child labor in the district and objectives of identifying the nature and causes of child labor. It then reviews literature on types of child labor, relevant laws and policies, and the research methodology used. The results and discussion section analyzes questionnaire responses from working children about their ages. In summary, the document aims to understand child labor in the district and provide strategies to reduce it by studying the issue and engaging stakeholders.
1. The document discusses issues related to labor rights, child labor, women's rights, and environmental protection from a global perspective.
2. It outlines the history of international conventions and agreements aimed at protecting these rights, from the ILO in 1919 to the UN conventions in 1989 and 1999 focusing on child labor and women's rights.
3. Key organizations that have addressed these issues include the UN, ILO, various NGOs, and through international conferences like those held in Mexico City in 1975, Beijing in 1995.
This document provides an overview of child trafficking in Cameroon. It defines key terms, including defining a child as anyone under 18 years old. It discusses how child trafficking takes many forms in Cameroon, with children trafficked for forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. While laws and international agreements exist to combat trafficking, it remains a significant problem, especially in rural areas of the South West Region. The document aims to examine why high rates of child trafficking persist in this region despite protections.
“Physical and Psychological Hazards Faced by Child Labour in the Brick Kilns ...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Child labour is a worldwide phenomenon but more focus is required on developing countries. Over 170 million children worldwide still work in order to sustain their basic needs. About 22000 working children die due to occupational hazards every year, as per International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates. Indian population has more than 17.5 million working children in different industries (Child Labour in India 1994; Tiwari 2005), and maximum are in agricultural sector, leather industry, mining and match making industries etc. In this sense, about 3 lakh is in construction sector with brick manufacturing and only in brick kilns; number is 84972(2001).The relationships between child labour in the brick fields and their health are complex. They can be direct and indirect, static and dynamic, positive and negative, causal and spurious. There is epidemiological evidence of the great impact of some occupational exposures on child health there. Adverse environmental health conditions of the fields affect children more as these have negative effects not only on health but also on the development. Kiln’s Children are more prone to and more at risk because of rapid skeletal growth, organ and tissues development, greater risk of hearing loss, greater need for food and rest, higher chemical absorption rates, smaller size and lower heat tolerance due to their physiological and immunological countenance; some additional factors also contribute to this. Documented reports show the impact on health viz. poverty related (e.g. Malnutrition, fatigue, anemia etc), psychological effects and distress of child labour, occupational cancers, neurotoxicity, injuries, exposures to adverse physical factors, skin ailments etc. A multi-disciplinary approach involving specialists from medical, toxicological, environmental, psychological and socio-anthropological fields may produce integral information and, approach on various aspects of child development to prepare a better policy for child labour in the brick kilns. Although, India has the highest number of child workers, but unfortunately, there is hardly any research done or policies framed for their occupational safety and health. Hence there is an urgent need for intensive focus and research along with political and practical decisions to improve the conditions of working children in the brick kilns for the betterment of their health and development. The gravity of this situation led my initiative to study on child labour in brick field in the work area in Khejuri CD Blocks under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal. This study uses data to examine the different components of child labor in brick field. Study used quantitative method for data collection and particularly survey was used. A total of 301 respondents of five brick fields in Khejuri CD Blocks have been interviewed. SPSS windows program is used to process and organize the data for the study.
Development and volunteerism for bnp training july 13Romel Daya
The document discusses issues of poverty, inequality, lack of access to education, and environmental degradation around the world and in the Philippines based on statistics from various sources such as UNICEF and World Bank. It notes that over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day, the poorest 40% of the world's population accounts for only 5% of global income, and over 25,000 children die daily due to poverty. It calls for sharing resources, promoting education and volunteerism, and protecting the environment to build a sustainable future.
The document is a research paper on human trafficking that includes definitions of slavery and human trafficking. It discusses how trafficking victims are exploited through forced labor, debt bondage, and sex trafficking. Statistics are presented on the numbers of adults and children trafficked worldwide and the products that may be produced by forced or slave labor. Examples of trafficking situations from various countries are described through quotes and photos illustrating the human rights abuses and poor working conditions that victims often face.
Child labour refers to work that harms or exploits children physically, mentally, or morally, or blocks their access to education. There is no universally accepted definition. Not all child work is considered harmful; some may benefit children by teaching responsibility and skills. However, work that exploits children by not paying them is considered child labour. The vast majority of child labour occurs in Asia and Africa, mainly in agriculture and domestic work. Reasons for child labour include poverty, lack of access to education, cultural traditions, and exploitation by employers. Eliminating child labour requires addressing its root causes, especially poverty, as well as improving access to education and enforcement of laws.
When R.E.M. Residential expanded through acquisition, it needed a larger office space to accommodate the increased staff. It considered dividing the new larger space into private offices or cubicles but ultimately decided on an open floor plan to foster transparency, collaboration, and efficiency among employees. The open plan has boosted staff morale and productivity by allowing for easy communication and information sharing across departments. It has also strengthened relationships with clients and tenants by giving all staff exposure to customer issues and queries.
Crescens Inc. is an IT staffing and project services company that has worked with many state and local governments and large companies. It has experienced tremendous growth in recent years and received praise from clients for its workforce quality and quick turnaround times. The company provides a range of IT services including staff augmentation, application maintenance and support, business intelligence, and project management. Some of its past successes include digitizing a state information exchange system to improve decision-making and reduce costs, and implementing change management processes and practices that identified approved changes and saved $0.5 million for a Fortune 200 company.
Thomas Dewey has over 17 years of experience implementing clinical information systems and 21 years of experience as a hospital nurse. He currently works as an Application Coordinator at UCLA Medical Center where he optimizes and supports Epic's clinical documentation functionality. Prior to this role, he held contractor positions implementing and supporting Epic documentation tools at various medical centers. He also has experience implementing clinical documentation systems from other major vendors like GE and IDX.
Modul ini membahas sistem pengendalian manajemen (SPM) dengan menjelaskan pengertian SPM, struktur organisasi, pusat pertanggungjawaban, dan pengukuran kinerja. Modul ini bertujuan membantu mahasiswa memahami materi SPM."
1st public demonstration in Europe of D'Fusion Mobile Markerless tracking"
Nicolas Boireau - Country Manager Total Immersion during Mobilemonday.be session on augmented reality
This document discusses child labor on the streets. It defines different types of work children engage in on the streets, including economic activities, sexual exploitation, and criminal acts. It notes that while the overall number of child laborers has declined slightly in recent years, the goal of eliminating the worst forms of child labor by 2016 is not on track to be met. It discusses challenges in addressing street child labor, such as lack of employer relationships and difficulties in enforcement. It also provides recommendations, such as clearly defining unacceptable work in laws and raising awareness among stakeholders.
This document discusses children working on the street, including the challenges in addressing child labor and worst forms of child labor for children working on the street. It notes that children working on the street may engage in economic activities, sexual exploitation, illicit activities, and criminal acts. The document also summarizes global statistics on child labor and trends, the definition of child labor, and challenges in collecting data on child labor for street working children.
This study examines the determinants of child labour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan through an econometric analysis. Data was collected through surveys of 100 households, with 50 households having children in school and 50 having children working. The results of the econometric model show that the head of household's education and average household income are negatively correlated with child labour, while the age of the child and family size are positively correlated but insignificantly. The study concludes that increasing parental education is necessary to better the future of children, and recommends the government provide more education facilities and skill development centers to reduce child labour.
The document discusses child care in post-communist Bulgaria, using it as an example of the challenges facing the welfare state in post-communist Balkan countries. It notes that the transition from communism exacerbated difficulties in reforming welfare states and hit vulnerable groups like children and ethnic minorities hardest. The summary focuses on key findings about policies for Roma children in Bulgaria, including high poverty rates, inadequate legislation and child protection procedures, lack of support for at-risk families, and the poor condition of the residential care system.
The document discusses strategies for eradicating child labor in Bahawalpur District, Pakistan. It begins with an introduction describing the problem of child labor in the district and objectives of identifying the nature and causes of child labor. It then reviews literature on types of child labor, relevant laws and policies, and the research methodology used. The results and discussion section analyzes questionnaire responses from working children about their ages. In summary, the document aims to understand child labor in the district and provide strategies to reduce it by studying the issue and engaging stakeholders.
1. The document discusses issues related to labor rights, child labor, women's rights, and environmental protection from a global perspective.
2. It outlines the history of international conventions and agreements aimed at protecting these rights, from the ILO in 1919 to the UN conventions in 1989 and 1999 focusing on child labor and women's rights.
3. Key organizations that have addressed these issues include the UN, ILO, various NGOs, and through international conferences like those held in Mexico City in 1975, Beijing in 1995.
This document provides an overview of child trafficking in Cameroon. It defines key terms, including defining a child as anyone under 18 years old. It discusses how child trafficking takes many forms in Cameroon, with children trafficked for forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. While laws and international agreements exist to combat trafficking, it remains a significant problem, especially in rural areas of the South West Region. The document aims to examine why high rates of child trafficking persist in this region despite protections.
“Physical and Psychological Hazards Faced by Child Labour in the Brick Kilns ...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Child labour is a worldwide phenomenon but more focus is required on developing countries. Over 170 million children worldwide still work in order to sustain their basic needs. About 22000 working children die due to occupational hazards every year, as per International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates. Indian population has more than 17.5 million working children in different industries (Child Labour in India 1994; Tiwari 2005), and maximum are in agricultural sector, leather industry, mining and match making industries etc. In this sense, about 3 lakh is in construction sector with brick manufacturing and only in brick kilns; number is 84972(2001).The relationships between child labour in the brick fields and their health are complex. They can be direct and indirect, static and dynamic, positive and negative, causal and spurious. There is epidemiological evidence of the great impact of some occupational exposures on child health there. Adverse environmental health conditions of the fields affect children more as these have negative effects not only on health but also on the development. Kiln’s Children are more prone to and more at risk because of rapid skeletal growth, organ and tissues development, greater risk of hearing loss, greater need for food and rest, higher chemical absorption rates, smaller size and lower heat tolerance due to their physiological and immunological countenance; some additional factors also contribute to this. Documented reports show the impact on health viz. poverty related (e.g. Malnutrition, fatigue, anemia etc), psychological effects and distress of child labour, occupational cancers, neurotoxicity, injuries, exposures to adverse physical factors, skin ailments etc. A multi-disciplinary approach involving specialists from medical, toxicological, environmental, psychological and socio-anthropological fields may produce integral information and, approach on various aspects of child development to prepare a better policy for child labour in the brick kilns. Although, India has the highest number of child workers, but unfortunately, there is hardly any research done or policies framed for their occupational safety and health. Hence there is an urgent need for intensive focus and research along with political and practical decisions to improve the conditions of working children in the brick kilns for the betterment of their health and development. The gravity of this situation led my initiative to study on child labour in brick field in the work area in Khejuri CD Blocks under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal. This study uses data to examine the different components of child labor in brick field. Study used quantitative method for data collection and particularly survey was used. A total of 301 respondents of five brick fields in Khejuri CD Blocks have been interviewed. SPSS windows program is used to process and organize the data for the study.
Development and volunteerism for bnp training july 13Romel Daya
The document discusses issues of poverty, inequality, lack of access to education, and environmental degradation around the world and in the Philippines based on statistics from various sources such as UNICEF and World Bank. It notes that over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day, the poorest 40% of the world's population accounts for only 5% of global income, and over 25,000 children die daily due to poverty. It calls for sharing resources, promoting education and volunteerism, and protecting the environment to build a sustainable future.
The document is a research paper on human trafficking that includes definitions of slavery and human trafficking. It discusses how trafficking victims are exploited through forced labor, debt bondage, and sex trafficking. Statistics are presented on the numbers of adults and children trafficked worldwide and the products that may be produced by forced or slave labor. Examples of trafficking situations from various countries are described through quotes and photos illustrating the human rights abuses and poor working conditions that victims often face.
Child labour refers to work that harms or exploits children physically, mentally, or morally, or blocks their access to education. There is no universally accepted definition. Not all child work is considered harmful; some may benefit children by teaching responsibility and skills. However, work that exploits children by not paying them is considered child labour. The vast majority of child labour occurs in Asia and Africa, mainly in agriculture and domestic work. Reasons for child labour include poverty, lack of access to education, cultural traditions, and exploitation by employers. Eliminating child labour requires addressing its root causes, especially poverty, as well as improving access to education and enforcement of laws.
This document provides a summary of child labour around the world in 3 paragraphs. It defines child labour and outlines its history, including widespread child labour in the 19th-early 20th centuries in Western nations and colonies. It notes that while laws now prohibit child labour, over 150 million children still work, primarily in agriculture, domestic work, and small businesses. The document concludes by discussing causes of child labour like poverty and lack of schooling alternatives, as well as international efforts to eliminate child labour.
Project abstract or effective unemployment of somaliaMohamedAli47986
This project is written by Mohamed Ali from Somalia, in my idea I would be very grateful you to share with you the main causes of Somali youth unemployment.
The document is a final report on child labor presented to Dr. Shafqat Bukhari by a group of students. It discusses child labor around the world and in Pakistan through case studies of Nike and the chocolate industry. It outlines the effects of child labor on children, including impacts to family, values, language, and physical health. The report concludes with recommendations such as using child labor funds to address the issue, reducing poverty and illiteracy, providing free education, and conducting awareness programs.
This document discusses child labor, including forms of child labor like slavery and debt bondage, causes like poverty and low wages, and consequences like physical injuries and long term health problems. It provides statistics on the global prevalence of child labor, noting that 152 million children are victims of child labor worldwide. Regarding Pakistan specifically, it states that out of 40 million children in Pakistan, approximately 19 million are child laborers, with over 12.5 million involved in hazardous work. The document also outlines relevant laws in Pakistan and internationally, as well as ways to prevent child labor like providing education and awareness programs.
The global financial crisis in colombia and the international conference on p...UN Global Pulse
The Global Financial Crisis negatively impacted Colombia, especially regions dependent on remittances. While GDP declined slightly and recovered quickly, unemployment increased, particularly among women and youth. Remittances initially increased but then decreased, worsening poverty in remittance-dependent areas like Eje Cafetero. Qualitative research there found impacts on healthcare access, education, and family separation. The crisis dampened opportunities from Colombia's demographic dividend of a large working-age population. However, national-level data did not fully capture these socioeconomic effects.
The Nexus of Street Trading and Juvenile Delinquency: A Study of Chanchaga Lo...RSIS International
I. INTRODUCTION
Globally, the number of working children has been decreasing around the world in recent years, but child labour has continued to be a widespread problem today, especially in developing countries (Paola, Viviana, Flavia & Furio2007). International Programme on Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC 2016) reported that between 2012 to 2016, about 182 million children in the developing world aged 5-14 years were engaged in work. Against this background, governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have focused their efforts on tackling in particular the worst forms of child labour such as forced and bonded labour, which put children in physically and mentally harmful working conditions (Bunnak 2007).
The Nexus of Street Trading and Juvenile Delinquency: A Study of Chanchaga Lo...
DOL 2006 Colombia WFCL report
1. Colombia
fncidence and Nature of Child Labor
In 2001, approximately
14.1 percent of boys and
6.6 percent of giris ages 5
io 14 were working in
Colombia. The malority
of working children were
found in the services
sector (49.9 percent),
followed by agriculture
(35.6 percent),
manufacturing
(12.6 percent) and other
sectors (1.9 percent).*u
The Colombian Family
Welfare hstitute (ICBF)
estimates that about 80 percent of working children work in the informal sector."' In urban
areas, children work primarily in such sectors as cofiunerce, industry, and services."' hr rural
'* UCW analysis of ILO SIMITOC, UMCEF MIC$ and World Bank surveys , Child Ecanamic Aetiaity and School
Attendance Rafes, October 7, 2005,
n*
Government of Colombia , C6digo del Menor, Decree No.2737, (November 27,1989); available from
http: / / wv'rwJcbf .gov / co / espanol/normatividad2.asp.
"" Govemment of Colombia , Canstituci6n Palitica de Colambin de 1991, con rSormashasta mnrzo 2005, Article 67;
available from http: / / www. georgetown.edu /pdba /.n"
Govemment of Colombia, C6digo de Ia Infuncia y la Adolescrneie,I-ey 1098 of 2006, (August29,20A6), Article 28;
available ftornhttp:/ /www.secretariasenado.gov.co/compendio legislativo.htm. See also U.S. Department of
State, "Colombia," inCountry Report on Human Rights Practices- 20A6, Washington, DC, March 6,2007; available
k om http : / / www. s tate. g ov / g / drl / rls / ht rp t / 20A5 / 617 21".htrn.
n"
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Gross Enrolmsnt Ratio. Priftary. Total, accessed December 20,2006; available
from http://stats.uis.unesco.orgl.
n'n
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Net Enrolment Rate. Pri*ury. Total, accessed December 2A,2}M;available from
http:/ / stats. uis.unesco.org/.
*"
UCW analysis of ILO SIMPOC, UMCEF MICS, and World Bank suweys, Child Ecanomic Activity and School
Attendance Rates.
*'UNESCO
Institute for Statistics, Suraiual Rste to Grade 5. Tofal, accessed Decenrber 18, 2006; available from
http : / / stats.uis. unesco. org.
*'ILO, Ratifications by Caurtry, accessed December 16,2005; available from
http: / / vwrw.ilo.org,/ ilolex/english/newra{rameE.htm.
-'nO, IPEC Action Against Child l-abor- Highlights 2006. [online] February 2ffi7 [cited March 29,2AA7h available
from http://www.ilo.orgliloroot/docstore/ipec/prod/eng/20070228_Implementationreport_en_Web.pdf .
nn'
ILO, IPEC Action Against Cltild l-abor- Highlights 2006, [onhne] February, 2007 lcited March 29,20071; avai]able
f:_omhttpt/ /www.ilo.org/iloroot/docstorelipec/prod/ eng/20070228_Implementationreport_en_Web.pdf .
*'UCW
analysis of ILO SIMPff, UMCEF MICS, and World Bank surveys, ChiM Econwnic Activity and School
Attendance Rates.
'o U.S. Department of State, "Country Reports- 2006: Colornbia."
97
Fercent,of ehildren 5-14 eStirnated asworkine in 2001:
Minimum age for admission to work:
blic education:
Cross primarv enrolknenf rate in 20&1:
Net primarv enrollment rane in 20M:
Percent cJ children 5-14 atterrdine E€hool in 2001 :
As of 2003; percent,of primary schaol entrantir,like$ to
Ratified Con*ention 138:
Ratified ConVecrtion 182:
*Mu-st pay for school supplies and related items.
2. areasr children work primarily in agriculture and cornmerce.* Many children work as
domestic servants or in family businesses, often without pay.* Children mine emeralds, gold,
clay, and coal under dangerous conditions.t'nu' According to the Colornbia Department of
National Statistics and the Colombian National Mining Company (MINERCOL), estimates of
children working in illegal mines range from 10,000 to 200,000.""" Children are also used in the
cultivation of coca and opium for illegal purposes and in the processing of illicit drugs using
harsh chemicals.t*"
Many children are victims of comrnercial sexual exploitation, including pornography,
prostitution, and sexual tourism.tn* An estimated 25,000 minors work in commercial sex trade
in Colombia, according to a reportby the [:rspector General's Office, and Colombia is a major
source of girls trafficked for the pulpose of commercial sexual exploitation.''* Children are
trafficked internally from rural to urban areas for sexual exploitation and forced labor."uu
Children in Colombia are recruited, sometimes forcibly, by insurgent and paramilitary groups
to serve as combatants in the country's ongoing conflict. In fact, the average age {or deserters
from these-armed groups has gone down, which suggests that younger children are being
recruited.''* Some children have been required to perform forced labor by guerrillas und
paramilitaries.'* Many are forced to participate in and are victims of human rights violations
*'National Administrative Department of Statistics, Encuesta Nqcion-fiJ de Trabajo Infantil: Andlisis de los resultados
de la encuesta sobre caracterizaci1n de Ia poblaci6n entre 5 y 17 afios en Colombia, Bogota, November 2001, 55; available
flornhttp:/ / www.ilo.orglpublic/spanish,/standards/ipec/simpoc/colombia/report/co_rep_200l_sp.pdf.
'* Ibid.
Wa.r
rDrcl./ Page rlc.
"'nn ILO-IPEC , Dingrclstica sobre eI Trabajo Infantil en el Sector Minero Artesanal en Colambia, Lima, 2@1, 49 ,50, 61 and
62; available from
ttp:/ /wvwv.oit.org.pelipec,/dscumentos/http:-www.oit.org.pe-ipec_boletin-documentos*mineriacol,pdf.
tn"t
U.S. Department of State, "Country Reports- 2006: Colornbia," Section 6d.
u'"
IJ.S. Embassy- Bogot6 official, Email communication to USDOL nfficiaf July 31,2007, See also, IOM,
Panorama sobre Ia trata de p*sonas. Desafios y Respuestas: Calambia, Estados Unidos y ReprtWiea Dcmiricana (Bogota:
IOM,2006), 20; available from
http:/ lwv',w.oim.org.colmodulos/contenido/default.asp?idmodulo=7&idlibro=115. See also United Nations
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the
Convention, Concluding Obsentatians: Colombia, CRC/COL.COI3, Forty-second session, June 8 2006, para 82 and
88; available from
http:/ /www.unhchr.chl$s/doc.nsfl(Syrnbol)/7ca95bbddbe4f7k4l25617b}052d960?Opendocument.
t'n*
IOM, Panorama sobre Ia trata ile personas.,18. See also Ministry of Social Protection, Infonne espeeial sobre aiolencia
cantrs lu infanciu en Colombia, Bogota, ,2006,231; availabie from
h@://www.minproteccionsocial.gov.colentornoambiental/library/documents/DocNewslrlol50S6DocumentN
o1819.PDF. See also U.S. Department of State, "Colombia," nTrafficking in Persons Report- 2007, Washington,
D.C., March 5,2007; available fuomhttp:/ /www.state.gov/g/ttp/rb/tiprpt/2ffi6/.
'""* U.S. Deparhnent of State, "Country Reporb- 2006: Colornbiaj'Section 5.
'"* U.S. Department of State, "Colombia (Tier 1)," n Traficking in Persons Report- 2(N6,Washtngton, DC, June 5,
2006;availablefromhttp:llwww.state.govlg/tiplrlsltiprptl2W6/.SeealsoU.S.Departmentof State,"Country
Reports- 2006: Colombia," Section 5.
'"nob.S. Deparftnent of Statq "Country Reports- 2006: Colombia," Section 5, 6d. See also United Nations
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding Obstrvations: Colombin, para. 80. See also Ministry of Social
Protection, Inforrne especial sobre vialeuein amtra Ia infancia m Colombia,187-228. See also U.S. Embassy- Bogot6
official, Email communication, July 31,2007.
t'''"
U.S. Departrnent of State "Country Reports- 2006: Colombia," Section 5c.
98
3. such as torture and murder."* Many girl combatants are subject to sexual exploitation by
other group members.'* Reportedly, children have been used by goverrunent armed forces as
informants.t"t"
Child Labor Laws and Enforcement
The minimum employment age in Colombia was 14 years in 2006; however,ICBF may make
exceptions for 12 and 13 year-olds under special circumstances.'"tt Authorization from a labor
inspector or other designated authority is required for minors to work.'no The law iirnits
children's r,r'orking hours. Children between 12 and 14 may only work 4 hours per day; those
betiveen 14 and 16 may work 6 hours per day; and those between 16 and 18 may work 8 hours
per day.""' While night work is prohibited,LG and 17-year-olds can work until8 p.m.if
authorized.'n'n The law also prohibits minors from work that may harm their morality as well
as work that is exploitive or hazardous.""' A new law regulating conditions under which
children can work was being developed as this report was being developed
The 2005 Ministry of Social Protection (MSP) Resolution #4448 identifies the worst forms of
child labor that are prohibited for all minors under 18. Minors are not permitted to perform
most work related to: agricultural work destined for market, such as coffee, flowers,
siigarcane, cereals, vegetables, fruits, tobacco, and livestock; fisheries; lumber; mining or work
underground; industrial manufacfuring and bakeries; utilities; construction, painting, and
heavy equipmen! transportation or warehousing; healthcare; defense and private security;
and unskilled labor such as shoe-shining, domestic service, trash collection, messenger service,
doormen, gardening, work in clubs and bars, and street sales.tott Minors must also not work in
conditions where there are loud noises, strong vibrations, rigorous environments, dangerous
substances, poor lighting or ventilafion, activities underground or underwater, biological or
chemical materials, safety risks, or problems due to posture or excessive physical activity.'""
Also, minors may not work under conditions that may harm their psychosocial development,
such as work without pay; work that interferes with mhooling; work that keeps them
'""* Human Rights Watch, You'll Learn Not to Cry: Chitd Combatants in Colombja, Washington, DC, September 2003,
68-77 and 88-98; available from http:/ /www.hrw.orglreports/2A03/colombia0903/.
'"* United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, Conctuding Obsercatiafis: Colambia, para. 80. See aiso
Human Rights Watch, You'll Learn Nat to Cry,53-59.
""n Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, "Colombia," nChild Sotdiers Gtabel Report 2004,London, 2004 See
also Human Rights Watch, You'Mearn Nat to Cry,102-103. See also United Nations Committee on the Rights of
the Child, Concluding Obseraations: Colombin, para 80.
""' Cddigo del Menor, (November 27,1989), Article 237-238; available from
www.icbf .gov /co / espanol,/normatividad2.asp.
'' Ibid.. Articles 238-239.
t'"'
Ibid., Article 242.
I DrCt.
'"'u lbid., Articles 245 and246.
""0 Ministrlt of Social Protection, Resoluci1n No 0A4448: por la cua! se desarrolla ta facuttad contenida en eI Cbdigo del
Msnor (December 2,2005); available from
hfry:/ /vnvw.minproteccionsocial.gov.colMseContentlimageslnews/DocNewsNo648901.doc.
""t Govemrnent of Colombia, Rnoluciln Na 4448: por Ia cual se desanoll"a Ia fecultad contenid.a en eI numeral 23 del
articula 245 del Decreto 2737 de 1989 o Cddigo ilel Menor, (December 2, 2005); available from
htt-p:/ /www.minproteccionsocial.gov.colMseContent/images,/news/DocNewsNo648901"doc.
99
4. separated from their families; work under despotic or abusive conditions; in illegal or immoral
situations; or between 8 p.*. and 6 a.m.r except for minors over age t6 (this exception is
conkary to provisions in other laws).'n" hrdividuals must report child labor law violations to
MSP.'." Penalties for violating child labor laws can include fines and the temporary or
permanent closure of violating establishments."*' The ILO CEACR has requested clarification
on exceptions in Resolution #44/.8 that allow adolescents ages L6 andl7 to work at night."'"
The Constitution prohibits slavery and servitude.'n' Human kafficking is prohibited, and
trafficking of children under L8 is punishable by fines and 17 to 35 years incarceration.
Trafficking of children under 12yearc is punishable by 20 to 35 years imprisonment.'"o
Inducing prostitution is punishable by 2.7 to 6 years incarceration and fines. Penalties for
forced prostitution range from 6.7 to 13.5 years incarceration and fines. Penalties increase by
one-third to one-half for both induced and forced prostitution if the victim is under 14 or if the
crime involved international trafficking.'n' Crimes involving child pornography or the
operation of an establishment in which minors practice sexual acts are punishable by 8 to 12
years incarceration and fines."'* The use of the mail or the Lrtemet to obtain or offei sexual
contact with a minor is punishable by 6"7 to 15 years incarceration and a fine, with increased
penalties if the victim is under 12.''* Posting child pornography on the Lnternet is punishable
by fines and the cancellation or suspension of the Web site.'"t Tourist agencies car, be
penalized for involvement in child sex tourism by fines and the suspension or cancellation of
their regiskation.t"o Forced prostitution and sexual slavery related to the country's ongoing
conflict are punishable by imprisonment from 13.3 to 27 years and fines."'"
Minors may not serve in the goveffunent armed forces or perform defense-related or
intelligence activities.'*' The recruitment of minors by armed groups in relation to the ongoing
conJlict is punishable by 8 to 15 years in prison and fines.'*' 'fhe law regards minors that
participate in the country's hostilities as victims.ttB2 11u comrnission of terrorist acts involving
t'"*
rbid.
"t'n C1digo del Menor, Article 247.
'n'" fbid., Articles 262-263.
''' ILO, Individtnt Direct Request concerning Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention, 1g1g {No. 6) Cotombia
(ratification: 1983), Geneva,2&7; available from http:l/www.ilo.orglilolexlenglish/newcountryframeE.htm.
'n' Govemment of Colombia , Canstitucifin Polttice di Colambia, futicle 12.
''' Ibid. See also Governrnent of Colombia , C1digo Penal, with modifications, $wly 24,2000), Articles 188-4 and 1gg-
B; available from http://www.secretariasenado.gov.colcompendio_legislativo.HTM.
'*'Govemment of Colombia, Cddigo Penal, zuith modificatinrcs, Afi.219,214, and 216.
t"'u
rbid., Articles 218.
''oo rbid., Article 21"9-A.
'"" Govemment of Colombia, Decree 1524, Suly 24,z}Al),Articles 4 and 9; available from http://www.i-
uris.com,/ieyesldec/1524.htm. SeealsoGovernmentofColombia,bzw679,(Augrrst4,z}}l),ArticlesTand'10;
available from http: I /www.secretariasenado.gov.co/leyes /L0679001.
tn"
Government of Colombia, Law 679, Articleslg-20.
'"'n Govemment of Colombia, C1digo Penal, with madifications, Article 141.
'*'' Government of Colombia, Resoluci1n 004448, Article 1 and 9.1. See also Government of Colombia , Decreto 128
sobre politica de reincorporaci1n a la vida civil, (2003); available from
hftp : / / v'rvwv.presidencia.gov.colprensa_new/decretoslinea l.
'''' Govemment of Colombia, Cddigo Pe*nl, with modificatbns, Article 162,
'*'Government of Colombia, Ley 7SZ, lOecember 23',2002), Article 15; available from
http: / / v,rww.altocomisionadoparalapa z.gov.co / iwidicos/ ley _782.pdf .
100
5. the participation of a minor is punishable by 16 to 30 years incarceration and fines.''* Armed
grouPs must place all minor recruits with ICBF in order to participate in the government's
demobilization process."* Punishments for crimes involving illegal drugs, such as drug
cultivation, manufacfuring, and trafficking are increased if the crimes involve a minor.'m
The MSP is responsible for conducting formal sector child labor inspections,with2T6
inspectors.''* However, according to the U.S. Deparknent of State, the MSP does not have
sufficient resources to enforce labor laws effectively.'* ICBF, the Children and Adolescent
Police, the Prosecutor General, and Family Commissioners are responsible for enJorcing child
labor laws.'"* The National Police and Prosecutor General investigate and prosecute ch,ild
trafficking and commercial sexual e4ploitation."* The District Attomey's Office has a unit
dedicated to trafficking, sexual violence and victims who are minors.'*
Current Government Policies and Programs to Eliminate the Worst Forms
of Child Labor
The Colombian Govemmenfs National Development Plan 2002-2006 establishes the
eradication of exploitive child iabor as a priority.'*' The Plan for Childhood (2004-2015)
contains provisions relating to child labor, and to specific worst forms including kafficking,
recruitment into armed groups, and commercial sexual exploitation.t* The objectives of the
Third Plan for the Elimination of Child Labor and the Protection of Working Youth 2003-2006
are to increase knowledge and awareness; change cuitural norrns that promote child labor;
improve legislation and public policy; and implement strategies that address these
problems.'* The Inter-institutional Committee for the Eradication of Child Labor has
conducted trainings; it also maintains a child labor information system.'* The MSP and the
"* Government of Colombia, Codigo Penat, with modifitntions, Articles 343 and 344.
'* Govemment of Colornbia, Ley 975, $u!y 25,2W5i, Article 10; available from
h@://www.presidencia.gov.colleyes 12015/iul1alley9752517}5.pdf. See also Govemment of Colombia, Decreto
4760 Por el cual se reglametta parcialmente la ley 975 de 2U)5, (Decernber 30, 2005), Article 3; available from
http:/ /www.altocomisionadoparalapa z.gov.co/ noticiaa/2ffi6 / enero/documentos/decreto4Z60.pdt.
'nu'Government of Colonlbia, Cddigo Pena!, with modifications, Articles 375 and 384.
'*o Cddigo del Mnrcr, Article 261. See also U.S. Department of State, "Country Reports- 2006: Colombia," Section
6d.
'*'U S Deparhnent of State, "Country Reports- 2006: Colombia," Section 6d.
*" C1diga de la Infancia y Ia Adoleseencia, Ley fi98 E 2W6, (Nouertber 8,2AA6, Articles 11,79-95; aztailable from
h^!^lp:l/raww.seeretariasEnaila.goa.co/cowpendio-Iegislatiw.htm. ke also Codiga de! Menor, Article 288.
'nn'National Agency for Police News, Operaci1n "Patrin 36 y 37", pt"r, ."|"ur", Monteria, Iune 2006; available from
hfry:/ /www.policia.gov.colinicio/portal/portal.nsf lpag;nas/BoletinesdePrensa. See also National Agency for
Police News, operaci6n Repiblica 5, press release, Bogota, February 14, 2006; available from
http:/ /www.policia-gov.colinicio/portal/portal.nsflpaginas/BoletinesdePrensa.
''*" Dimmsionn de la trata de Wsoruts en Calombia,28.
'l'l-ry"!i9n"t f!rying Department, Plan Nacional de Desarollo 2002-2ffi6: Hacia un Estada Comunitario,Bogota, ,
2003,209; available {romhttp:/ lwww.dnp.gov.colarchivos/documentos/CCRP_PND/PND.pdf.
'*' Govemment of Colombia, Plan Decenal de Infancia (2004-2015) para Colombis,20, 9L,33, 35-96, 4041; available
from http: / /www.icbf .gov.co/espanol/decenal.htm.
''*'ILO and Inter-institutional Committee for the Eradication of Child Labor and Protection of the Youth Worker,
III Plan Nacional para Ia Erradicaci1n del Trabajo Infantil y la Protecciin del Trabaja luuenil 2A$-2006, Bogot6, 2003, 51-
52; available from http://www.oit.org.pelipec/documentos/3erptan03_06.pdf.
''* u.S. Department of State, "Cormtry Reports- 2006: Colombia,"-secdon 6d.
101
6. National University of Colombia have worked to eradicate exploitive child labor through a
media campaign, community and school education, and inter-institutional coordination.''*
The Government of Colombia also participates in projects to combat child labor with the
assistance of foreign governments and international organizations. The government
participates in a USD 3.5 millioru 4-year USDOL-funded project implemented by World Vision
to combat exploitive drild labor by improving basic education. This project seeks to withdraw
2,081 children from hazardous agricultural labor and prevent a further 2119 children from
entering that work."* The Colombian Institute of Geology and Mining implements a project
with UNDP to eradicate child labor in mining.'*' With support from ILO-IPEC and Canada,
the government executed a child labor survey and contributed to the consolidation of the
National Policy for the Prevention and Elimination of Child Labor."*
ICBF administers programs that provide services to former children soldiers and seek to
prevent further recruitment of children by armed gtoups.'*' These programs receive
assistance from the United States and from several foreign govemments and international
organizations."''' The Ministries of Defense and Interior assist through the demobilization of
child soldiers, who are tumed over to the ICBF.'*' The Colombian Government participated in
a 3-year, USD 7 millioru inter-regional ILO-IPEC project funded by USDOL to combat the
involvement of children with armed groups. This project, which ended ir.z0fJ.7, sought to
withdraw 5.264 children from child soldiering and prevent an additianal4,250 children from
becoming child soldiers in seven countries, including Colombia.t"ut
The Government of Colombia has developed a National Plan of Action for the Prevention and
Eradication of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Boys, Girls, and Adolescents Less than L8
'*u Center for Social Shldies National University of Colombia, Informe sobre las acciones reali.zndas en eJ desarrollo deJ
conamio interadministratiaa A47 de 2005, Bogota, ]une 9, 2006, 3-4.
'*o World Vision, Combating Exploitive Child L"abor Through Education in Colambia,prcject document, Washington,
DC,2005.
'*'ICBF, "PEPTIMA, un ejemplo para las comunidades mineras," Diilogos,July 2005, 8; available from
http:/ /v'rv,rw.oit.org.pe,/spanish/260ameri/oitreg/activid/proyectoslipec/documentos/bol_min_col*icbf.pdf.
See also Maria del Pilar G6mez Herrera, "De la oscuridad de las minas a la luz de la fotografia," inHechos del
Callej6n, Bogota: UNDR October 2006, 18 and 20; available from
htrp:/ /indh.pnud.org.co/fileslboletin_hechos,/Boletin-hechos_del_callejon_19_opt.pdf.
''"* ILO-IPEC official Email communication to USDOL official, November l6,2AM.
'*n Colombian Family Welfare Institute, Sensicios del lrctituto Colombiano de Bienestar Fa/ftilinr, [online] [cited
October 8,2O06); available fuomhftp / /www.icbf.gov.colespanol/general1.asp. See also, IOM and U.S. Agency
for lnternational Development Mission to Colsmbia , Post-Emergency Assistance to Displaced Groups, Receptor
Communities and Vulnerable Popul*tions Pragraw,22nd Quarteily Report, March 2006; available from
http://pdf.usaid.govlpdf-docs/PDACH020.pdf. See also, IOM,Programmes end Projeets: Excombatant Children,
[online] [cited January 9,2AA6]; available from
http: / /www.oim.org.colmodulosl contenido/default.asp?idmodulo=145.
'''n IOM, Prograrumes and Projects: Excombstant Children. See also IOM and U.S. Agenry for International
Development Mission to Colombia, Support Pragramfar Ex-Combatant Childrrn- Colombin,20th Quarterly Report,
March 2046,3; available from
http://dec.usaid.gov/index.cfm?p=sparch.ge(itationgcrup-4892&16&CFfOKEN=3r101ffiO0&rec_no=140442.
'*' Minist y of Defense, Reclutmnisnta de Msnores: Otra agresihn de los grupos ilegales contra Ia nifr.ez colombinrw,
J31uary 26, 2AA6; available fromhttp: / I alpha.mindefensa.gov,co/index.php?page=181&id=3295.
""' ILO-IPEC , Pranention anil Reintegration of Chilfuen lnaolved in Armed Conpictl An lnter-Regional Program, project
document, Geneva, September 17, 2003.
r02
7. Years of Age (2006-?011). This plan establishes such objectives as generating information,
developing and applying legislation, prevention, provision of services to childrery institutional
capacitybuilding, and participation of children in the plan.'"o The National Police's program,
"Colombia without Prostitution," uses family and community education to prevent the
commercial sexual exploitation of children.'"* The government participates in a USDOL-
funded ILO-IPEC regional project costing USD 5.5 miilion to combat child domestic labor and
commercial sexual exploitation. The goal of this project is to withdraw 2,185 children from
exploitive child labor and prevent2,92A children from entering such work."*
The Inter-institutional Committee against Trafficking in Persons and various ministries have
implemented various anti-trafficking awareness-raising activities within Colombia, including
enclosing flyers about trafficking in newly issued passports; installing inJormation kiosks at
major airports; producing short television ads and a daytime soap opera about trafficking;
making presentations for at-risk school children; and assisting with the development of
departmental and municipal anti-trafficking plans.'* The Committee also maintains a
database of trafficking cases and promotes collaboration between agencies."'" Colombian
foreign missions and the National Police provide assistance to trafficking victims that includes
referrals to IOM repatriation services and information on legal protections."'*
The Ministry of Education's (MEN) Policy Guide for Vukrerable Populations includes
strategies to address child labor."* The military distributes educational kits to schools in areas
where children are at risk for recruiknent into armed groups, and awareness-raising materials
for children to prevent involvement in armed groups.t'o'
'nu' ICBF-UNICEF-ILGIPEC Fundaci6n Renacer, Plan de acci1n para la prevenci1n y erradicaci1n de la explotacin
sexual comercial de nifios, nifras y adalescentes menores de'1.8 afros 2006-20011, Bogota, 20A6,43.
"* ECPAT Intemational CSEC Database, Cala*tbia, accessed June & 2007; available fromhttp://rwvrv.ecpat.net.
"* ILO-IPEC , Prrosntian and Elimircatian of Child Domestic l-abour (CDL) and of Commercinl Sexual Exploitation of
Children (CESO in ChiIe, Calambia, Peraguay and Pxu, preect document, Geneva, Septernber 8, zO0 , 27 .
'*o tLS. Embassy- Bogota, reporting, December 6, 2005. See also U.S. Department of State, "Trafficking in Persons
Report- 2006: Colombia." See also Ministry of Communication, Qui es luternet Sano, [onlinel [cited October 10,
20051; available from http: / /www.intemetsano.gov.colque-es.htm. See also National Police News Agenry, "Que
Nadie Dafie Tus Suefios", press release, August 9,2AA6; available fron'r
http://www.policia.gov.col_85256EA10053F753.nsf /01AA9949A80C6E0D510525712C0048FCA9?Open.
'*'U.S. Departrnent of State, "Cotmtry Reporb- 2006: Colombia."
'** Ibid. See also U.S. Deparhrent of State, "Trafficking in Persons Report- 2006: Colombia."
"on Minisky of Education, Lineawientos de politica para la atencin educntiva a pobl.adonrc aulnerables, Bogota, July
2005, 32-35; available fromhttp / / www.mineducacion.gov. co / cvn/ L665 / arttcle-90668.htm1.
'''on Ministry of Defense, Reclutamirrtto de Menores. See also United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child,
Concluding Obsercations: Colsmbia, para 80.
103