This study examined how variability in joint movements during basketball dribbling is affected by perceptual impairments like visual and auditory occlusion. Twenty participants, divided into novice and professional groups, performed trials of 42 consecutive dribbles under different perceptual conditions: no occlusion, visual occlusion, auditory occlusion, and both visual and auditory occlusion. Joint movement data was analyzed using nonlinear measures like correlation dimension, approximate entropy, and Lyapunov exponent to assess variability. The researchers hypothesized that both perceptual impairment and skill level would influence dominant arm movement variability during dribbling.
This document describes a biomechanical analysis of a lower limb strengthening device consisting of a harness connecting tension bands from the hips to the ankles. The analysis found that using the device increases muscle forces in the legs while improving load distribution across the knee joint. It also does not significantly increase forces on knee cartilage surfaces. The device thus has potential benefits for knee rehabilitation by strengthening muscles and joints in a balanced manner without excessive stress on cartilage.
Finite element stress analysis of artificial femur head on hip jointSAURABH SINGH
The increase of knowledge in all areas of research forms the premises for an increase in the life expectancy of the population as well as the quality of life, this increase of life expectancy are achieved through efficient medical care to meet the main objectives of improving and ensuring an adequate mobility for performing daily tasks.
This document discusses a study on the relationship between body composition, foot angle, and functional efficiency in volleyball boosters and smashers. The study collected data on body composition, foot angle, and variables measuring functional efficiency (e.g. vertical jump, strength) from 25 boosters and smashers. It found a significant correlation between leg strength and body composition in boosters. It also found a significant correlation between standing broad jump and foot angle in boosters. However, it found mostly insignificant correlations for smashers and between other variables. The results suggest body composition and foot angle have limited relationships to functional efficiency in volleyball players.
This study investigated the effects of back extensor fatigue on jumping performance and muscle activity during countermovement jumps (CMJs) and lateral jumps (LJ) on stable and unstable surfaces. 14 experienced male jumpers performed maximal CMJs and submaximal LJs on stable and unstable surfaces before and after a back extensor fatigue protocol. Performance measures such as jump height for CMJs and contact time for LJs were analyzed. Electromyography (EMG) of leg and trunk muscles was also measured. The main findings were that back extensor fatigue decreased CMJ height and EMG activity of the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles during CMJs. LJ contact time and EMG activity of the tibial
The role of impact forces and foot pronationStephen Carter
This article discusses the possible association between impact forces and foot pronation and the development of running related injuries and proposed a new paradigm for impact forces and foot pronation
Current concept in scientific and clinical rationale behind exercises for gh ...Satoshi Kajiyama
The article provides an overview of the biomechanical and clinical implications of rehabilitation exercises for the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. It reviews the function and biomechanics of specific muscles, and examines common rehabilitation exercises through the lens of electromyography and biomechanics research. The goal is to help clinicians develop safe and effective exercise programs by understanding how exercises target specific muscles and how pathology may alter muscle firing patterns. Exercises that minimize deltoid activity relative to rotator cuff muscles, avoid positions linked to impingement risk, and recruit key muscles at various angles are discussed to optimize rehabilitation.
This document provides a position stand on the use of instability training for core musculature. It defines the core as the axial skeleton and attached soft tissues. Core stability relies on appropriate muscle activation and intra-abdominal pressure, with abdominal bracing shown to be more effective than hollowing. While instability training can increase muscle activation, it can decrease force, power, velocity and range of motion. The position is that instability training has a role within periodized programs for variety, rehabilitation, and non-athletes but is not recommended as the primary training mode for athletes due to its negative effects on performance factors.
This document discusses core stability, core strength, and their relationship to athletic performance. It begins by defining key terms like performance, core stability, and core strength. It then explores the functional anatomy of the core and different types of core training. The document reviews evidence that core training provides benefits in rehabilitation by reducing lower back injuries, but evidence of performance enhancement in sports is less clear. Specifically, some studies found improvements in core stability and strength from training but ambiguous results on actual sports performance. The relationship between core stability, functional movement, and different performance tests is also examined but results suggest only weak to moderate correlations. While core and functional training are important for injury prevention, the evidence does not strongly support them as the primary focus for performance
This document describes a biomechanical analysis of a lower limb strengthening device consisting of a harness connecting tension bands from the hips to the ankles. The analysis found that using the device increases muscle forces in the legs while improving load distribution across the knee joint. It also does not significantly increase forces on knee cartilage surfaces. The device thus has potential benefits for knee rehabilitation by strengthening muscles and joints in a balanced manner without excessive stress on cartilage.
Finite element stress analysis of artificial femur head on hip jointSAURABH SINGH
The increase of knowledge in all areas of research forms the premises for an increase in the life expectancy of the population as well as the quality of life, this increase of life expectancy are achieved through efficient medical care to meet the main objectives of improving and ensuring an adequate mobility for performing daily tasks.
This document discusses a study on the relationship between body composition, foot angle, and functional efficiency in volleyball boosters and smashers. The study collected data on body composition, foot angle, and variables measuring functional efficiency (e.g. vertical jump, strength) from 25 boosters and smashers. It found a significant correlation between leg strength and body composition in boosters. It also found a significant correlation between standing broad jump and foot angle in boosters. However, it found mostly insignificant correlations for smashers and between other variables. The results suggest body composition and foot angle have limited relationships to functional efficiency in volleyball players.
This study investigated the effects of back extensor fatigue on jumping performance and muscle activity during countermovement jumps (CMJs) and lateral jumps (LJ) on stable and unstable surfaces. 14 experienced male jumpers performed maximal CMJs and submaximal LJs on stable and unstable surfaces before and after a back extensor fatigue protocol. Performance measures such as jump height for CMJs and contact time for LJs were analyzed. Electromyography (EMG) of leg and trunk muscles was also measured. The main findings were that back extensor fatigue decreased CMJ height and EMG activity of the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles during CMJs. LJ contact time and EMG activity of the tibial
The role of impact forces and foot pronationStephen Carter
This article discusses the possible association between impact forces and foot pronation and the development of running related injuries and proposed a new paradigm for impact forces and foot pronation
Current concept in scientific and clinical rationale behind exercises for gh ...Satoshi Kajiyama
The article provides an overview of the biomechanical and clinical implications of rehabilitation exercises for the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. It reviews the function and biomechanics of specific muscles, and examines common rehabilitation exercises through the lens of electromyography and biomechanics research. The goal is to help clinicians develop safe and effective exercise programs by understanding how exercises target specific muscles and how pathology may alter muscle firing patterns. Exercises that minimize deltoid activity relative to rotator cuff muscles, avoid positions linked to impingement risk, and recruit key muscles at various angles are discussed to optimize rehabilitation.
This document provides a position stand on the use of instability training for core musculature. It defines the core as the axial skeleton and attached soft tissues. Core stability relies on appropriate muscle activation and intra-abdominal pressure, with abdominal bracing shown to be more effective than hollowing. While instability training can increase muscle activation, it can decrease force, power, velocity and range of motion. The position is that instability training has a role within periodized programs for variety, rehabilitation, and non-athletes but is not recommended as the primary training mode for athletes due to its negative effects on performance factors.
This document discusses core stability, core strength, and their relationship to athletic performance. It begins by defining key terms like performance, core stability, and core strength. It then explores the functional anatomy of the core and different types of core training. The document reviews evidence that core training provides benefits in rehabilitation by reducing lower back injuries, but evidence of performance enhancement in sports is less clear. Specifically, some studies found improvements in core stability and strength from training but ambiguous results on actual sports performance. The relationship between core stability, functional movement, and different performance tests is also examined but results suggest only weak to moderate correlations. While core and functional training are important for injury prevention, the evidence does not strongly support them as the primary focus for performance
The Biomechanics Of Kicking In Soccer A ReviewDanielPawlowski
This article reviews the scientific literature on the biomechanics of kicking in soccer. Recent research has expanded beyond just the kicking leg to consider the entire kicking motion from approach to ball impact to ball flight. Studies have explored characteristics of overall technique, the influences of the upper body, support leg and pelvis on kicking, as well as foot-ball impact, footwear effects, and ball launch characteristics. The review evaluates this recent research and identifies directions for future study to further understand factors that affect kicking performance.
This document summarizes a study on the biomechanics of the instep kick in soccer. The study investigated factors that affect the efficiency of the instep kick, including last stride length, angle of thigh flexion/extension, and relationship of velocity between body joints. Three subjects performed instep kicks that were analyzed using APAS and Kinovea systems. The results showed that a longer last stride length, greater thigh extension angle, and smaller knee flexion angle contributed to higher ball velocity and kicking accuracy. Subject 3 generally demonstrated biomechanical parameters that were more favorable for an accurate instep kick.
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to trainingMuscleTech Network
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to training and how this might affect sprinting ability and kicking performance
Per Aagaard
8th MuscleTech Network Workshop
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Training the vertical jump to head the ball in soccer Fernando Farias
IN MODERN SOCCER, HEADING
THE BALL IS BOTH AN OFFENSIVE
TOOL USED TO SCORE GOALS
AND A DEFENSIVE MEASURE
AGAINST OPPOSING TEAMS. PRO-
FICIENCY IN HEADING THE BALL
REQUIRES PROPER TECHNIQUE IN
CONJUNCTION WITH AN EFFEC-
TIVE VERTICAL JUMP. THE AIM OF
THIS ARTICLE IS TO ADDRESS THE
FACTORS INVOLVED IN VERTICAL
JUMP PERFORMANCE AND HOW
THEY RELATE SPECIFICALLY TO
HEADING THE BALL
This study investigated the preparation phase of the seated double poling cycle in sledge hockey through biomechanical analysis. A solid-static prototype representing an adult male was used with motion capture and force plates to measure kinematics and kinetics. Results showed peak impact forces occurred before 5 milliseconds post contact. Forces were greatest when preparation began slightly below the horizon. Data provides baseline measures to understand preparation phase importance and insights to improve sledge hockey performance and shoulder joint health.
This document contains assessment findings and proposed training program for a 25-year old client with anterior pelvic tilt, leg length discrepancy, foot hyperpronation, and limited range of motion. Static and functional assessments identified impairments including excessive foot pronation, weak gluteal muscles, and anterior pelvic tilt. The proposed training focuses on self-myofascial release, static stretching, isolated strengthening, and integration exercises for the feet, hips, and core to address imbalances and improve posture. Regular participation in the program was limited by the client's work commitments.
1) Rotator cuff tears in overhead athletes like baseball pitchers usually result from chronic overuse of the muscles during the deceleration and follow-through phases of throwing.
2) Conservative rehabilitation for rotator cuff tears focuses on reducing inflammation, regaining full range of motion, strengthening muscles, and completing sport-specific exercises before returning to play.
3) The overhead throwing motion involves wind-up, early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, and follow-through phases that place high stresses on the rotator cuff muscles, making tears most common in the deceleration and follow-through phases.
Is self myofascial release an effective preexercise and recovery strategy?Fernando Farias
Sports participation in youth is on the rise (35). In addi-
tion, paradigms in preventive health care are shifting focus
to the benefits of exercise in the aging population, leading
to exercise prescriptions for a previously sedentary group
(14,23,36). As more individuals become active, the number
of exercise-related injuries and conditions such as delayed-
onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is likely increasing (10).
DOMS can limit physical activity or result in pain that de-
ters individuals from continuing their exercise regimen (10).
Whether the athlete is young or old, novice or elite, regular
and/or strenuous exercise can result in DOMS and forma-
tion of fibrous tissue adhesions, leading to decreased range
of motion (ROM) (4,10,15).
A STEM Module for Bioengineering Topics Muscle and Movement: Part I - Kicking...mjmurp05
This learning module takes a look into the bioengineering world from the perspective of every day activities. The activity that this part of the module focuses is on kicking a soccer ball and the bones/joints, muscles and forces that are involved. This is the powerpoint supplement to the learning module. See PDF file with the same title for lesson plan. Target Grade: 6th
This study aims to define gait for shoulder-produced locomotion using the double-poling technique from sledge hockey. A solid-static prototype mimicking the average male torso was used to determine baseline measures during the preparation phase. The prototype's trajectory and reaction forces supported that preparation initiation should begin slightly below the horizon to produce the greatest force. Results from sledge hockey players and able-bodied controls will be used to illustrate the complete seated gait cycle, including phases for static-start, start cycle, contact, and recovery. This evidence could improve training and rehabilitation for people who use their shoulders for mobility.
A study of selected biomechanical variables as a factor of hitting performanc...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The modern age of sports is the excellence, so in every sports perfection and purification of skill has
got its immense importance. Biomechanics is an applied form of mechanics and consequently the method used
to investigate it must be derived from those of mechanics. Biomechanics aim to explain the mechanics of life.
Sports biomechanics have also generated other efforts at improving athletic performance in different games and
sports; it is helpful to minimize sports injuries through both identifying dangerous practice and designing safer
equipment and apparel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of selected biomechanical
variables with the hitting performance in softball.
Keywords: Biomechanical Variable, Centre of gravity, Evaluation of technique, Performance, Softball Hitting
The effect of instability training on knee joint proprioception and core stre...Fernando Farias
A general 10-week IT program utilizing Swiss balls and body mass as a resistance proved effective for improving knee proprioception as well as trunk flexion and extension strength in previously inactive individuals. The present study demonstrates that the use of body weight as a resis- tance under unstable conditions can provide significant improvements in knee proprioception (for as long as 9 months after training) and trunk strength for the untrained population that should contribute to general health and functionality.
Hamstring injuries are among the most com-
mon non-contact injuries in sports. The Nordic hamstring
(NH) exercise has been shown to decrease risk by
increasing eccentric hamstring strength.
Os resultados atuais indicaram que a ocorrência de lesões de isquiotibiais podem estar associadas a uma mudança hierárquica na distribuição da atividade metabólica dentro do complexo muscular do isquiotibial após o trabalho excêntrico em que o Semitendinoso provavelmente deveria tomar a parte principal, seguido pelo BÍceps Femural e Semimembranoso. Quando o BF aumenta sua contribuição e é ativado em uma extensão proporcionalmente maior, o risco de sofrer uma lesão do isquiotibial pode aumentar substancialmente.
This study aims to validate a methodology for measuring baseline biomechanical measures during the preparation phase of seated weight-bearing locomotion, as seen in sledge hockey. Researchers designed and tested a solid-static single-armed male prototype that produces dynamic shoulder movement. Motion capture and force plates were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data from the prototype performing seated weight poling motions with varying start heights. The results supported the mechanical validity of the prototype and methodology for defining preparation phase biomechanics, which will inform future injury prevention research.
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown hamstring
strain injuries (HSIs) to have a high prevalence rate in many
sports, such as sprinting (11%; Lysholm & Wiklander, 1987),
Australian Rules Football (16–23%; Orchard, 2001; Orchard,
Marsden, Lord, & Garlick, 1997) and football (12–14%:
Ekstrand, Hagglund, & Walden, 2011; Hawkins, Hulse,
Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001). The epidemiology and
aetiology of HSI in football has received extensive attention in
the scientific literature (Ekstrand et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2004),
given the economic burden associated with professional
players missing training and competitive fixtures (Woods,
Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2002). b
Rehabilitation of rectus Femoris Injuries. Experience at Sevilla FC
José Conde And Adolfo Muñoz
8th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Tuesday 4th October, 2016
Mechanics of the human hamstring muscles during sprintingFernando Farias
As peak musculotendon
force and strain for BF
LH
, ST, and SM occurred around the same time during terminal swing, it is suggested that this period in the
stride cycle may be when the biarticular hamstrings are at greatest injury risk. On this basis, hamstring injury prevention or rehabilitation
programs should preferentially target strengthening exercises that involve eccentric contractions performed with high loads at longer
musculotendon lengths.
IRJET- A Review on Biomechanics of Knee JointIRJET Journal
This document reviews the biomechanics of the knee joint. It discusses the role of the knee joint in allowing locomotion with minimal energy and stability over different terrains. The document outlines the movements of the knee including flexion, extension, and rotation. It describes the forces acting on the knee joint, which can be 2-3 times body weight during walking. The document provides an example calculation of the net joint forces and moments at the knee using inverse dynamics. It determines the horizontal and vertical reaction forces at the knee and calculates the net joint moment to be 592.3 Nm, indicating knee extension.
communicate with people,listing,,organizing,Ensure safe Motherhood,Maternal health,Information on Reproductive health,Awareness on safe motherhood,Female Education and addescent friendly services should play a catalystrale in addressing maternal health issues,Improve the health status of adolescent girls and pregnant mothers
Individual development,health promotion and disease prevention,gender equality,social integration,peace building and conflict prevention,post disaster intervention and psychosocial nurture,economic development and communication and social mobilization
Organize Workshop.Management,Reporting.accounting ,Build healthy nation,Information on Reproductive health,Awareness on safe motherhood,Female Education and addescent friendly services ,Works to empower adolescent girls and fights against child marriage.
I taught Social sci,English,physical exercise,computer sci.
Broadband internet connection marketing,shsre market
The document describes a study that aimed to assess anticipatory reactions and cortical activation in tennis players. 20 tennis players aged 13-16 were divided into high and low performer groups. Flicker fusion threshold was measured to assess cortical arousal level, while a anticipation timer was used to measure anticipation ability. In phase I, cortical activation was measured using flicker fusion followed by an anticipation test with stimuli at 10 mph. In phase II, the same measures were done but with stimuli at 60 mph, to evaluate the impact of higher stimulus speed on anticipation and cortical activation. The study aimed to examine the relationship between cortical arousal and anticipatory skills in tennis players under different stimulus conditions.
The Biomechanics Of Kicking In Soccer A ReviewDanielPawlowski
This article reviews the scientific literature on the biomechanics of kicking in soccer. Recent research has expanded beyond just the kicking leg to consider the entire kicking motion from approach to ball impact to ball flight. Studies have explored characteristics of overall technique, the influences of the upper body, support leg and pelvis on kicking, as well as foot-ball impact, footwear effects, and ball launch characteristics. The review evaluates this recent research and identifies directions for future study to further understand factors that affect kicking performance.
This document summarizes a study on the biomechanics of the instep kick in soccer. The study investigated factors that affect the efficiency of the instep kick, including last stride length, angle of thigh flexion/extension, and relationship of velocity between body joints. Three subjects performed instep kicks that were analyzed using APAS and Kinovea systems. The results showed that a longer last stride length, greater thigh extension angle, and smaller knee flexion angle contributed to higher ball velocity and kicking accuracy. Subject 3 generally demonstrated biomechanical parameters that were more favorable for an accurate instep kick.
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to trainingMuscleTech Network
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to training and how this might affect sprinting ability and kicking performance
Per Aagaard
8th MuscleTech Network Workshop
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Training the vertical jump to head the ball in soccer Fernando Farias
IN MODERN SOCCER, HEADING
THE BALL IS BOTH AN OFFENSIVE
TOOL USED TO SCORE GOALS
AND A DEFENSIVE MEASURE
AGAINST OPPOSING TEAMS. PRO-
FICIENCY IN HEADING THE BALL
REQUIRES PROPER TECHNIQUE IN
CONJUNCTION WITH AN EFFEC-
TIVE VERTICAL JUMP. THE AIM OF
THIS ARTICLE IS TO ADDRESS THE
FACTORS INVOLVED IN VERTICAL
JUMP PERFORMANCE AND HOW
THEY RELATE SPECIFICALLY TO
HEADING THE BALL
This study investigated the preparation phase of the seated double poling cycle in sledge hockey through biomechanical analysis. A solid-static prototype representing an adult male was used with motion capture and force plates to measure kinematics and kinetics. Results showed peak impact forces occurred before 5 milliseconds post contact. Forces were greatest when preparation began slightly below the horizon. Data provides baseline measures to understand preparation phase importance and insights to improve sledge hockey performance and shoulder joint health.
This document contains assessment findings and proposed training program for a 25-year old client with anterior pelvic tilt, leg length discrepancy, foot hyperpronation, and limited range of motion. Static and functional assessments identified impairments including excessive foot pronation, weak gluteal muscles, and anterior pelvic tilt. The proposed training focuses on self-myofascial release, static stretching, isolated strengthening, and integration exercises for the feet, hips, and core to address imbalances and improve posture. Regular participation in the program was limited by the client's work commitments.
1) Rotator cuff tears in overhead athletes like baseball pitchers usually result from chronic overuse of the muscles during the deceleration and follow-through phases of throwing.
2) Conservative rehabilitation for rotator cuff tears focuses on reducing inflammation, regaining full range of motion, strengthening muscles, and completing sport-specific exercises before returning to play.
3) The overhead throwing motion involves wind-up, early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, and follow-through phases that place high stresses on the rotator cuff muscles, making tears most common in the deceleration and follow-through phases.
Is self myofascial release an effective preexercise and recovery strategy?Fernando Farias
Sports participation in youth is on the rise (35). In addi-
tion, paradigms in preventive health care are shifting focus
to the benefits of exercise in the aging population, leading
to exercise prescriptions for a previously sedentary group
(14,23,36). As more individuals become active, the number
of exercise-related injuries and conditions such as delayed-
onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is likely increasing (10).
DOMS can limit physical activity or result in pain that de-
ters individuals from continuing their exercise regimen (10).
Whether the athlete is young or old, novice or elite, regular
and/or strenuous exercise can result in DOMS and forma-
tion of fibrous tissue adhesions, leading to decreased range
of motion (ROM) (4,10,15).
A STEM Module for Bioengineering Topics Muscle and Movement: Part I - Kicking...mjmurp05
This learning module takes a look into the bioengineering world from the perspective of every day activities. The activity that this part of the module focuses is on kicking a soccer ball and the bones/joints, muscles and forces that are involved. This is the powerpoint supplement to the learning module. See PDF file with the same title for lesson plan. Target Grade: 6th
This study aims to define gait for shoulder-produced locomotion using the double-poling technique from sledge hockey. A solid-static prototype mimicking the average male torso was used to determine baseline measures during the preparation phase. The prototype's trajectory and reaction forces supported that preparation initiation should begin slightly below the horizon to produce the greatest force. Results from sledge hockey players and able-bodied controls will be used to illustrate the complete seated gait cycle, including phases for static-start, start cycle, contact, and recovery. This evidence could improve training and rehabilitation for people who use their shoulders for mobility.
A study of selected biomechanical variables as a factor of hitting performanc...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The modern age of sports is the excellence, so in every sports perfection and purification of skill has
got its immense importance. Biomechanics is an applied form of mechanics and consequently the method used
to investigate it must be derived from those of mechanics. Biomechanics aim to explain the mechanics of life.
Sports biomechanics have also generated other efforts at improving athletic performance in different games and
sports; it is helpful to minimize sports injuries through both identifying dangerous practice and designing safer
equipment and apparel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of selected biomechanical
variables with the hitting performance in softball.
Keywords: Biomechanical Variable, Centre of gravity, Evaluation of technique, Performance, Softball Hitting
The effect of instability training on knee joint proprioception and core stre...Fernando Farias
A general 10-week IT program utilizing Swiss balls and body mass as a resistance proved effective for improving knee proprioception as well as trunk flexion and extension strength in previously inactive individuals. The present study demonstrates that the use of body weight as a resis- tance under unstable conditions can provide significant improvements in knee proprioception (for as long as 9 months after training) and trunk strength for the untrained population that should contribute to general health and functionality.
Hamstring injuries are among the most com-
mon non-contact injuries in sports. The Nordic hamstring
(NH) exercise has been shown to decrease risk by
increasing eccentric hamstring strength.
Os resultados atuais indicaram que a ocorrência de lesões de isquiotibiais podem estar associadas a uma mudança hierárquica na distribuição da atividade metabólica dentro do complexo muscular do isquiotibial após o trabalho excêntrico em que o Semitendinoso provavelmente deveria tomar a parte principal, seguido pelo BÍceps Femural e Semimembranoso. Quando o BF aumenta sua contribuição e é ativado em uma extensão proporcionalmente maior, o risco de sofrer uma lesão do isquiotibial pode aumentar substancialmente.
This study aims to validate a methodology for measuring baseline biomechanical measures during the preparation phase of seated weight-bearing locomotion, as seen in sledge hockey. Researchers designed and tested a solid-static single-armed male prototype that produces dynamic shoulder movement. Motion capture and force plates were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data from the prototype performing seated weight poling motions with varying start heights. The results supported the mechanical validity of the prototype and methodology for defining preparation phase biomechanics, which will inform future injury prevention research.
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown hamstring
strain injuries (HSIs) to have a high prevalence rate in many
sports, such as sprinting (11%; Lysholm & Wiklander, 1987),
Australian Rules Football (16–23%; Orchard, 2001; Orchard,
Marsden, Lord, & Garlick, 1997) and football (12–14%:
Ekstrand, Hagglund, & Walden, 2011; Hawkins, Hulse,
Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001). The epidemiology and
aetiology of HSI in football has received extensive attention in
the scientific literature (Ekstrand et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2004),
given the economic burden associated with professional
players missing training and competitive fixtures (Woods,
Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2002). b
Rehabilitation of rectus Femoris Injuries. Experience at Sevilla FC
José Conde And Adolfo Muñoz
8th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Tuesday 4th October, 2016
Mechanics of the human hamstring muscles during sprintingFernando Farias
As peak musculotendon
force and strain for BF
LH
, ST, and SM occurred around the same time during terminal swing, it is suggested that this period in the
stride cycle may be when the biarticular hamstrings are at greatest injury risk. On this basis, hamstring injury prevention or rehabilitation
programs should preferentially target strengthening exercises that involve eccentric contractions performed with high loads at longer
musculotendon lengths.
IRJET- A Review on Biomechanics of Knee JointIRJET Journal
This document reviews the biomechanics of the knee joint. It discusses the role of the knee joint in allowing locomotion with minimal energy and stability over different terrains. The document outlines the movements of the knee including flexion, extension, and rotation. It describes the forces acting on the knee joint, which can be 2-3 times body weight during walking. The document provides an example calculation of the net joint forces and moments at the knee using inverse dynamics. It determines the horizontal and vertical reaction forces at the knee and calculates the net joint moment to be 592.3 Nm, indicating knee extension.
communicate with people,listing,,organizing,Ensure safe Motherhood,Maternal health,Information on Reproductive health,Awareness on safe motherhood,Female Education and addescent friendly services should play a catalystrale in addressing maternal health issues,Improve the health status of adolescent girls and pregnant mothers
Individual development,health promotion and disease prevention,gender equality,social integration,peace building and conflict prevention,post disaster intervention and psychosocial nurture,economic development and communication and social mobilization
Organize Workshop.Management,Reporting.accounting ,Build healthy nation,Information on Reproductive health,Awareness on safe motherhood,Female Education and addescent friendly services ,Works to empower adolescent girls and fights against child marriage.
I taught Social sci,English,physical exercise,computer sci.
Broadband internet connection marketing,shsre market
The document describes a study that aimed to assess anticipatory reactions and cortical activation in tennis players. 20 tennis players aged 13-16 were divided into high and low performer groups. Flicker fusion threshold was measured to assess cortical arousal level, while a anticipation timer was used to measure anticipation ability. In phase I, cortical activation was measured using flicker fusion followed by an anticipation test with stimuli at 10 mph. In phase II, the same measures were done but with stimuli at 60 mph, to evaluate the impact of higher stimulus speed on anticipation and cortical activation. The study aimed to examine the relationship between cortical arousal and anticipatory skills in tennis players under different stimulus conditions.
The document describes a study that aimed to assess anticipatory reactions and cortical activation in tennis players. 20 tennis players aged 13-16 were divided into high and low performer groups. Flicker fusion threshold was measured to assess cortical arousal level, while a anticipation timer was used to measure anticipation ability. In phase I, cortical activation was measured using flicker fusion followed by an anticipation test with stimuli at 10 mph. In phase II, the same measures were done but with stimuli at 60 mph, to evaluate the impact of higher stimulus speed on anticipation and cortical activation. The study aimed to examine the relationship between cortical arousal and anticipatory skills in tennis players under different stimulus conditions.
Differences in landing and balance deficits at the ankle joint on stable and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: A flexible ankle joint is suggested to be a contributing factor for sport performance, body
control. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences in proprioception in static and
dynamic movements between subjects with good ankle joint mobility (FL) and poor ankle joint mobility (IN) in
male adolescent handball players. The dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle ROM was measured, at knee
extension angle of 120°, with a goniometer. 26 male handball players participated (21.1 ± 4 yrs, 80.8 ± 10 kg,
182 ± 7.38 cm). Furthermore, the players fulfilling previously recommended criteria were assigned to the
flexible (n = 6) and inflexible (n = 6) groups and executed two test of static and dynamic movement (BESS Test
and Star Excursion Balance Test). Results of the T TEST on IMB SPSS 26 revealed a significant (p < 0.05)
group effect as (FL) group had less errors than (IN) group on BESS test. In addition, the results of the total sum
on stable and unstable surface in star excursion test showed significant differences in the directions:
anterolateral (7.4), posterolateral (8.6), posteromedial (7.9), medial (10.8) and anterior medial (8.1). In
conclusion, there is a correlation between poor ankle joint mobility and poor proprioception, balance control and
athletic movements.
KEYWORDS: ankle stability, ankle joint mobility, BESS test, handball athletes, injury risk, star excursion
balance test
This document summarizes a research project on assessing anticipatory reactions in tennis players through cortical measurements. The project was conducted by Saiful Ebne Hasib for a postgraduate diploma in sports science from the Bangladesh Institute of Sports under the supervision of Dr. Srilekha Saha. The project involved measuring cortical flash fusion frequencies of tennis players under different ball speed conditions to analyze their anticipatory abilities and relationships between variables. The results and discussions from this study aimed to provide insights into whether expert tennis players' anticipatory skills remain stable or changeable and how they compare to less skilled players.
Studying relation between sitting position and knee osteoarthritiiosrjce
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is the most common form of arthritis and leads to more activity
limitations (e.g., disability in walking and stair climbing) than any other disease, especially in the elderly. The
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1. Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tejs20
European Journal of Sport Science
ISSN: 1746-1391 (Print) 1536-7290 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tejs20
The role of variability in the control of the
basketball dribble under different perceptual
setups
R. Robalo, A. Diniz, O. Fernandes & P Passos
To cite this article: R. Robalo, A. Diniz, O. Fernandes & P Passos (2020): The role of variability in
the control of the basketball dribble under different perceptual setups, European Journal of Sport
Science, DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1759695
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1759695
Accepted author version posted online: 23
Apr 2020.
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2. Publisher: Taylor & Francis & European College of Sport Science
Journal: European Journal of Sport Science
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1759695
The role of variability in the control of the basketball dribble under different perceptual setups
Robalo, R. (1)
, Diniz, A. (1)
, Fernandes, O. (2)
& Passos, P (1)
.
(1)
CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana/Universidade de Lisboa
(2)
Comprehensive Health Research Center, Escola de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de
Évora, Portugal
Pedro J. M. Passos
Faculdade de Motricidade Humana/Universidade de Lisboa
Estrada da Costa
Cruz Quebrada
1499-02 Dafundo
Portugal
Tel: (+ 351) 21 414 91 00
ORCid: 0000-0002-2080-1660
ppassos@fmh.ulisboa.pt
Ana M. F. A. Diniz
Faculdade de Motricidade Humana/Universidade de Lisboa
Estrada da Costa
Cruz Quebrada
1499-03 Dafundo
Portugal
Tel: (+ 351) 21 414 91 00
ORCid: 0000-0002-1534-3423
adiniz@fmh.ulisboa.pt
Orlando Fernandes
Comprehensive Health Research Center
Escola de Ciência e Tecnologia
Universidade de Évora
Tecnologia
Rua Romão Ramalho, nº59
7000-671 Évora
Portugal
3. 1
ORCid: 0000-0001-7273-8774
fernandes.orlando@gmail.com
Corresponding author:
Ricardo A. M. Robalo
Faculdade de Motricidade Humana/Universidade de Lisboa
Estrada da Costa
Cruz Quebrada
1499-04 Dafundo
Portugal
Tel: (+ 351) 21 414 91 00
ricardomrobalo@gmail.com
Title Page
The role of variability in the control of the basketball dribble under different perceptual setups
Abstract
When executing a sport specific movement, athletes cannot use all perceptual resources
to control their actions. The complexity of a basketball match, demands that individuals
command their attention towards the context to make decisions. The dependency on the
perceptual sources to control a movement should be kept to a minimum. During a match due to
situational constraints, players often see themselves with impaired perceptual sources (e.g.,
auditory and peripheral vision occlusions). Assuming that professional basketball players are
more skilled than amateurs, we analysed how both groups were affected by perceptual
impairment, within and in-between groups in a dribbling task. A variability analysis (correlation
dimension, approximate entropy and Lyapunov exponent) was used to evaluate how an increased
variability or stability, in a specific joint movement, contributes to a better adaptive behaviour
when facing perceptual impairment. Professionals showed a significantly lower variability of the
wrist movements, but had a significantly higher value of variability in the shoulder horizontal
movements (anterior-posterior and lateral), and also in the lateral elbow movements when their
downwards peripheral vision was impaired. The increase in variability in such joint movements
reflects adaptive behaviour and might be a performance factor.
4. 2
Keywords
Perceptual Occlusion; Motor Skills; Visual Perception; Adaptive Behavior; Motor Performance
Introduction
Actions were previously conceptualised as specialized relationships between biological
organisms and specific environments (Davids, Glazier, Araújo & Bartlett, 2003). This specificity
of environment-performer interaction highlights the relevance and availability of perceptual
information in the control of actions (Gibson, 1977; Handford, Davids, Bennett & Button, 1997).
This means that when the individual has enough time to pick up perceptual information he/she
will prioritize using that information to help control his/her actions instead of using a model-based
control strategy (Zhao & Warren, 2015). During each movement, new information fluxes are
constantly created or updated based on ongoing perceptual information, which contributes to the
adaptive coordination patterns of the neuromuscular system. The capacity to handle several
sources (i.e., visual, auditory, proprioceptive, haptic) of perceptual information is as important as
the ability to act. This means that actions change the energy fluxes contributing for the perceptual
information, which sustain forthcoming actions (Gibson, 1977; Fajen, Riley & Turvey, 2009).
Stoffregen and Bardy (2001) concluded that although the source of perceptual information may
vary in the course of an action, information itself is integrated by the individual not as independent
sources but all together forming an energy flux that the authors nominated as a “global array”. A
temporary disruption of any perceptual source that contributes to the global array may impair the
individual-environment interaction diminishing the quality of performance.
Sports actions, as dribbling in a basketball competitive situation, are influenced by spatial
constraints (e.g., distance to goal), by temporal constraints (e.g., shot clock), and also by
individual constraints such as the previous knowledge regarding the action to perform and the
player ability to do online corrections supported by ongoing information during the course of the
5. 3
dribbling action (Chow, Davids, Button & Rein, 2008). To assess the relevance of a perceptual
source of information for the performance of a task, motor control research usually creates
experimental designs in which the participants are invited to perform a specific action but
occluded from the perceptual sources under analysis (e.g., Heinen & Vinken, 2001).
Previous research with the visual occlusion paradigm in gymnastics revealed the
importance of visual information for the performance of the handspring on vault (Heinen &
Vinken, 2001). However, the physical characteristics of the tool with which the gymnast must
interact remain stable contrary to what happens in other sports which involve a ball as task
constraint, such as basketball. In this study, we propose to analyse the influence of perceptual
information (e.g., visual; auditory) on an interceptive task, in which the position of the tool (i.e.,
a ball) with which the participant must interact changes due to his/her own action.
Human’s ability to display adaptive behaviour to an ever-changing environment depends
on the “perceptual attunement to different informational variables as conditions change” (Fajen
et al., 2008, pp.85). Attunement is a form of perceptual learning, characterized by a perceptual
convergence onto more effective optical, auditory or proprioceptive variables (Fajen, 2005). This
ability is often a criterion for performance success especially in perceptual depriving
environments (Bennett, Button, Kingsbury, & Davids, 1999; Stoffregen & Bardy, 2001).
The occlusion of one perceptual source that contributes to the individual-environment
linkage may drive the participant to search for relevant information with the available perceptual
sources. Concerning sport actions this perceptual ‘replacement’ raises a few issues, for instance
it remains unknown if the occlusion of visual information during the basketball dribbling action
can be compensated by other perceptual sources without disturbing the dribbling action.
So far, research demonstrates that the occlusion of a single perceptual source impairs
motor performance (Heinen & Vinken, 2001). But, the cumulative effects of occlusion of more
than one perceptual source remains an issue to be studied. The visual and auditory perceptual
sources are often impaired in competitive social settings as a basketball match. Often the ball
carrier has to direct his/her visual attentional focus towards the environment (e.g., to teammates
and/or opponent’s relative positions), using it less to control the ball itself (if needed). Auditory
information is often occluded, especially when one is playing in a sell-out arena, where the noise
of a supportive or non-supportive audience may disturb player’s auditory information.
Competitive situations with ‘gaps’ on perceptual information (e.g., visual, auditory) are recurrent
during the course of a match. However, even under these conditions, players are able to keep the
dribbling action under control, which make us wonder about the relevance of these perceptual
information for the control of the dribbling.
The notion of redundancy, inherent to the multiple degrees of freedom of the body (due
to joint, muscle and nervous system characteristics) means that the human movement system is
able to accomplish any given task with more than one strategy, producing multiple behavioural
6. 4
patterns required for adaptive behaviours performance (Bernstein, 1967). A common
misunderstanding is to interpret movement variability as a result of random processes (i.e., noise)
(Pool, 1989). The so-called “noise” often reveals important information about the human
movement system (Buzzi, Stergiou, Kurz, Hageman & Heidel, 2003). There is an increasing
evidence on how important variability is in human movement, often labeling it as a necessary
condition for maintain or improving performance. Variability manifests itself through the multiple
options of movement, creating flexible and adaptive forms for task completion, reflecting how
adaptable a skill can be under the influence of internal and external disturbance (Harbourne &
Stergiou, 2009). This adaptive feature could be a main reason why movement variability is
greater in skillful individuals when compared to novices (Siegler, 1996). Joint variability during
the performance of a task allows the movement system to be relatively stable when it needs to be,
and to be flexible when it needs to adapt to intrinsic or extrinsic changes maintaining the ongoing
action.
A nonlinear analysis allows the understanding of the dynamics of variability within the
system (Buzzi et al., 2003). Linear analysis tools often mask variability, since the values are
averaged to generate a mean ensemble curve that is used to define the average “picture” of the
data. Moreover, this averaging procedure is usually coupled with time normalization, which
means that data is “stretched” from its original form (Buzzi et al., 2003). To avoid the loss of
temporal variations due to time normalization, the literature suggests the use of nonlinear
techniques, in which the focus of the analysis is on how data pattern changes over time (Dingwell
& Cusumano, 2000; Hausdorff, Mitchell, Firtion, Peng, Cudkowicz, Wei & Goldberger, 1997).
The most common nonlinear tools to assess variability in human movement systems are:
correlation dimension (COD); approximate entropy (ApEn) and Lyapunov exponent (LyE).
Correlation dimension (COD) is a measure that analyzes the positional makeup of data
points within a state space. This nonlinear variable is usually considered accurate with small data
sets because it assesses areas of space that actually contain data points (Sprott & Rowlands, 1992;
Grassberger & Procaccia, 1983a, b). COD will have higher values when the data set has a
completely random distribution, while it will assume smaller values in deterministic data sets
(Buzzi et al., 2003).
Approximate entropy (ApEn) is a measure of complexity (Pincus, 1991), representing the
lack of regularity of a given behavioral system, which is useful to describe how predictable a
movement might be. In repetitive (regular) patterns, the ApEn will assume low values, whereas
for random data sets, it will have higher values, and for deterministic data sets assumes
intermediate values (Pincus & Goldberger, 1994).
The Lyapunov exponent (LyE) is a measure of repeatability of a dynamical system that
quantifies the divergence between movement trajectories (Buzzi et al., 2003). In movement
trajectories, as nearby points separate they produce instability (Dingwell & Cusumano, 2000;
7. 5
Wolf, Swift, Swinney & Vastano, 1985). If the movement of a system is highly stable, the data
trajectories between repetitions do not display any divergence, which means they overlap which
is consistent with low values of LyE. On the contrary, noisy (highly irregular) data sets display
divergence on movement trajectories, which is consistent with high values of LyE (Rapp, 1994;
Theiler, Eubank, Longtin, Galdrikian & Farmer, 1992; Sprott & Rowlands, 1992; Grassberger &
Procaccia, 1983b).
In the current study, we aimed to describe the dominant arm movement variability during
the dribbling action in basketball under impaired sensorial conditions. Moreover, the participant’s
skill level may contribute to differences in the dominant arm movement variability. Therefore we
hypothesized that both perceptual impairment and participant’s skill level influence the dominant
arm movement variability during the dribbling action in basketball.
Materials and Methods
The study had twenty participants assigned to two groups according to skill level: a novice
group and a professional group. The novice group included ten grad-students (6 men, 4 women)
in sport sciences with no competitive experience of basketball. Resembling to contemporary
studies (e.g., Sholz & Schön r, 1999; Klous, Danna-dos-Santos & Latash, 2010; Romero, Kallen,
Riley & Richardson, 2015), we opted to use both genders individuals. The age of the participants
ranged between 18 and 26 years old (mean = 19.4, SD = 2.9). To be included in the professional
group, the participants needed to have at least 3 years of playing experience and to play on a team
placed on the top 2 national leagues. The professional group included 10 athletes (8 men, 2
women). The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 31 years old (mean= 23.3, SD = 3.8).
The sample size was estimated using F-tests (ANOVA Repeated Measures Within
Factors) for a group and 4 measurements, with a medium effect size of 0.25, an alpha error
probability of 0.05, a beta error probability of 0.20, and a correlation among measures of 0.80,
which provided a total sample size per group of 10 subjects. This procedure was performed using
the GPower software (Universität Düsseldorf, Germany).
The participants were asked to execute successfully four trials of 42 consecutive dribbles
in basketball with the dominant arm in a stationary position (i.e., without locomotion). Each
participant performed one trial under each of the following experimental conditions: i) dribbling
with no occlusion (NO); ii) dribbling with visual occlusion (VO); iii) dribbling with auditory
occlusion (AO); iv) dribbling with both visual and auditory occlusion (BO). The sequence of
these four experimental conditions was randomly selected for each individual.
9. 7
Mauchly’s tests, respectively. The statistical comparison of the mean values of each variable
across the four conditions was performed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated
measures and Bonferroni’s post-hoc for each group. Finally, T-Tests for independent samples
were performed to compare the values between the amateur and professional groups for each of
the four experimental conditions. The probability of .05 was set as the criterion for statistical
significance. This part of the study was undertaken using the IBM SPSS software (version 25,
IBM Inc., USA).
All the participants were voluntary and signed an informed consent form. The Ethics
Committee of the Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa approved the study
that was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results
A plethora of results emerged from our analysis; we will try to present those which we
understand to be crucial to identify how different impaired perceptual conditions influences
amateurs and professionals, within and in-between groups.
All the participants from both groups were able to maintain the 42 consecutive dribbles
for all experimental conditions, which was the condition to a successful performance.
The joint movements were classified on three axis: sagittal (i.e., anterior-posterior; back-
forth); frontal (i.e., lateral; left-right); and longitudinal (i.e., up-down). For COD, ApEn and LyE,
the lowest value corresponds to the highest stability a variable can achieved.
Within Groups Comparison
Amateurs
Table 1a. Amateurs’ variability values under the four experimental conditions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Insert Table 1a. about here)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. 8
Professionals
Table 1b. Professionals’ variability values under the four experimental conditions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Insert Table 1b. about here)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At first glance, the most noticeable fact when observing the results is that amateurs had
more significant differences in joint movement variability between conditions than professionals.
Furthermore, in both groups, elbow and shoulder joints seemed to have their movement variability
more affected by occlusions than the wrist.
In-Between Groups Comparison
When comparing amateurs to professionals in a no occlusion setup, there were some
variables with significant differences (p < .05) and others with tendencies towards significance
(.05 < p < .08). More precisely, amateurs showed a statistical tendency to have higher variability
in anterior-posterior (p= .076) and up-down (p= .055) elbow movements (i.e., LyE analysis).
Concerning lateral elbow movements, professionals showed a significantly higher variability in
the COD analysis (p= .045); the LyE analysis confirmed the result with a statistical tendency (p=
.069). In the lateral shoulder movements, the amateurs showed a significantly higher variability
(p= .002) (i.e., ApEn analysis). Regarding the wrist up-down movements, all three variables (i.e.,
COD, ApEn and LyE) confirmed a significantly higher variability in the amateurs (p= .010; p=
.009; p= .012, respectively).
The table 2 shows the results for the remaining conditions.
(Insert Table 2. About here)
Reviewing the differences between groups in each condition, and taking into account
statistical significance and values of variability, some overall results can be highlighted as
noteworthy: amateurs show, consistently and throughout all the conditions and planes of
movement, a higher variability in wrist movement. Elbow lateral movement variability displayed
higher values in the professionals’ group under downwards peripheral vision occlusion and both
11. 9
occlusion conditions. The professionals also displayed a higher variability of shoulder movement
in the horizontal plane (i.e., lateral and anterior-posterior) than the amateurs in the downwards
peripheral vision occlusion condition. Amateurs under auditory occlusion had significantly lower
values of variability in the shoulder up-down movement variability.
Discussion
Several significant differences were found which will be summarized and discussed for
the overall results. For that purpose, this section will be divided in two parts: i) comparing
experimental conditions within each group; ii) comparing both groups on each experimental
condition.
In the amateur group, significant differences were found on the variability of the shoulder
up-down movements for the peripheral downward vision and both occlusion conditions compared
to the no occlusion condition. A COD analysis revealed that the dribbling actions were
significantly more stable in the up-down movements of the shoulder when peripheral downward
vision was occluded. We may suggest that the lack of peripheral downward vision made them try
to keep their shoulder stability to complete the task. When learning to dribble, players are often
asked to keep their eyes off the ball and to low their centre of gravity, so it is probable that amateur
players tried to stabilize their position as much as they could so, they would not impair their
dribbling performance.
Still for the amateur players group, data revealed that under peripheral downward vision
occlusion the elbow lateral movements had a significantly higher variability when compared to
the no occlusion experimental condition (ApEn). This result indicates that in the lateral elbow
movements, the lack of visual information regarding where the ball is during the dribble requires
adaptive movements of the dribbler. Thus, the peripheral downward vision is a relevant perceptual
information for the dribbling action in amateur players.
Observing the variability of the shoulder elbow and wrist, the results seem to suggest that
the elbow (on the lateral plan of movement) is responsible for the compensatory adaptive
movements to maintain the dribbling action under visual occlusion conditions. So, contrary to
what happened to the up-down movements of the shoulder, the lateral movements of the elbow
showed signs of higher variability in the presence of visual occlusion. The increase of lateral
elbow movement variability seems to be the novices’ response to the lack of peripheral visual
information, meaning that they are exploring joint elbow degrees of freedom to find other
movement solutions to maintain the dribbling without visual information from the ball. Wrist
12. 10
lateral movement was significantly less variable when the individuals were in the no occlusion
experimental condition when compared to both occlusion conditions (i.e., ApEn).
The lack of perceptual information impairs the individual-environment interaction,
diminishing the quantity of perceptual information available to form the “global array”
(Stoffregen & Bardy, 2001). So it was expected, especially in the amateur group that variability
values would be significantly different between conditions, since the ability to perform in sensory
deprived contexts is often a criterion for success (Fajen et al., 2008).
Concerning the professional group, major significant differences were found when both
peripheral downward vision and auditory were occluded compared to the no occlusion
experimental condition. The shoulder lateral position displayed a tendency to increase variability
in both occluded condition (i.e., visual and auditory) than in the no occlusion experimental
condition. This suggests that both perceptual sources are relevant for the control of the dribbling
action in high skill level players. Contrary to what was shown by the amateur group, the
professional group responded to both occlusions (i.e., peripheral downward vision and auditory
occlusion when together) with a more variable lateral shoulder movement, which represents torso
movement and/or displacement of the overall body location on the frontal axis. The variability
here shown should not be interpreted as “noise” (Buzzi, Stergiou, Kurz, Hageman & Heidel,
2003) and since it concerns to the professional group (i.e., where better performances are
expected) we suggest that variability should be interpreted as an adaptive behavior in order to
achieve task completion under the influence of external disturbances (Harbourne & Stergiou,
2009).
It is noteworthy that, for both groups, the movement adjustments (captured with an
increase in the movement variability in specific plans of movement) under perceptual occlusions
were performed by proximal joints, the shoulder and the elbow, whereas for the wrist (with more
degrees of freedom) no differences were detected. This may suggest that the shoulder and the
elbow adjust to each other (even in different plans of movement) to stabilize the movement of the
wrist, an issue that requires further research.
So far it was shown that specific joints contribute to participants’ movement adjustments
during the dribble action under different experimental conditions. From now on, it will be
discussed if the differences in the participants’ skill level lead to differences in the movement
variability between them, in other words we aimed to discuss the differences between amateurs
and professionals.
In the wrist joint overall, data revealed that the amateur players had significantly higher
variability during dribbling performance than professional basketball players. There was neither
an axis nor a condition where significant differences were found to show that professionals
performed the dribbling action with higher variability of the wrist than amateur players. Although
Siegler (1996) stated that movement variability is higher in skillful individuals when compared
13. 11
to novices, in the current research we found that was the professional group who achieved the
highest stability values for the wrist joint positions throughout the dribbling cycles. This was an
expected result since the wrist joint can be described as an end-effector variable, which is the
most distal joint in a movement that requires an interaction with an external body (e.g., a ball).
Generally, motor coordination is achieved by the stabilization of the degrees of freedom in the
end-effectors variables (Scholz & Schöner, 1999).
For the elbow anterior-posterior movements, amateur players displayed a higher
variability than the professional players in all experimental conditions (i.e., see LyE). However,
for lateral elbow movements, the professional players group showed a significantly greater
variability (i.e., see COD and LyE) than amateurs under peripheral downward visual occlusion
(i.e., peripheral visual occlusion and both occlusions). This suggests that high skilled basketball
players increased elbow variability (in the lateral plan of movement) as a response to the need of
perform a dribbling action under impaired experimental conditions, a behavior that could be
interpreted as a adaptive, fitting right into Harbourne and Stergiou (2009) “flexible form to task
completion” concept where in this case lateral elbow movement variability is a functional tool.
Although ApEn showed the opposite for the lateral elbow movement, it is possible that
its behavior fits into a Pincus (1991) explanation stating that sometimes, in more complex
movements, since the tendency to produce repeating patterns is lower, ApEn may not be the most
suitable tool to assess variability. Richman and Moorman (2000) also addressed some
discrepancy in ApEn values stating that under some conditions ApEn values tend to be biased.
For the up-down movements of the shoulder under the auditory occlusion condition, the
amateur players showed a higher variability (i.e., see COD, ApEn and LyE) when compared with
the professional group. This means that highly skilled players maintain the shoulder position more
stable than the amateurs even under conditions where they cannot hear the sound of a bounce ball
during the dribble. Therefore, results may suggest a decrease in the relevance of the auditory
perceptual information with the increase of the player’s skill level. Whereas for the lateral and
anterior-posterior movements of the shoulder, under peripheral downward vision occlusion, the
professional players showed significantly higher degrees of variability in the frontal and sagittal
axis of movement, meaning that they responded to the peripheral downward visual occlusion with
a greater lateral (i.e., COD and LyE) and anterior-posterior (i.e., LyE) shoulder movement
variability than the amateurs to maintain the dribbling action. These results suggest that highly
skilled players respond to an impaired visual condition increasing the shoulder horizontal
movement variability (i.e., lateral and anterior-posterior). The specific joint movements’
variability where professionals had a significantly higher variability than amateurs can be viewed
as an adaptive mechanism. This means that highly skilled players explore other degrees of
freedom to find other solutions to maintain the task completion under the lack of visual
information from the ball, whereas the novices remain with similar movement solutions to
14. 12
maintain the consecutive dribbling. These results suggest an increase in the relevance of the ball
downward visual information while dribbling with the increase of the player’s skill level. With
practice players become more attuned to the specific visual information from the environment.
Thus, the increase on the relevance of ball peripheral downward visual information might be
related with player’s visual attunement (Fajen et al., 2008).
Conclusions
It is a reasonable assumption that professional basketball players have better dribbling
performances than novices, so it is possible to pin point where does variability and stability might
play a role for success in this task. Our results led us to conclude that the wrist joint movements
of professional players have less variability than amateur players, under any experimental
conditions. It was expected to be this way, being a joint in the end of a kinetic chain of a repetitive
movement. Shoulder and elbow movements might have the answer to the research hypothesis
raised on this study. When exposed to peripheral downward visual occlusion, professionals
compensated an impaired perceptual context with greater elbow lateral movement variability as
well with greater variability in shoulder lateral and anterior-posterior movement, to, theoretically
keep the stability of the movements of the joints closest the ball. We may conclude that the higher
ability of professional basketball players to stabilize wrist movement is accompanied by a greater
variability in the horizontal movements of the shoulder (i.e., left-right; back-forth) and in the
lateral movements of the elbow, especially under downwards peripheral vision occlusion.
Due to sample size, these results should be interpreted with caution, and, although data is
fairly consistent throughout the study, further research is needed to strength these findings.
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Table 1a. Amateurs’ variability values under the four experimental conditions
Amateur group
NO VO AO BO p-value Post-hoc p-value
Anterior-Posterior (sagittal axis)
Wrist
COD 3.93 ± 0.29 3.94 ± 0.37 4.06 ± 0.23 3.99 ± 0.44 .803
ApEn 0.13 ± 0.05 0.20 ± 0.04 0.13 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.10 .015 * VO vs. AO .023 *
LyE 2.96 ± 0.83 2.97 ± 0.77 3.32 ± 0.56 2.80 ± 0.72 .327
Elbow
COD 3.53 ± 0.27 3.48 ± 0.19 3.62 ± 0.16 3.52 ± 0.25 .968
ApEn 0.21 ± 0.05 0.26 ± 0.06 0.20 ± 0.06 0.26 ± 0.09 .024 * BO vs. AO .028 *; AO vs. VO .017 *
LyE 3.28 ± 0.58 3.61 ± 0.70 3.39 ± 0.46 3.35 ± 0.68 .455
Shoulder
COD 4.09 ± 0.53 3.92 ± 0.48 4.20 ± 0.27 4.02 ± 0.45 .170
ApEn 0.19 ± 0.06 0.20 ± 0.05 0.14 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.07 .035 * NO vs. AO .009 *
LyE 2.24 ± 0.88 1.57 ± 1.16 2.75 ± 0.67 1.85 ± 1.04 .012 * AO vs. VO .008 *
Lateral (frontal axis)
Wrist
COD 4.17 ± 0.34 3.99 ± 0.27 4.02 ± 0.28 3.84 ± 0.49 .250
ApEn 0.15 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.06 0.16 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.08 .027 * BO vs. NO .027 *
LyE 3.20 ± 1.00 2.61 ± 1.08 3.42 ± 0.53 3.07 ± 0.64 .135
Elbow
COD 4.22 ± 0.21 4.10 ± 0.26 4.15 ± 0.24 4.09 ± 0.36 .724
ApEn 0.12 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.05 0.14 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.07 .017 * NO vs. VO .045 *
LyE 3.10 ± 0.71 3.24 ± 0.85 3.03 ± 1.05 3.23 ± 0.46 .830
Shoulder
COD 3.77 ± 0.61 3.54 ± 0.26 3.91 ± 0.56 3.70 ± 0.48 .173
ApEn 0.21 ± 0.05 0.24 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.05 0.25 ± 0.07 .019 * BO vs. AO .038 *; AO vs. VO .044 *
LyE 1.75 ± 1.28 1.36 ± 0.95 2.34 ± 1.15 1.37 ± 1.17 .187
Longitudinal (longitudinal axis)
Wrist
COD 3.44 ± 0.21 3.28 ± 0.23 3.33 ± 0.10 3.33 ± 0.13 .219
ApEn 0.40 ± 0.06 0.37 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.06 0.40 ± 0.05 .190
LyE 2.90 ± 0.68 2.79 ± 0.73 3.11 ± 0.57 2.80 ± 0.62 .586
Elbow
COD 3.82 ± 0.46 3.70 ± 0.41 3.88 ± 0.30 3.72 ± 0.43 .239
ApEn 0.22 ± 0.07 0.26 ± 0.06 0.23 ± 0.07 0.30 ± 0.11 .016 * BO vs. AO .030 *; BO vs. NO .018 *
LyE 3.51 ± 0.75 2.81 ± 1.18 3.85 ± 0.98 2.69 ± 1.00 .021 * BO vs. NO .022 *; VO vs. AO .016 *
Shoulder
COD 3.95 ± 0.33 3.65 ± 0.21 3.83 ± 0.29 3.61 ± 0.36 .001 * NO vs, VO .017 *
ApEn 0.22 ± 0.07 0.26 ± 0.06 0.21 ± 0.06 0.26 ± 0.05 .040 * BO vs. AO .011 *
LyE 3.39 ± 1.61 2.12 ± 1.14 3.81 ± 1.10 2.19 ± 1.38 .011 * AO vs. VO .005 *
Note. Studied parameters for the first group (amateur) in the four conditions (NO – no occlusion; VO – downwards
peripheral visual occlusion; AO – auditory occlusion; BO – both occlusions). COD – correlation dimension; ApEn –
approximate entropy; LyE – Lyapunov exponent. The values are means standard deviations and the significant
differences are highlighted with an asterisk (p< .05).