This document summarizes a research project on assessing anticipatory reactions in tennis players through cortical measurements. The project was conducted by Saiful Ebne Hasib for a postgraduate diploma in sports science from the Bangladesh Institute of Sports under the supervision of Dr. Srilekha Saha. The project involved measuring cortical flash fusion frequencies of tennis players under different ball speed conditions to analyze their anticipatory abilities and relationships between variables. The results and discussions from this study aimed to provide insights into whether expert tennis players' anticipatory skills remain stable or changeable and how they compare to less skilled players.
The document describes a study that aimed to assess anticipatory reactions and cortical activation in tennis players. 20 tennis players aged 13-16 were divided into high and low performer groups. Flicker fusion threshold was measured to assess cortical arousal level, while a anticipation timer was used to measure anticipation ability. In phase I, cortical activation was measured using flicker fusion followed by an anticipation test with stimuli at 10 mph. In phase II, the same measures were done but with stimuli at 60 mph, to evaluate the impact of higher stimulus speed on anticipation and cortical activation. The study aimed to examine the relationship between cortical arousal and anticipatory skills in tennis players under different stimulus conditions.
The document discusses a study on the cortical assessment of anticipatory reactions in tennis players, with the objectives to examine the level of anticipation in tennis players, study their level of critical flicker fusion (CFF), and determine if CFF impacts anticipation. Twenty tennis players between ages 13-16 participated and were tested on their CFF using a flicker fusion apparatus and anticipation using a bassin anticipation timer.
Mental Imagery and Its Effect on Learning SkillsChristine Chin
This document discusses two studies on the effects of mental imagery on learning skills. The first study examined 10 female basketball players practicing three attack methods over 8 weeks with mental imagery and physical practice. It found that combining both methods was the most effective for learning new skills. The second study of 11 basketball players looked at the effects of mental imagery on free throw shooting. The results suggested mental imagery of specific shot details can benefit players. In general, the document argues that mental imagery can help athletes learn new skills and techniques as well as help workers improve posture and learn new sports or exercises.
This article discusses how the brain controls pacing strategies during exercise through information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems. It suggests that while different pacing strategies exist, the underlying principle of how the brain establishes and maintains pacing is similar. The brain incorporates knowledge of the event endpoint, prior experience, and internal/external conditions into an algorithm to set an optimal pacing strategy. An internal clock allows the brain to monitor duration/distance remaining and adjust power/metabolic output accordingly using feedback throughout the event. This feedback-based adjustment requires time, creating fluctuations in power that maintain the overall strategy despite changing conditions.
Effects of Psychological Training on Mental Skills with Female Basketball Pla...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psychological skills training program on
psychological skills of female basketball players. These psychological skills consisted of imagery, relaxation,
focusing, refocusing, goal setting, competition planning, fear control, and stress reactions. The sample
consisted of 12 semi-elite female basketball players from Nasr team in Tehran city that purposely were
selected in 2014 (with the mean age of 23/58± 1/67 years old). All Subjects completed the OMSAT-3
questionnaire that has been confirmed by SanatyMonfared& et al. (2006) in Iran. After giving pre-test, the
subjects divided in two experimental and control group, and then 12-weeks interventions (including,
imagery, relaxation, goal setting, self-talk, and focus training) were done. After 12 weeks, the subjects of two
groups completed the OMSAT-3 questionnaire for post-test. Then, the data were analyzed with descriptive and
inferential statistics methods. The result of dependent t-test for comparing the pre-test and post-test scores
showed that there is a significant difference between scores of pre- and post-test of experimental group (t=
4/98, p<0/01). As a result, it is concluded that, these interventions have positive effects on subscales of
foundation skills, psycho-somatic skills, and cognitive skills from pre-test to post-test for experimental
group versus control group.
Key words: Psychological skills, Mental training, Imagery, Goal setting, OMSAT-3 Questionnaire, Basketball
An Efficacy Study on Improving Balance in Subacute Stroke Patients by Proprio...ijtsrd
INTRODUCTION CVA is a complex dysfunction caused by a lesion in the brain. The WHO defines stroke as an “acute neurologic dysfunction of vascular origin with symptoms and sign corresponding to the involvement of focal areas of the brain.” In India the cumulative incidence of stroke ranged from 105 152 100000 persons per year, and the crude prevalence of stroke ranged from 44.29 559 100000 persons in different parts of the country during the past decade. DESIGN Pre test Post test experimental group designSETTING Inpatient and outpatient of Department of Occupational Therapy, SV.NIRTAR, Olatpur.PARTICIPANTS A total 45 Subjects were recruited from the Swami Vivekananda National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.INTERVENTIONS After meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria survivors were assessed using assessment performance, and informed consent was taken from the participants, allocated to the three groups.Group 1 Proprioceptive training alone Group 2 Proprioceptive training along with motor imageryGroup 3 Conventional therapyOUTCOME MEASURES Berg Balance Scale RESULT The study aimed to provide reference data for planning the rehabilitation of stroke patients, by comparing the effects of proprioceptive training with motor imagery and conventional proprioceptive training performed for 8 weeks. Result of the study indicated that there was significant effect of mental imagery and proprioceptive training on balance ability of stroke patients. The changes of the motor imagery training group were better than those of the other 2 groups.CONCLUSION In this clinical trial, our findings suggests significant improvement in balance in sub acute stroke patients when given motor imagery training along with proprioceptive training, conventional therapy and proprioceptive training alone.On the basis of current results, it was also concluded that, the motor imagery training along with proprioceptive training group showed a noticeable better effect on balance than those of other two groups. Kshanaprava Dash | Mr. Rama Kumar Sahu "An Efficacy Study on Improving Balance in Subacute Stroke Patients by Proprioceptive Training with Additional Motor Imagery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38382.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/38382/an-efficacy-study-on-improving-balance-in-subacute-stroke-patients-by-proprioceptive-training-with-additional-motor-imagery/kshanaprava-dash
Final Thesis- EMG ANALYSIS OF TRUNK MUSCULATURE DURING PUSH UP EXERCISE ON UN...Dr Nishank Verma
The document is a dissertation submitted to Chaudhary Charan Singh University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters of Physiotherapy degree. It examines EMG analysis of trunk musculature during push up exercises performed on unstable surfaces in healthy male subjects. The dissertation includes declarations, certificates of approval, acknowledgments, tables of contents, and the first chapter which introduces the study topic.
The Effects of a Psychological Skills Training Program on Mental Toughness of...QUESTJOURNAL
This study investigated the effects of an 8-week Psychological Skills Training (PST) program on the mental toughness of skilled female volleyball players. The experimental group underwent two 30-minute PST sessions per week focused on goal setting, relaxation, visualization, and self-talk. Their mental toughness was assessed before and after using the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire. The results showed a significant increase in confidence, constancy, control, and overall mental toughness for the experimental group compared to the control group. Thus, the PST program effectively improved the mental toughness of skilled female volleyball players.
The document describes a study that aimed to assess anticipatory reactions and cortical activation in tennis players. 20 tennis players aged 13-16 were divided into high and low performer groups. Flicker fusion threshold was measured to assess cortical arousal level, while a anticipation timer was used to measure anticipation ability. In phase I, cortical activation was measured using flicker fusion followed by an anticipation test with stimuli at 10 mph. In phase II, the same measures were done but with stimuli at 60 mph, to evaluate the impact of higher stimulus speed on anticipation and cortical activation. The study aimed to examine the relationship between cortical arousal and anticipatory skills in tennis players under different stimulus conditions.
The document discusses a study on the cortical assessment of anticipatory reactions in tennis players, with the objectives to examine the level of anticipation in tennis players, study their level of critical flicker fusion (CFF), and determine if CFF impacts anticipation. Twenty tennis players between ages 13-16 participated and were tested on their CFF using a flicker fusion apparatus and anticipation using a bassin anticipation timer.
Mental Imagery and Its Effect on Learning SkillsChristine Chin
This document discusses two studies on the effects of mental imagery on learning skills. The first study examined 10 female basketball players practicing three attack methods over 8 weeks with mental imagery and physical practice. It found that combining both methods was the most effective for learning new skills. The second study of 11 basketball players looked at the effects of mental imagery on free throw shooting. The results suggested mental imagery of specific shot details can benefit players. In general, the document argues that mental imagery can help athletes learn new skills and techniques as well as help workers improve posture and learn new sports or exercises.
This article discusses how the brain controls pacing strategies during exercise through information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems. It suggests that while different pacing strategies exist, the underlying principle of how the brain establishes and maintains pacing is similar. The brain incorporates knowledge of the event endpoint, prior experience, and internal/external conditions into an algorithm to set an optimal pacing strategy. An internal clock allows the brain to monitor duration/distance remaining and adjust power/metabolic output accordingly using feedback throughout the event. This feedback-based adjustment requires time, creating fluctuations in power that maintain the overall strategy despite changing conditions.
Effects of Psychological Training on Mental Skills with Female Basketball Pla...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psychological skills training program on
psychological skills of female basketball players. These psychological skills consisted of imagery, relaxation,
focusing, refocusing, goal setting, competition planning, fear control, and stress reactions. The sample
consisted of 12 semi-elite female basketball players from Nasr team in Tehran city that purposely were
selected in 2014 (with the mean age of 23/58± 1/67 years old). All Subjects completed the OMSAT-3
questionnaire that has been confirmed by SanatyMonfared& et al. (2006) in Iran. After giving pre-test, the
subjects divided in two experimental and control group, and then 12-weeks interventions (including,
imagery, relaxation, goal setting, self-talk, and focus training) were done. After 12 weeks, the subjects of two
groups completed the OMSAT-3 questionnaire for post-test. Then, the data were analyzed with descriptive and
inferential statistics methods. The result of dependent t-test for comparing the pre-test and post-test scores
showed that there is a significant difference between scores of pre- and post-test of experimental group (t=
4/98, p<0/01). As a result, it is concluded that, these interventions have positive effects on subscales of
foundation skills, psycho-somatic skills, and cognitive skills from pre-test to post-test for experimental
group versus control group.
Key words: Psychological skills, Mental training, Imagery, Goal setting, OMSAT-3 Questionnaire, Basketball
An Efficacy Study on Improving Balance in Subacute Stroke Patients by Proprio...ijtsrd
INTRODUCTION CVA is a complex dysfunction caused by a lesion in the brain. The WHO defines stroke as an “acute neurologic dysfunction of vascular origin with symptoms and sign corresponding to the involvement of focal areas of the brain.” In India the cumulative incidence of stroke ranged from 105 152 100000 persons per year, and the crude prevalence of stroke ranged from 44.29 559 100000 persons in different parts of the country during the past decade. DESIGN Pre test Post test experimental group designSETTING Inpatient and outpatient of Department of Occupational Therapy, SV.NIRTAR, Olatpur.PARTICIPANTS A total 45 Subjects were recruited from the Swami Vivekananda National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.INTERVENTIONS After meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria survivors were assessed using assessment performance, and informed consent was taken from the participants, allocated to the three groups.Group 1 Proprioceptive training alone Group 2 Proprioceptive training along with motor imageryGroup 3 Conventional therapyOUTCOME MEASURES Berg Balance Scale RESULT The study aimed to provide reference data for planning the rehabilitation of stroke patients, by comparing the effects of proprioceptive training with motor imagery and conventional proprioceptive training performed for 8 weeks. Result of the study indicated that there was significant effect of mental imagery and proprioceptive training on balance ability of stroke patients. The changes of the motor imagery training group were better than those of the other 2 groups.CONCLUSION In this clinical trial, our findings suggests significant improvement in balance in sub acute stroke patients when given motor imagery training along with proprioceptive training, conventional therapy and proprioceptive training alone.On the basis of current results, it was also concluded that, the motor imagery training along with proprioceptive training group showed a noticeable better effect on balance than those of other two groups. Kshanaprava Dash | Mr. Rama Kumar Sahu "An Efficacy Study on Improving Balance in Subacute Stroke Patients by Proprioceptive Training with Additional Motor Imagery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38382.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/38382/an-efficacy-study-on-improving-balance-in-subacute-stroke-patients-by-proprioceptive-training-with-additional-motor-imagery/kshanaprava-dash
Final Thesis- EMG ANALYSIS OF TRUNK MUSCULATURE DURING PUSH UP EXERCISE ON UN...Dr Nishank Verma
The document is a dissertation submitted to Chaudhary Charan Singh University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters of Physiotherapy degree. It examines EMG analysis of trunk musculature during push up exercises performed on unstable surfaces in healthy male subjects. The dissertation includes declarations, certificates of approval, acknowledgments, tables of contents, and the first chapter which introduces the study topic.
The Effects of a Psychological Skills Training Program on Mental Toughness of...QUESTJOURNAL
This study investigated the effects of an 8-week Psychological Skills Training (PST) program on the mental toughness of skilled female volleyball players. The experimental group underwent two 30-minute PST sessions per week focused on goal setting, relaxation, visualization, and self-talk. Their mental toughness was assessed before and after using the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire. The results showed a significant increase in confidence, constancy, control, and overall mental toughness for the experimental group compared to the control group. Thus, the PST program effectively improved the mental toughness of skilled female volleyball players.
This document discusses the development and validation of a behavioral checklist for assessing the mental skills of university football players. It was found to have moderate but significant test-retest reliability and high face validity. The checklist can help identify target mental skills for improvement to aid in athletic development. Further research is still needed but this checklist provides a useful tool for evaluating mental preparation in football players.
This document discusses a student project assessing coordination. It begins with an introduction on balance and coordination, describing how they depend on multiple body systems interacting. The purpose section states that coordination examinations determine muscle activity characteristics during movement, ability of muscles to work together, movement skill/efficacy, and ability to initiate, control and terminate movement. Coordination is then assessed through various physical tests like walking in a straight line or standing on one foot. The results help identify causes of dizziness/falling and inform treatment by establishing diagnoses and goals. Causes of incoordination discussed include flaccidity from lower motor lesions cutting off nerve impulses to muscles.
Development of general and soccer-specific perceptual motor skills in early p...Keith Lyons
This study examined the development of general and soccer-specific perceptual motor skills in young soccer players from ages 10 to 12. The results showed that both general and soccer-specific skills improved with age, but the two were not directly related. Soccer training appeared to help develop soccer-specific skills more than general skills. Tasks requiring motor skills developed more than those relying mainly on perception. And soccer-specific skills, like anticipation time, became more important predictors of soccer performance as the players got older.
Sleep quality evaluation, chronotype, sleepiness and anxiety of paralympic br...cirowin
1) The study evaluated sleep quality, chronotype, sleepiness, and anxiety in 27 Brazilian Paralympic athletes before the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games.
2) It found that 83.3% of athletes with excessive daytime sleepiness also had poor sleep quality, and 71.4% were classified as morning chronotypes.
3) 72% of athletes with medium anxiety levels also had poor sleep quality, and athletes with poor sleep quality had significantly lower sleep efficiency and greater sleep latency than those with good sleep quality.
Cognitive psychology in sport has contributed significantly to theoretical understanding in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Sport provides a rich natural laboratory for studying cognitive processes. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to provide athletes with improved concentration, motivation, self-control, self-esteem, and other benefits. CBT uses techniques like challenging negative self-talk, mindfulness, visualization, and breathing to improve performance. Perceptual-cognitive abilities like multiple object tracking are important for elite athletes and can be trained through systems involving varying object speeds and depths to improve processing.
Development and validation of psychic energyMalika Sharma
This document describes the development and validation of a Psychic Energy Assessment Scale for gymnasts. It began with generating statements to measure psychic energy based on a literature review. An initial 7-item scale was administered to 120 gymnasts and exploratory factor analysis identified a 2-factor model explaining 57.98% of variance. A 5-item scale was then administered to 65 gymnasts and factor analysis supported a 1-factor model explaining 47.39% of variance. The scale aims to measure arousal awareness and regulation as important psychological factors for gymnast performance. Establishing validity and reliability indicated the 5-item scale is a valid and reliable measure of psychic energy for use in training and identifying strengths and weaknesses.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
1) The study examined the influence of mental imagery techniques on sport performance among Taekwondo athletes.
2) It found a positive correlation between internal and external imagery and sports performance. Athletes who used more internal and external imagery performed better.
3) There were significant differences in imagery usage between athlete ranks, with national and state athletes using more imagery than university athletes.
Does plyometric training improve vertical jump height a meta‐analytical reviewstrengthcoach71
This meta-analysis reviewed the effects of plyometric training on vertical jump height based on 26 studies. It found that plyometric training provided statistically significant improvements in vertical jump height for squat jumps (4.7% increase), countermovement jumps (8.7% increase), countermovement jumps with arm swing (7.5% increase), and drop jumps (4.7% increase). Effect sizes ranged from moderate (0.44) for squat jumps to large (0.88) for countermovement jumps. Plyometric training can thus effectively enhance vertical jump performance in healthy individuals.
Presenting at Maidan Summit 2011, Mr Arun Kumar Uppal talked about identification of talent as a key deliverable that sport sciences should offer. Highlighting five areas of sport-oriented courses in colleges and universities, he mentioned scientific sport training methodology, exercise physiology, sport psychology, sport biomechanics, and sport medicine to be important ingredients of sport curriculum in colleges and universities.
In his presentation, Mr Uppal detailed all five of these elements, and elaborated on how their proper integration and use in sport programmes can help sport contribute to the larger domain of development.
Kinematic factors of off speed and power spike techniques in volleyballAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that compared the kinematic factors of power and off-speed spike techniques in volleyball. The study found:
1) There were no significant differences in shoulder, elbow, wrist, or body inclination angles between the two spike techniques.
2) Pre-impact arm swing speed and post-impact ball speed also did not significantly differ between techniques.
3) The techniques of elite junior volleyball players for the power and off-speed spikes appear to be highly individualized based on the kinematic results.
Paper review - Biomechanical modeling as a practical tool for predicting inju...Hiranthi Tennakoon
Biomechanical modeling as a practical tool for predicting injury risk related to repetitive muscle lengthening during learning and training of human complex motor skills
This document is a research proposal from Paul C Redford that aims to study perception and decision-making in young tennis players aged 7-11. The proposal plans to identify the perceptual characteristics that distinguish stronger from weaker young tennis players and develop training programs to improve players' perception and decision-making. It is hypothesized that national level players will be better at perceiving opponents' movements, targeted training can improve performance at all levels, and implicitly trained players will perform better under pressure. The research would obtain cross-sectional and longitudinal data on perceptual skills in young tennis players, an understudied age group.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effect of a coordination training program on learning tennis skills. It found that:
1) Expert tennis coaches identified kinaesthetic differentiation and reaction time as the most important coordination abilities for tennis.
2) The study involved 48 novice tennis players who were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed a 20-minute coordination training program focusing on kinaesthetic differentiation and reaction time, while the control group did not.
3) Results showed the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group on measures of forehand and backhand skills immediately after training and one week later, indicating the coordination training helped them learn and perform the skills better.
Psychological skills differences between male and female indian gymnasts Malika Sharma
The document summarizes a study that examined potential differences in psychological skills between male and female Indian artistic gymnasts. The study assessed 75 gymnasts aged 17-27 years using a psychological skills assessment. Results showed no significant differences between males and females on skills like imagery, self-awareness, confidence, attention, motivation, arousal regulation, goal setting, and energy management. Both females and males displayed similar levels on the psychological variables measured. The findings suggest coaches should not approach training of psychological skills differently for male and female gymnasts in India.
Cognitive Tools of Preparation in SportSteven Warren
Steven Warren's document discusses two cognitive tools used in sports preparation: imagery/mental rehearsal and goal setting. Extensive research has found that imagery and mental rehearsal can improve skills, regulate emotions, and aid rehabilitation when used alone or with physical practice. Similarly, goal setting has been shown to enhance motivation, self-regulation, and performance when goals are appropriately structured as mastery-oriented or performance-oriented.
The Effect of Motivational and Cognitive Imagery on Flow and Shooting perform...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of motivational and cognitive imagery on Flow and 10m Air rifle shooting performance.15semi-professional men shooters were classified on a voluntary basis and divided into three groups of five people: 1) physical exercise, 2) physical exercise with cognitive imagery, 3) physical exercise with motivational imagery. Each group participated in 18 exercise sessions. Before and after intervention, participants did the shooting test and then completed the Flow state scale-2. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the flow and performance of physical exercise group had significantly higher improvements with motivational imagery in comparison to the other groups. Based on the results, it seems thatthe use of motivational imagery by coaches and sport psychologists in comparison with cognitive imagery will be leads to more effective increase in the Flow rate and performance of 10m Air rifle shooting.
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Individual development,health promotion and disease prevention,gender equality,social integration,peace building and conflict prevention,post disaster intervention and psychosocial nurture,economic development and communication and social mobilization
Organize Workshop.Management,Reporting.accounting ,Build healthy nation,Information on Reproductive health,Awareness on safe motherhood,Female Education and addescent friendly services ,Works to empower adolescent girls and fights against child marriage.
I taught Social sci,English,physical exercise,computer sci.
Broadband internet connection marketing,shsre market
The document describes a study that aimed to assess anticipatory reactions and cortical activation in tennis players. 20 tennis players aged 13-16 were divided into high and low performer groups. Flicker fusion threshold was measured to assess cortical arousal level, while a anticipation timer was used to measure anticipation ability. In phase I, cortical activation was measured using flicker fusion followed by an anticipation test with stimuli at 10 mph. In phase II, the same measures were done but with stimuli at 60 mph, to evaluate the impact of higher stimulus speed on anticipation and cortical activation. The study aimed to examine the relationship between cortical arousal and anticipatory skills in tennis players under different stimulus conditions.
The document describes a research study that aimed to assess the anticipatory reactions and cortical activation levels in tennis players. The study involved measuring the critical flicker fusion threshold and level of anticipation in 20 tennis player subjects of varying skill levels using a flicker fusion apparatus and anticipation timer. The results of the study were intended to estimate the impact of cortical activation on the level of anticipation in tennis players.
The importance of a sport specific stimulus for training agilityFernando Farias
The document discusses the importance of including a sport-specific stimulus when training agility. Research shows that better athletes can distinguish opponents' movements quicker than lower-level athletes, but not a generic stimulus like a flashing light. Therefore, agility training should include reacting to other players' movements through drills like evasion drills or small-sided games to develop perception and decision-making skills. These types of drills are more effective for agility development than exercises using generic stimuli or pre-planned changes of direction.
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of anxiety and sports performance of official basketball players at Sisters of Mary School-Boystown. The researchers hypothesized that there is no significant relationship between anxiety levels and sports performance. They administered psychological and sports performance surveys to 35 basketball players and analyzed the data using statistical methods. The findings revealed the anxiety levels, sports performance levels, and whether a significant relationship exists between the two variables.
This document discusses the development and validation of a behavioral checklist for assessing the mental skills of university football players. It was found to have moderate but significant test-retest reliability and high face validity. The checklist can help identify target mental skills for improvement to aid in athletic development. Further research is still needed but this checklist provides a useful tool for evaluating mental preparation in football players.
This document discusses a student project assessing coordination. It begins with an introduction on balance and coordination, describing how they depend on multiple body systems interacting. The purpose section states that coordination examinations determine muscle activity characteristics during movement, ability of muscles to work together, movement skill/efficacy, and ability to initiate, control and terminate movement. Coordination is then assessed through various physical tests like walking in a straight line or standing on one foot. The results help identify causes of dizziness/falling and inform treatment by establishing diagnoses and goals. Causes of incoordination discussed include flaccidity from lower motor lesions cutting off nerve impulses to muscles.
Development of general and soccer-specific perceptual motor skills in early p...Keith Lyons
This study examined the development of general and soccer-specific perceptual motor skills in young soccer players from ages 10 to 12. The results showed that both general and soccer-specific skills improved with age, but the two were not directly related. Soccer training appeared to help develop soccer-specific skills more than general skills. Tasks requiring motor skills developed more than those relying mainly on perception. And soccer-specific skills, like anticipation time, became more important predictors of soccer performance as the players got older.
Sleep quality evaluation, chronotype, sleepiness and anxiety of paralympic br...cirowin
1) The study evaluated sleep quality, chronotype, sleepiness, and anxiety in 27 Brazilian Paralympic athletes before the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games.
2) It found that 83.3% of athletes with excessive daytime sleepiness also had poor sleep quality, and 71.4% were classified as morning chronotypes.
3) 72% of athletes with medium anxiety levels also had poor sleep quality, and athletes with poor sleep quality had significantly lower sleep efficiency and greater sleep latency than those with good sleep quality.
Cognitive psychology in sport has contributed significantly to theoretical understanding in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Sport provides a rich natural laboratory for studying cognitive processes. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to provide athletes with improved concentration, motivation, self-control, self-esteem, and other benefits. CBT uses techniques like challenging negative self-talk, mindfulness, visualization, and breathing to improve performance. Perceptual-cognitive abilities like multiple object tracking are important for elite athletes and can be trained through systems involving varying object speeds and depths to improve processing.
Development and validation of psychic energyMalika Sharma
This document describes the development and validation of a Psychic Energy Assessment Scale for gymnasts. It began with generating statements to measure psychic energy based on a literature review. An initial 7-item scale was administered to 120 gymnasts and exploratory factor analysis identified a 2-factor model explaining 57.98% of variance. A 5-item scale was then administered to 65 gymnasts and factor analysis supported a 1-factor model explaining 47.39% of variance. The scale aims to measure arousal awareness and regulation as important psychological factors for gymnast performance. Establishing validity and reliability indicated the 5-item scale is a valid and reliable measure of psychic energy for use in training and identifying strengths and weaknesses.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
1) The study examined the influence of mental imagery techniques on sport performance among Taekwondo athletes.
2) It found a positive correlation between internal and external imagery and sports performance. Athletes who used more internal and external imagery performed better.
3) There were significant differences in imagery usage between athlete ranks, with national and state athletes using more imagery than university athletes.
Does plyometric training improve vertical jump height a meta‐analytical reviewstrengthcoach71
This meta-analysis reviewed the effects of plyometric training on vertical jump height based on 26 studies. It found that plyometric training provided statistically significant improvements in vertical jump height for squat jumps (4.7% increase), countermovement jumps (8.7% increase), countermovement jumps with arm swing (7.5% increase), and drop jumps (4.7% increase). Effect sizes ranged from moderate (0.44) for squat jumps to large (0.88) for countermovement jumps. Plyometric training can thus effectively enhance vertical jump performance in healthy individuals.
Presenting at Maidan Summit 2011, Mr Arun Kumar Uppal talked about identification of talent as a key deliverable that sport sciences should offer. Highlighting five areas of sport-oriented courses in colleges and universities, he mentioned scientific sport training methodology, exercise physiology, sport psychology, sport biomechanics, and sport medicine to be important ingredients of sport curriculum in colleges and universities.
In his presentation, Mr Uppal detailed all five of these elements, and elaborated on how their proper integration and use in sport programmes can help sport contribute to the larger domain of development.
Kinematic factors of off speed and power spike techniques in volleyballAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that compared the kinematic factors of power and off-speed spike techniques in volleyball. The study found:
1) There were no significant differences in shoulder, elbow, wrist, or body inclination angles between the two spike techniques.
2) Pre-impact arm swing speed and post-impact ball speed also did not significantly differ between techniques.
3) The techniques of elite junior volleyball players for the power and off-speed spikes appear to be highly individualized based on the kinematic results.
Paper review - Biomechanical modeling as a practical tool for predicting inju...Hiranthi Tennakoon
Biomechanical modeling as a practical tool for predicting injury risk related to repetitive muscle lengthening during learning and training of human complex motor skills
This document is a research proposal from Paul C Redford that aims to study perception and decision-making in young tennis players aged 7-11. The proposal plans to identify the perceptual characteristics that distinguish stronger from weaker young tennis players and develop training programs to improve players' perception and decision-making. It is hypothesized that national level players will be better at perceiving opponents' movements, targeted training can improve performance at all levels, and implicitly trained players will perform better under pressure. The research would obtain cross-sectional and longitudinal data on perceptual skills in young tennis players, an understudied age group.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effect of a coordination training program on learning tennis skills. It found that:
1) Expert tennis coaches identified kinaesthetic differentiation and reaction time as the most important coordination abilities for tennis.
2) The study involved 48 novice tennis players who were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed a 20-minute coordination training program focusing on kinaesthetic differentiation and reaction time, while the control group did not.
3) Results showed the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group on measures of forehand and backhand skills immediately after training and one week later, indicating the coordination training helped them learn and perform the skills better.
Psychological skills differences between male and female indian gymnasts Malika Sharma
The document summarizes a study that examined potential differences in psychological skills between male and female Indian artistic gymnasts. The study assessed 75 gymnasts aged 17-27 years using a psychological skills assessment. Results showed no significant differences between males and females on skills like imagery, self-awareness, confidence, attention, motivation, arousal regulation, goal setting, and energy management. Both females and males displayed similar levels on the psychological variables measured. The findings suggest coaches should not approach training of psychological skills differently for male and female gymnasts in India.
Cognitive Tools of Preparation in SportSteven Warren
Steven Warren's document discusses two cognitive tools used in sports preparation: imagery/mental rehearsal and goal setting. Extensive research has found that imagery and mental rehearsal can improve skills, regulate emotions, and aid rehabilitation when used alone or with physical practice. Similarly, goal setting has been shown to enhance motivation, self-regulation, and performance when goals are appropriately structured as mastery-oriented or performance-oriented.
The Effect of Motivational and Cognitive Imagery on Flow and Shooting perform...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of motivational and cognitive imagery on Flow and 10m Air rifle shooting performance.15semi-professional men shooters were classified on a voluntary basis and divided into three groups of five people: 1) physical exercise, 2) physical exercise with cognitive imagery, 3) physical exercise with motivational imagery. Each group participated in 18 exercise sessions. Before and after intervention, participants did the shooting test and then completed the Flow state scale-2. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the flow and performance of physical exercise group had significantly higher improvements with motivational imagery in comparison to the other groups. Based on the results, it seems thatthe use of motivational imagery by coaches and sport psychologists in comparison with cognitive imagery will be leads to more effective increase in the Flow rate and performance of 10m Air rifle shooting.
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Organize Workshop.Management,Reporting.accounting ,Build healthy nation,Information on Reproductive health,Awareness on safe motherhood,Female Education and addescent friendly services ,Works to empower adolescent girls and fights against child marriage.
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The document describes a study that aimed to assess anticipatory reactions and cortical activation in tennis players. 20 tennis players aged 13-16 were divided into high and low performer groups. Flicker fusion threshold was measured to assess cortical arousal level, while a anticipation timer was used to measure anticipation ability. In phase I, cortical activation was measured using flicker fusion followed by an anticipation test with stimuli at 10 mph. In phase II, the same measures were done but with stimuli at 60 mph, to evaluate the impact of higher stimulus speed on anticipation and cortical activation. The study aimed to examine the relationship between cortical arousal and anticipatory skills in tennis players under different stimulus conditions.
The document describes a research study that aimed to assess the anticipatory reactions and cortical activation levels in tennis players. The study involved measuring the critical flicker fusion threshold and level of anticipation in 20 tennis player subjects of varying skill levels using a flicker fusion apparatus and anticipation timer. The results of the study were intended to estimate the impact of cortical activation on the level of anticipation in tennis players.
The importance of a sport specific stimulus for training agilityFernando Farias
The document discusses the importance of including a sport-specific stimulus when training agility. Research shows that better athletes can distinguish opponents' movements quicker than lower-level athletes, but not a generic stimulus like a flashing light. Therefore, agility training should include reacting to other players' movements through drills like evasion drills or small-sided games to develop perception and decision-making skills. These types of drills are more effective for agility development than exercises using generic stimuli or pre-planned changes of direction.
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of anxiety and sports performance of official basketball players at Sisters of Mary School-Boystown. The researchers hypothesized that there is no significant relationship between anxiety levels and sports performance. They administered psychological and sports performance surveys to 35 basketball players and analyzed the data using statistical methods. The findings revealed the anxiety levels, sports performance levels, and whether a significant relationship exists between the two variables.
This document is a research project submitted by a student investigating the influence of fluid restriction on cognition and mood in university basketball players. It includes an introduction outlining the importance of cognition and mood for sport performance and lack of research on dehydration effects in basketball. The literature review discusses high sweat losses in basketball, limited basketball-specific studies, and more sport-specific studies showing detrimental effects of >2% dehydration on cognition and mood. The study aims to examine effects of fluid provision vs. restriction on cognitive function and mood after a simulated basketball game while accounting for limitations of previous research.
The physical demands of professional rugby league training and competition were measured using microtechnology. Match data from 22 players showed that outside backs covered the greatest distances, while hit-up forwards and wide-running forwards experienced more collisions and repeated high-intensity efforts. Traditional conditioning, skills training, and repeated high-intensity training involved lower physical demands than matches, especially for collisions and repeated high-intensity efforts. Further research is needed to modify training activities to better match the demands of competition.
The document discusses how decision-making theories can help explain how athletes regulate their muscular work rate during self-paced endurance activities. It describes that athletes must make strategic decisions before events and tactical decisions during events to maximize performance while avoiding premature fatigue. The review examines rational and heuristic decision-making models and how they may explain observations from competitive environments. While both models can explain some behaviors, the complex nature of competitions implies rational decision-making is unlikely. Enhanced understanding of the decision-making process could help understand performance regulation.
A study of variations in an athlete’s reaction time performance based on the ...Sports Journal
The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the reaction time responses of an athlete
based on various types of stimuli. Reaction time is duration between applications of a stimulus to onset of
response. The present study was measured reaction time in 197 athletes, for the comparison in groups
which were into 3 categories 1. Gender wise (Female and Male), 2. Game wise (Individual and Team), 3.
Standard wise (5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th) and correlation was done between the group based on the 3 tests.
The VRT, SRT and ViRT was measured by the Jerry (Version: 0.6.4) software. During the reaction time
testing visual, sound and tactile stimuli were given for five times and average reaction time after omitting
highest and lowest reaction time, was taken as the final reaction time. Results suggest that a comparison
was done between the performance of male and female athletes and no significant difference was seen in
their performance in all the three test. Similarly a comparison was also done based on athletes playing a
team and individual game and a significant difference was seen in all the three test (VRT: F = 11.538, p =
0.001); (SRT: F = 8.546, p = 0.004); (ViRT: F = 27.240, p = 0.001). Further a comparison was also done
based on the standard in which the athletes study and it was seen that there is significant difference in
two of test (VRT: F = 4.287, p = 0.001); (ViRT: F = 5.434, p = 0.001). Co-relational analysis was also
done based on gender, and a significant negative correlation was found in females VRT and SRT (r = -
.285, p = .001) and the males showed a significantly positive correlation in VRT and ViRT (r = .243, p =
.001) and a significant negative correlation in SRT and ViRT (r = -.353, p = .001). Further, the
correlation done based on individual and team game. A significant negative correlation was found in
individual game athletes VRT and SRT (r = -.532, p = .001) and a positive correlation between SRT and
ViRT (r = .104, p = .001). The team game athletes showed a significant negative correlation in SRT and
ViRT (r = -.462, p = .001). The correlation was done based on standards athletes. It was seen that in 5th
standard a significant negative correlation was found between SRT and ViRT (r = -.764, p = .001), in 6th
standard a significant negative correlation was found in VRT and SRT (r = -.554, p = .001), in 7th
standard a significant negative correlation was found between VRS and SRS (r = -.396, p = .001), and
SRT and ViRT (r = -.381, p = .001). There was no correlation found in 8th standard. In 9th standard a
significant negative correlation was found in SRT and ViRT (r = -.446, p = .001). In 10th standard a
significant negative correlation was found in VRT and SRT (r = -.554, p = .001).
A comparison of methods to quantify the in season training load of professio...Fernando Farias
To compare various measures of training load (TL) derived from physiological (heart rate [HR]),
perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]), and physical (global positioning system [GPS] and acceler-
ometer) data during in-season field-based training for professional soccer. Methods: Fifteen professional male
soccer players (age 24.9 ± 5.4 y, body mass 77.6 ± 7.5 kg, height 181.1 ± 6.9 cm) were assessed in-season
across 97 individual training sessions. Measures of external TL (total distance [TD], the volume of low-speed
activity [LSA; <14.4 />14.4 km/h], very high-speed running [VHSR; >19.8
km/h], and player load), HR and session-RPE (sRPE) scores were recorded. Internal TL scores (HR-based
and sRPE-based) were calculated, and their relationships with measures of external TL were quantified using
Pearson product–moment correlations. Results: Physical measures of TD, LSA volume, and player load pro-
vided large, significant (r = .71–.84; P < .01) correlations with the HR-based and sRPE-based methods. Volume
of HSR and VHSR provided moderate to large, significant (r = .40–.67; P < .01) correlations with measures
of internal TL. Conclusions: While the volume of HSR and VHSR provided significant relationships with
internal TL, physical-performance measures of TD, LSA volume, and player load appear to be more accept-
able indicators of external TL, due to the greater magnitude of their correlations with measures of internal TL.
The Role of Attentional Focus in Performance Athletics Don Pump
2018 National Strength and Conditioning Association Hawaii State Clinic presentation on the interdependence of psychology, physiology, and motor learning on performance athletics
This document provides a summary of a presentation on the role of vision in sports and the effect of visual training on sports vision and performance. The presentation reviews current literature on sports vision, including the sports vision pyramid model comprising the visual hardware, software, perception-action cycle, and on-field performance. It discusses various aspects of sports vision like visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, decision training, and the quiet eye. The presentation aims to identify gaps in research and bring economic benefits to vision training in sports.
Comparative Study on Physical Fitness of Volleyball and Football Players in U...iosrjce
Background: Physical fitness is an essential first and foremost criterion in every game. Without having physical
fitness no one can elicit his amble performance level. Therefore it is essential to investigate that in which game
among Volleyball and Football, the level of physical fitness is more essential. Aim: The purpose of this study
was to investigate the level of physical fitness of volleyball player and football player in university level.
Methodology: For the present study 15 male volleyball players and 15 male football players were selected
randomly and they had participated in university competition in 2004 from Jadavpur University. Age group of
the subjects was 18-24 years. To find out the physical fitness APHERED Youth Physical Fitness Test were
conducted. Statistics: For comparison of various physical fitness components of volley ball players and football
player independent t-test has done and level of significance has verified at 0.05 levels. Result: Finding reveals
that muscular strength of football player (5.33 times/min. pull ups) was higher than volley ball player (4.87
times/min. pull ups), the muscular endurance of football player (39.86 times sit ups) was higher than volleyball
player (38.73 times sit ups), agility of football player (19.32 sec.) was higher than volleyball player (19.78 sec.),
explosive leg strength of football player (6.90 mts.) was higher than volleyball player (6.78 mts.), Speed of
football player (6.70 sec.) was higher than volley ball player (6.99 sec.) and also cardiovascular endurance of
football player (1.82 min.) was higher than volleyball player (1.82 min.) but the difference in agility and speed
were significant at 0.05 level. Conclusion: The physical fitness of football player was higher than the volleyball
player.
The document discusses how science and vision training can impact athletic performance. It explains that future improvements in athletic performance will depend more on scientific advances rather than just innate physiology. One area showing promise is neuroscience and applying sports vision training to increase brain capabilities. This training incorporates neuroscience to improve cognitive functions like attention and decision making. The document provides historical context on how science has aided athletic training and examines how the human eye and brain work together for athletes to process visual information and make rapid decisions.
The study assessed the impacts of a 10-week visual training program on vision functions and shooting skill among 20 young handball players aged 15-16. The experimental group (n=10) underwent 1 hour of visual training 3 times per week in addition to regular handball training, while the control group (n=10) only did regular handball training. Testing before and after training measured various vision functions and shooting performance. Results showed significant improvements in all vision functions and shooting skill for the experimental group, but fewer improvements for the control group. Post-training, the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group on most vision measures and shooting skill, suggesting visual training is effective at improving vision and performance for young handball players
This document is a thesis submitted by Dan McKinney to Montana State University - Billings examining the effects of the Right View Pro video analysis system on bat velocity and batted-ball exit velocity in college baseball players. The study divided 29 players into 3 groups - one that did weight training only, one that did weight training and video analysis, and one that did weight training, video analysis, and Right View Pro analysis. Bat velocity was measured using a Pocket Radar and exit velocity was measured using a Stalker Radar Sport 2 Radar Gun. The analysis found no significant difference in bat velocity between the groups but did find a significant difference in exit velocity between the group that did weight training only and the group that did weight training
1. The document discusses research on the effects of eccentric hamstring exercises for soccer players. It reviews 6 studies that provide evidence that eccentric hamstring strengthening can improve muscle strength and balance, increase peak torque, and reduce the risk of hamstring injury compared to concentric strengthening alone.
2. One key study found that performing eccentric hamstring exercises during the cool-down of soccer training sessions more effectively maintained strength compared to the warm-up. This has implications for reducing muscle fatigue.
3. The studies demonstrated increases in hamstring strength, peak torque, and hamstring to quadriceps ratios following eccentric training programs, as well as reductions in reported hamstring injuries among soccer players.
Review Jurnal Theoretical and Methodical ApproachesDefiRachmawati
This document is a makalah, or paper, written by Defi Wulan Rachmawati for a class on the Philosophy and History of Sports at Surabaya State University in Indonesia. The paper aims to review international journals on the topic of team cognition in sports. It begins by explaining the importance of studying team cognition in sports, as sports require both physical and cognitive coordination between teammates. It then reviews two main theoretical approaches to studying team cognition - the information processing approach and the ecological approach. The paper focuses on these approaches and their application to research on team cognition in sports. It also discusses methods that can be used to study cognition within sports teams.
How Small-Sided and Conditioned Games Enhance Acquisition of Movement and Dec...Fernando Farias
Such traditional methods provide a limited scope for
action variability in learners because a key aim of practitioners
is to decrease uncertainty of actions and rationalize decision-
making processes in training drills. Despite these reported bene-
fits, traditional utilization of practice drills has been criticized
because they neglect the active role of the performance envi-
ronment in shaping movement behavior and decision making
(10), sustaining a dysfunctional rupture in the performer-
environment relationship (cf. the concept of organismic asym-
metry in sports science (9)).
PAR Project - reduced presentation in EnglishProjeto PAR
This document outlines the scientific methodology of the PAR Project, which aims to achieve high athletic performance through the study and application of psychological principles. The PAR Project examines three areas of thought: affective (emotions), cognitive (thinking), and space-body (perception). It establishes the Principle of Predictability, which states that mastery comes from understanding consequences, anticipating movements, and perceiving space. The PAR Project monitors athletes individually, ensures group alignment, and applies tests/exercises related to these three areas of thought. The goal is to help athletes better utilize thinking resources to improve techniques like dribbling and improve overall consistency.
Belgium vs Romania Injuries and Patience in Belgium’s Euro Cup Germany Squad....Eticketing.co
Belgium coach Domenico Tedesco will wait for several key players to recover from injury. Even if it means they miss the opening Euro Cup Germany stages of the European Championship in Germany this month. Veteran defender Jan Vertonghen, midfielder Youri Tielemans and defender Arthur. Theate are being given time to play in the tournament because they are considered vital to Belgium’s cause, Tedesco said on Tuesday.
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"Of course, you prefer to take players who are fully fit, but that's okay. We want to wait and be patient for some players even if they cannot play in those first matches," he told a press conference. The 37-year-old Vertonghen, Belgium’s Euro Cup 2024 most-capped international with 154 appearances, is struggling to shake off a groin injury.
"He will be there normally. This also applies to Youri Tielemans and Arthur Theate. The latter's position is very sensitive. We don't have many choices at left back. "It will only change if it turns out that they will only be available when, say, the final of the Euro 2024 Championship comes around. That's too long to wait. "However, I am confident that the injured boys are on track for the Euros.
Belgium vs Romania: Radu Dragusin Prepares for Crucial Role in Euro Cup Germany
Some of them have taken not one but two steps forward in their rehabilitation," he said. None of the injured players will feature in this week’s warm-up friendlies against Montenegro and Luxembourg. Romania centre-back Radu Dragusin found chances limited at Tottenham Hotspur in the second half of the 2023-24 season.
But is crucial to his country's cause at UEFA Euro 2024 where his aerial ability, physicality and hard graft make him a standout player. The 22-year-old moved to North London from Italian side Genoa in January but was kept on the sidelines by the form of another new arrival for the season, Mickey van de Ven, something Romania coach Edward Iordanescu admitted was a concern.
It will mean limited game-time going into the finals, but Dragusin, who cites Netherlands defender Virgil van Dijk as a role model, started every Euro Cup Germany qualifier as Romania went through the campaign unbeaten in their 10 games. He will be among their most important players in their first game in Germany against Ukraine in Munich on June 17, taking the right centre-back role in what is likely to be a back four.
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Belgium vs Romania Ultimate Guide to Euro Cup 2024 Tactics, Ticketing, and Qu...Eticketing.co
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Croatia vs Italy Modric's Last Dance Croatia's UEFA Euro 2024 Journey and Ita...Eticketing.co
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Understanding Golf Simulator Equipment A Beginner's Guide.pdfMy Garage Golf
Dive into golf simulation with our beginner's guide, perfect for anyone new to the concept. Understand the critical components like sturdy frames, high-quality impact screens, and side netting that ensure your safety and enrich your practice sessions. Learn the benefits of proper projector mounts and compatibility with your existing setup. This guide helps you make informed choices, transforming your home into a realistic and effective golfing practice environment.
For More Information-: https://mygaragegolf.com/shop
Netherlands vs Austria Netherlands Face Familiar Foes in Euro Cup Germany Gro...Eticketing.co
The Netherlands are in Group D in Euro Cup Germany - and, unpaid to this, they will be coming up against familiar foes. Remarkably, they have played France, who have fashioned some of the greatest players of all time, 30 times throughout history. Despite France being more effective in major competitions, including captivating the World Cup in 2018, Holland have the greater head-to-head record.
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However, in 2023, they played one another twice, with France endearing both matches 4-0 and 2-1 individually. Against Poland and Austria, the Netherlands also have a stout record, winning just under half the matches. They faced Austria at Euro 2020, engaging 2-0, and they haven't lost to Poland since 1979.
The lettering is on the wall for Holland to qualify for the knockouts, but nothing is failsafe. The Netherlands kickstart their Euros campaign against Poland on Sunday, June 16th. In Hamburg, they will have to go up against one of the best strikers in the world, Robert Lewandowski.
Netherlands vs Austria: Tough Challenges Await the Netherlands in Euro Cup Germany
Five days later, they travel south to face France in Leipzig, a side led by Kylian Mbappe - one of the finest players in the world currently and one of the most impressive players in his nation's history. To conclude, they face Austria in Berlin, knowing it could be the end of the road if they don't perform.
Ronald Koeman is widely considered one of the more successful Dutch managers in Premier League history, considering the nation has a reputation for struggling to replicate their talents in England. The former Everton manager went against that script and shone — and now he is back managing his nation.
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Netherlands vs Austria: Ronald Koeman's Tactical Approach For UEFA Euro 2024
As well as being the highest-scoring defender in history, Koeman is a man with immense tactical knowledge. He returned to manage Holland at the start of 2023 after it was announced Louis van Gaal would retire. His life back in the dugout with the team wasn't easy, as he lost his first match 4-0 to France after going 3-0 down within 21 minutes.
However, he eventually helped them qualify for Euro Cup Germany. The 61-year-old likes to organize his team with a defensive mindset. Some might call it pragmatic as he defends with minimal space between the lines, but that's often needed for international football.
Georgia vs Portugal Georgia UEFA Euro 2024 Squad Khvicha Kvaratskhelia Leads ...Eticketing.co
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Hesan Soufi's Legacy: Inspiring the Next GenerationHesan Soufi
Hesan Soufi's impact on the game extends far beyond his on-field exploits. With his humility, sportsmanship, and unwavering commitment to excellence, Soufi has become a role model for aspiring footballers worldwide. His legacy lies not only in his achievements but also in the inspiration he provides to the next generation of talented players.
Turkey vs Georgia Tickets: Turkey's Provisional Squad for UEFA Euro 2024, Key...Eticketing.co
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Gabriel Kalembo A Rising Star in the World of Football Coachinggabrielkalembous
Gabriel Kalembo is a player's coach who connects with his teams on a deep level. With a strong background in sports science and a passion for the game, Kalembo has developed a unique coaching philosophy that emphasizes player development and tactical flexibility. His ability to connect with players and create a positive team culture has led to success at every level he has coached.
According to the report, the consumption of video content related to IPL 2024 has seen significant growth, nearly 3 times more than the previous season, reflecting an increasing interest of fans.
Spain vs Croatia Euro 2024 Spain's Chance to Shine on the International Stage...Eticketing.co
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Psaroudakis: Family and Football – The Psaroudakis Success StoryPsaroudakis
Psaroudakis, a name that resonates with football fans around the globe, is a testament to the powerful synergy between familial support and individual passion. Born on March 10, 1992, in the historic city of Heraklion, Crete, Psaroudakis’ journey to international football stardom is a compelling narrative of dedication, perseverance, and unwavering family support. His story not only highlights his athletic prowess but also underscores the crucial role his family played in shaping his career and character.
Psaroudakis’ early life in Heraklion was deeply influenced by a supportive and nurturing family environment. His father, a former semi-professional footballer, recognized Psaroudakis’ potential from an early age. Acting as his first coach, his father’s guidance was instrumental in igniting Psaroudakis’ passion for football. This paternal influence instilled in him a strong work ethic and fundamental skills that would become the foundation of his future success. His mother, a dedicated homemaker, provided a stable and nurturing environment, ensuring that Psaroudakis could pursue his dreams without any hindrances.
From a young age, Psaroudakis showed an innate talent for football. Growing up in Heraklion, he spent countless hours playing football in local parks and streets with friends and family. His natural ability was evident even in these informal settings, and his enthusiasm for the game was infectious. By the age of five, Psaroudakis had joined a local youth football club, where his skills began to flourish. His father’s role as his first coach during these formative years was crucial, as he emphasized not only technical skills but also the importance of discipline and teamwork.
The transition from playing in local parks to joining a structured football environment marked a significant step in Psaroudakis’ journey. At the age of ten, he joined the youth academy of OFI Crete, one of Greece’s most esteemed football clubs. This move marked the beginning of a more rigorous and professional approach to his training. The academy environment was demanding, focusing on honing technical abilities and instilling values of sportsmanship and dedication. Psaroudakis’ dedication to his craft was evident as he quickly rose through the ranks, becoming a standout player in the youth teams.
The support of Psaroudakis’ family was unwavering during this critical period. His father continued to be a source of guidance and mentorship, while his mother ensured that he had everything he needed to succeed. Their collective efforts created a balanced environment where Psaroudakis could focus entirely on his development as a footballer. This familial support was not just about providing the basics; it was about creating an environment where Psaroudakis felt encouraged and motivated to pursue his dreams relentlessly.
As Psaroudakis transitioned from the youth academy to professional football, the challenges became more significant.
Boletin de la I Copa Panamericana de Voleibol Femenino U17 Guatemala 2024Judith Chuquipul
holaesungusto.- Boletín final de la I Copa Panamericana de Voleibol Femenino U17 - Ciudad de Guatemala 2024 que se realizó del 27 de mayo al 01 de julio, en el Domo Polideportivo Zona 13.
Fuente: norceca.net
Match By Match Detailed Schedule Of The ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2024.pdfmouthhunt5
20 Teams, One Trophy: What to Expect from the ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2024
The ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2024 is set to be an exciting event, co-hosted by the West Indies and the USA from June 1 to June 29, 2024. This edition of the tournament will feature a record 20 teams divided into four groups, competing across 55 matches for the prestigious title.
Switzerland vs Germany At UEFA Euro 2024 the Full squad, preview, match sched...
Project hasib
1. CORTICAL ASSESSMENT OF ANTICIPATORY REACTIONS IN TENNIS
PLAYERS
BY
SAIFUL EBNE HASIB
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH
AS A REQUIREMENT FOR POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN SPORTS
SCIENCE (SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
BANGLADESH INSTITUTE OF SPORTS (BKSP)
ZIRANI, SAVAR, DHAKA
JUNE 2004
2. BANGLADESH INSTITUTE OF SPORTS
DEPARTMENT OF SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
Dated 25th June 2004
I do hereby certify that Saiful Ebne Hasib, conducted the project research
study entitled CORTICAL ASSESSMENT OF ANTICIPATORY REACTIONS IN
TENNIS PLAYERS adopting the standard procedures and norms set for the Post-
Graduate Diploma Course in Sports Sciences, in the Department of Sports
Psychology, of the National University of Bangladesh. The present study was a
unique one and Mr. Hasib under my supervision, made his level best
independent endeavor in this regard.
Dr. Srilekha Saha
Sport Psychologist
Bangladesh Institute of Sports
Dhaka-1349
Bangladesh
ii
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I avail my self of the opportunity to express my heartiest gratitude
to Dr. Srelekha Saha, sports Psychologist, B. K. S. P for his valuable suggestion.
Counseling & guidance, friendly advice, keen interest & constant inspiration &
encouragement during the course of this investigation & preparation at this
report & formulating all the statistical treatment of my project.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to Grig. Gen. Mohammad Ali
Mondal, ndc, and Director General of BKSP for his kind permission to submit the
project to the national University, Bangladesh, Dhaka.
I express my holly gratitude to Faruqul Islam Director of training BKSP for
his ornamental counseling from time to time during the entire period of the
study.
I also express my deep sense of gratitude to Md. Rokon Uddin, Tennis
coach, for their whole hearted cooperation for collecting data.
I express my thanks to Dr. A. K. Uppal and all others sports scientists,
department of sports science, BKSP for their constant support from time to time
during the entire period of my study.
I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my parents for their kind co-operation
& help.
With all my sincere most feelings and regards.
Saiful Ebne Hasib
Student, Post-Graduate Diploma Course
Faculty ofSports Science,
Bangladesh Institute of Sports
Dhaka-1349, Bangladesh.
iii
4. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES v
Chapter:
I INTRODUCTION
Introduction and Review 2
Objectives 7
II METHODOLOGY
Subjects 9
Materials 9
Measures 10
Rationality 10
III RESULTS
Results 19
IV DISCUSSION
Discussion 22
V CONCLUSIONS
Conclusions 30
Recommendations 31
iv
5. LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 N, df and critical values of the present study 19
2 Mean of the obtained basal CFF scores 19
3 Mean (M), standard deviation (SD) and rank difference correlation values
(p) for the significant relationship between the variables of tennis players
in 10 MPH condition. 20
4 Mean (M), standard deviation (SD) and rank difference correlation values
(p) for the significant relationship between the variables of tennis players
in 60 MPH condition. 20
v
7. 2
INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW
Behavioral approaches assume that all behavior is determined by past
reinforcements and present contingencies. In cognitive approaches, in contrast,
the individual is an active perceiver and interpreter of information, and cognitive
processes are key to understanding motivation and behavior. In search of the
inherent network that exists within the individual performer, which helps him to
bring forth the earnestly needed peak performance several line of thought was
evolved to conceptualize the processes underlying in it. There arose a larger
numbers of approaches to identify and predict possible relationship between
peak performance and psychological make up of the athletes. The vital
importance is the fact that successful sports performance is associated with
many traits, some of which are fundamental to the production of peak
performance (Vealey and Greenleef, 1998 and Saha et al, 2000). Arousal has
been explained of sudden information hitting our central nervous system and the
greater the cortical bombardment the higher is arousal and anxiety. According to
Eysenck (1955) and Rabbitt (1969), cortical arousal is the indication of increased
cortical inhibition to heightened arousal. Whereas perceptual motor skills means
repetition of stimulus, repetition of response (motor programming and response
execution) and repetition of a rule relating members of a common signal set to
the same response.
8. 3
The more immediately processed information requires getting assimilated
and accommodated with the cognitive schema and unless it is matched with the
previous one it can cause dissonance in cognitive process. Hence it is clear that
optimum cortical arousal initiated by ascending reticular activating system
(ARAS) is mostly essential for cognitive possessing, while the extent of excitatory
activity in reticular activity system (RAS) would depend on personality make-up
of the individual. The RAS also has descending tract, which influences motor
functions. There is good reason to believe in that the descending tract of the
RAS may be in part responsible for the improvement in the speed and
coordination of reactions under higher level of arousal (Saha, 2001b). Optimum
excitatory ARAS would facilitate in faster reactions, since it keeps up a sports
performer ready to react to any incoming stimulus. It may remain important for
him, since he may have already reached up to a state of over stimulation
wherein his ARAS can not accept the future excitement.
A player’s personality is as critical in determining success in the sports
arena as physical ability. True, a seven-stone weakling is unlikely to become an
effective central defender regardless of personality but equally the well
proportionate and skillful athlete will not succeed without such attributes of
personality as determination and will to win. Effective utilization of time and a
feeling of the passing of time are quite important. Alternative performance in
alert situations often demand high arousal an accurate signal detection ability
(Saha et al, 2001), skill the too elite performers often desirable there
9. 4
expectances during peak performance as involving a slowing down of time. This
contrasts with extremely rapid passage of time that common people often feel
and similarly the average level of athletes also reported to have the similar
expectances of rapid passage of time. This usually happens when an individual
performers poorly, and hence feels rushed are panicked and by means gets more
disturbed and feels like checking.
The ability to anticipate an opponent’s actions based upon partial or
advance sources of information are essential in sport because of the severe time
constraints placed on the performer (Abexnethy, 1987). A considerable research
base confirms the experts superior ability to use such information to reliable
anticipate an opponent’s actions (Williams et al, 1999). Skilled performers use
their superior knowledge to control the eye movement patterns necessary for
seeking and picking up important sources of information. They are appears more
attuned to relative motion cues and are also able to successfully perceive
information presented as point light displays (PLD) word, Williams and Davids
(1999) demonstrated that skilled tennis players are able to successfully anticipate
the direction of an opponents short when presented as PLD. Also unlike their
novice counterparts, experts exhibit more consistent visual search strategies
when viewing PLD compared with a normal display. Research suggests that
skilled performers are able to make use of expectations or situational
probabilities to facilitate anticipation. Experts use their superior knowledge base
to dismiss many events as being highly improbable and can attach are hierarchy
of probabilities to the remaining events, thus facilitating anticipation (Williams et
10. 5
al, 1999).Hence, we have already gathered a lot of information with regard to
the anticipatory skills of expert players, but of remains unclear whether these are
stable characters, or are
subjects to be changed. That means, whether it is always possible for an
expert players to anticipate playing situations enough accurately and promptly.
Further to add questions remain with what happens to those who are not up to
that level of good players.
REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS LITERATURES
A player’s ability to use advance postural cues is particularly important in
fast ball sports where the speed of play and ball velocity dictate that decisions
must often be made in advance of the action. High speed film analysis indicates
that players who react to the ball as opposed to anticipating its intended
destination, are unlikely to be successful (Glencross and Cibich, 1977). The
temporal occlusion paradigm has been used to examine anticipatory cue usage in
sport. In this approach, participants are presented with filmed sequences that
are representative of their customary view of the action.
Passing into open space and placing the ball accurately and timely for a
moving teammate are important skills in soccer (Williams, 1973; McMorris and
Copeman, 1991). This ability of anticipation-coincidence can be defined as the
timing of an own response to coincide with a response triggered by an outside
source. Since testing this skill under filled conditions is difficult to achieve a strict
laboratory situation was chosen at the beginning (Henry and Grose, 1968).
11. 6
Morris and Burwitz (1989) found that soccer goalkeepers anticipate ball
flight while Salmela and Fiorito (1979) made similar findings for ice hockey
goaltenders. Recent studies have shown that pre-contact cues are used in
number of sports (Abernethy, 1987). Most of these studies have examined
expert novice differences in anticipation. Studies of cognitive function in the
sports of basketball (Allard et al, 1980), hockey (Starkes and Deakin, 1984) and
rugby (Nakagawa, 1982) have shown that expert perform at a higher cognitive
standard that do less experienced participants in their particular discipline. This is
due mainly to superior methods of information processing. It is not clear what
effect the exercise intensity and duration have on cognitive function during
performance in game.
The cortical pattern is the end of sensation, and it presages the beginning of
perception. The form of the spatial pattern depends on the intracortical synaptic
connections, which have been shaped through learning from past experience.
The olfactory area can only generate spatial patterns that result from
connections that were modified during experience with a limited number of
adroitness. Each mean field pattern is a construction of the cortex that is
simultaneously transmitted to both the motor area of the cortex and to the
hippocampus formation, along with the sensory driven activity pattern. However,
owing to the way in which the cortical pathways are organized, it is the mean
field construct that is effectively received by target areas, while the sensory
driven activity pattern that triggered the cortical state transition is deleted
(Freeman, 1992).
12. 7
A neural mechanism exists that keeps perceived time sufficiently close to
the flow of events in real time that actions are effective even in the course of
exceedingly rapid external flows. Existence of that mechanism was revealed by
experiments conducted by neurophysiologist. Libet (1994), when studied it in
collaboration with neurosurgeons to measure the time lapse between stimulus
and awareness. The perception of time and perception of causality have the
origin in their same intentional cycle that produces goal directed actions that
accompanied by preference, attention and learning from the perceived
consequences of acting. Therefore the perception of time and causality are
inextricably linked.
On such a background in this present study, it was decided to incorporate
evaluation of the level of cortical activation as a supportive document of
perceptual efficiency and cognitive competence, which would facilitate in
accuracy of anticipation required in the game of tennis.
OBJECTIVES
1. To judge the level of anticipation in tennis players.
2. To study the level of CFF in tennis players.
3. To estimate the impact of CFF if any on the level of anticipation in tennis
players.
14. 9
METHODOLOGY
SUBJECTS
20 tennis players of Bangladesh Krira Sikhha Prathistan (BKSP) in the age
range of 13-16 yr.s, with a mean age of 14.82 yr.s and SD of 1.91 yr.s were
volunteered. They were the students of class VII to XI. All the players were
categorized into two experimental groups and each group consisted of 10
subjects (Gr. A and Gr. B). The subjects of Gr. A comprised of high performer
tennis players and Gr. B comprised of low performer tennis players. They were
recognized as high performer and low performer according to their coaches. All
the players having three to six years training experience according to their age.
MATERIALS
1. Flicker Fusion Apparatus (CFF) (12021) (Lafayette Instrument, USA).
2. Bassin Anticipation Timer (BAT) (50575) (Lafayette Instrument, USA).
15. 10
MEASURES
The Flicker Fusion Apparatus was used to measure the cortical arousal
level of the subjects through visual ability and the Bassin Anticipation Timer was
used to assess the level of anticipation in the subjects.
RATIONALITY
One of the finest aspects of human cognition that helps in sports behavior
is anticipation. It is the predicted value of subtle change in stimuli based on
certain assumptions with respect to changes in the spatial characteristics of the
physical existence of the stimuli. As for example, in case of visual anticipation
(what we do most of the time in our game situations) an individual athlete needs
to carry out extremely narrow attentional focus to concentrate accurately onto
the source of the stimulus in concern and to predictably relate to the gradual
changes in spatial existence of the stimulus toward the ultimate goal of reaction.
In these the players requires to accurately identify with the intensity and
directional changed in the stimulus and again he or she required to predict
accurately the corresponding spatial changes in the stimulus in that the players
on almost predictably locate and/or follow even the finest changes in the location
of stimulus.
Hence, it becomes more important for the behavioral researchers to
identify with the patterns of cues related to the shuttle changes in physical
existence of the stimulus, so that those cues in turn would help in predicting the
probable changes in the stimulus in the newer future, that might have been
16. 11
caused by the opponent players on or by any natural opposing factors such as,
flow of air humidity ground condition, external temperature.
Thus one of the most important basic components of anticipation, which
could be objectively identified, is the possibility of predictable behavioral
changes. It is the earnest task offer player to predict future direction and
intensity of the movement, of an opponent based on assumptions already
prepared in the cognitive schema of that player. That is the cognitive task of
accommodation the newer visual cues with respect to the older ones, so that it
does not create much of disequilibrium/ dissonance to delay the appraisal of the
spartial character of the stimulus and to optimize the predictability of the future
movement direction and intensity of the stimulus on the basis of that cognitive
schema.
Now the question comes whether these anticipatory cue utilization in the
field correspond to that in the laboratory condition? From a Lagnaris point of
view it is quite absurd to relate the both in same platform. Not only that for
majority of sports trainer’s players, sports organize and event for a large number
of sports science students it seems an issue of critical concern. But for the
experimental sports psychologists or sports science researchers, this question
however inspires the quest for similarity competitive or field
Stuations with the appropriate changes brought in to the laboratory
conditions. Some time it is quite possibility setting of a unique experimental
paradigm in which the extraneous or erroneous variables would be aptly
17. 12
controlled by applying systematic rigorous methodology (Chattopadhyay et al,
1994). This is of much importance for no assessment of real time mental set up
during competitive performance is possible and at this on test it is the customary
practice to carry out simulated laboratory experiments to optimize conceptually
what happens in the minds of players during competitions.
18. 13
PARADIGM OF EXPERIMENT
SET-A
Basal assessment of cortical activation was done using two-flash threshold
(Critical flicker threshold 100 Hz. /sec.) to obtain the status of phasic level of
CNS arousal before any stimulus induction, and thereby ascertaining the changes
in cortical level (inhibition or activation) in consequence of alteration in
perceptual level of the subjects (two trials were given to obtain the basal
arousal).
SET-B
PHASE –I (Assessment of Cortical activation was measured followed by
assessment of Anticipation with lower level of stimulus speed)
VARIABLES ANTICIPATION (BAT) CFF
SPECIFIC
STIMULATION
MPH - 10
100 Hz./sec.
NO.OF TRIALS 8 4
SET-C
PHASE –II (Assessment of Cortical activation was measured followed by
assessment of Anticipation with higher level of stimulus speed)
VARIABLES ANTICIPATION (BAT) CFF
SPECIFIC
STIMULATION
MPH - 60
100 Hz./sec.
NO.OF TRIALS 8 4
This paradigm was followed to the all of the tennis players.
STANDARD METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
19. 14
Flicker Fusion Apparatus:
The processor unit of CFF apparatus was connected with 220 volts AC
connector. The external initiator cord was attached with the processor and the
response switch was attached with the subjects unit, i.e., viewing panel of the
instrument. There after the power switch was put on; and the luminance range;
descending order; stimulus power, and sweep (flicker rate) were set by the
experimenter. Proper instructions were given to the subjects.
Bassin Anticipation Apparatus:
Keep the instrument ready for use as per the instructions of the manual.
Warning signal time (ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 sec.s) and Runway light –speed (1
MPH to 999 MPH) should be adjusted according to the need. Digital clock ranges
from 0.001 to 9.999 seconds. To the stationary visual field (0-20 degree) the
subject sits at the end of the instrument. The responses of the subjects are
contingent upon the runway speed and the accuracy in anticipation is judged as
the index of high performance.
PROCEDURE
All the subjects were brought to the department of sport psychology of
BKSP for the data purpose of collection of data for the experiment. In the
beginning they were given proper instructions with regard to the standard
20. 15
method of administration and the purpose of the experiment. They were also
kept aware of their role in the experiment. At first they were assessed with the
phasic assessment of basal CNS arousal using two-flash threshold (Critical flicker
threshold). Thereafter data was taken employing BAT for assessment of the level
of anticipation using slower stimulation (i.e., lower level of stimulus speed- MPH-
10) following standard method of administration. They were given eight trials
and data were collected and kept documented for the final analysis of data.
Thereafter once again CFF (flicker rate- 100 Hz. /sec.- , four trials were given)
was assessed to ascertain, whether anticipation task had induced any alteration
in cortical level. Thereafter in phase- II of experiment they were assessed with
BAT for assessment of the level of anticipation using slower stimulation (i.e.,
higher level of stimulus speed- MPH- 60) following standard method of
administration. They were given eight trials and data were collected and kept
documented for the final analysis of data. Similar to that of the Phase of I once
again CFF (flicker rate- 100 Hz. /sec.) was assessed to ascertain, whether
anticipation task had induced any alteration in cortical level, (i.e., inhibition or
activation). Here, four trials were given to all of the subjects.
INSTRUCTIONS
Instruction for critical flicker fusion test:
“Please sit here comfortably and put your eyes within the hole of the
viewing panel of this instrument. Touch the thumb of your right hand on to the
switch of the instrument. We are going to assess your ability to visualize
21. 16
something. At first at the ‘start’ signal you will see two white flashing lights.
Gradually they will start to flicker and your task will be to let us know right at the
point, where you saw it to flicker first by pressing the key at once. This will
happen for few times. If you face any problem during the course of experiment,
please let me know immediately”.
Instruction for anticipation test:
“Please come here and stay calm. Here you can see an instrument. It is
called as Bassin Anticipation Timer. It measures some very important
psychological factors related to high performance in sports. Your task is simple.
You have to listen to my instructions very carefully. Here you hold on this key.
Look there you can see a yellow light? I’ll give you a ready signal, and thereafter
you’ll see the yellow light glowing for a few seconds, and then some red lights
will be glowing intermittently following this path very rapidly. It will seem like the
red lights are running towards you. Now, your task is to press the key just on
dot, when you’ll see the last of the red lights glows at the end and passes by.
Your task actually is to do that as simultaneously as possible so that, you can’t
be late to respond or you don’t press earlier than the arrival of the red light at
that end-point. I hope you could understand to what I said. Let’s try for some
times to see whether you could understand your task correctly. This will happen
for few times. If you face any problem during the course of experiment, please
let me know immediately”.
22. 17
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Descriptive statistics i.e. measure of central tendency – mean (M),
measures of variability – standard deviation (SD) and Spearman’s rank difference
coefficient correlation (p) were computed for analysis of the data.
24. 19
RESULTS
Descriptive statistical treatment (M and SD) was done to all the obtained
data. Then correlation coefficient (p) by the spearman’s rank-difference
correlation method was done to ascertain whether there exists any relationship
between two variables (CFF and BAT). From the obtained results it is clear that
there is a significant negative correlation between CFF and BAT in .05 levels
(Table-II) and .01 levels (Table-II). It indicates that increment in CFF scores
inhibited the accuracy in anticipation obtained by the BAT scores.
Table-I
N, df and critical values of the present study
N df CRITICAL VALUE
0.05 0.01
10 8 .632 .765
Table-II
Mean of the obtained basal CFF scores
Subjects Statistics Variables (CFF)
HP Mean 38.43
LP Mean 37.89
25. 20
No mean difference was observed. Hence, prior to the introduction of the
perceptual task (anticipation) the subjects of two experimental groups were on
similar status cortical activation.
Table-III
Mean (M), standard deviation (SD) and rank difference correlation
values (p) for the significant relationship between the variables of
tennis players in 10 MPH condition.
Subjects Statistics Variables
CFF BAT
HP M 39.36 L-.04
SD 3.33 .02
p -.691 *
LP M 36.05 .04
SD 4.01 L-.01
p -.702 *
* P<0.05
Table-IV
Mean (M), standard deviation (SD) and rank difference correlation
values (p) for the significant relationship between the variables of
tennis players in 60 MPH condition.
Subjects Statistics Variables
CFF BAT
HP M 44.07 L-.13
SD 4.29 .06
p -.821**
LP M 33.95 L-.21
SD 7.01 .11
p -.793**
* P<0.05
27. 22
DISCUSSION
The obtained result has depicted an encouraging nature of changes
especially with regard to the changes in the level of cortical activation. Subjects
of the present experiment were selected following purposive sampling method,
and hence it was almost understood that, majority of them wouldn’t have
significant level of pre-existing problems in cortical regulation either in the form
of inhibition or activation, that could influence their perceptual task of time
anticipation of visual stimulation.
Observed data with regard to the pre- stimulus introduction assessment of
the level of CNS arousal indicated that, there existed no difference between the
two groups of tennis players, with respect to the basal level of CNS arousal.
Thus, the result implied that, the players of the two differential groups had no
prior differences with regard to the CNS arousal. This implied that, whatever be
the future introduction of the stimuli, which could alter the perceptual level and
hence, could bring forth some alteration in the level of CNS activation in the
players. The alterations, if any, observed in the level of cortical activation, then
would be considered due to the introduction of the stimulation itself, which
caused the perceptual discrimination and resulted in the changes in the level of
cortical activation. rom the results showed in the Table-III, it is evident that the
subjects of both the groups performed almost similar to each other in scores
obtained in BAT and the data also appeared highly consistent, suggesting a
28. 23
possibility that the perceptual discriminatory task in the form of anticipation had
similar impacts on the subjects, who are accustomed to do similar type of activity
(training and playing Tennis). More so, perhaps the task was not carrying
differential levels of difficulty level to the players of the two different groups,
who are basically selected and categorized on the basis of their inherent
differences in performance in the game of Tennis.
Tennis being the game in which players are required to react to the
continuously changing direction and intensity of stimulation coming from the
visual field. As per the requirement of the game, players need to face with
continually changing perceptual tasks. This happens, since the velocity and the
direction of the balls coming from the opponent player’s return are essentially
unpredictable in nature, and hence, the player requires focusing onto some
specific cues, that he/she can identify from the opponent player’s movements,
playing style etc. Players vary in this specific capacity in focusing onto the
relevant cues with respect to the opponent the player. Thereafter the question of
identification of the specific cues, leading toward the prediction of the movement
and subsequent placing of returns or placing of services from the opponent,
arises. Once this identification is done, here comes the question of assessment
of the velocity and exact direction of the returns from the opponents, and the
task itself refers to assessment of the probable time the ball would lapse to
reach. This perceptual discriminatory task is termed anticipation of time with
regard to the specific visual stimulation. Hence, it is obvious that the players who
29. 24
are better able to judge this time lapse in match condition would have more time
to shift his or her position to react upon the ball as accurately as possible by
placing an appropriate return to the opponent. This ability to anticipate in the
field situation is simulated in the laboratory situation depending on the accuracy
of the experimental setting. The assessment of anticipation time incorporating
Bassin Anticipation timer provides the experimenter with the information
concerning the index subjects, with regard to their ability to anticipate the
probable time lapse in occurrence of the stimulation in concern.
Hence, it is clear that the whole process of anticipation of time requires a
lot of sensory processing, requiring high level of integrated activation of the
ascending reticular tract. An over-burden in ascending reticular system would
lead to delay in processing and hence, would be the delayed anticipation, and a
delayed anticipation would end up in a wholesome misinterpretation of the
perceptual situation involved in the game. Contrary to that, a faster sensory
information processing might lead to a better anticipation and availability of
adequate time to react upon the situation in the form of better and accurate
returns in the game of Tennis. Thus, it is obvious that the individuals having
better ability to anticipate time would have better cortical integration leading
toward faster and better information processing, and the success in sports
performance in consequence.
30. 25
Results from the Table- III also suggest the justification of the notion
concerning relation between the two above-mentioned processes. Like it
happened with assessment of BAT, the two groups had more or less similarity in
the level of CNS basal arousal too, with the score of the LPs, lower than that of
their high performer counterparts. The most interesting feature of the Table-III
is the observed correlation between the level of cortical activation and the level
of anticipation. The significant relationship between the two variables, suggest
that there exist relationship between the level of CNS activation and perceptual
discrimination. Moreover, the negative relationship indicated that the shorter was
the anticipatory time the more was level of CNS activation. This actually implied
that the accuracy in anticipation was influenced by the heightened cortical
activation. Actually heightened cortical activation perhaps facilitated in the faster
sensory information processing in the ascending reticular activation system,
leading to accurate anticipation and that might have helped the high performers
in judgement of the reactions of the opponent players. Not only that, the faster
anticipation and faster sensory information processing would lead to a better
assumption concerning the movement and the directions and intensity of the
returns of the opponent as accurately as possible. Most essentially those are the
special abilities of the superior quality of players.
Since, the anticipatory task in set-I was only involving perceptual
discrimination of visual stimulation coming with a slower, speed and the players
of both the groups were accustomed to respond to reactions from opponents
31. 26
having much faster pace, none of the subjects had faced any problem with
regard to anticipating the stimuli accurately. This being the reason, it is observed
that assessment of CFF followed by the assessment of anticipation task, didn’t
cause much significant alteration in the level of CNS arousal, as compared to that
of the basal pre-existing level, assessed by employing CFF measures (Table-II).
Further to add, the relationship between scores obtained on CFF and BAT being
negative, it is proved that the subjects having higher level of cortical integration
could anticipate more accurately and thereby took shortest delay in anticipating
visual stimuli.
The relatively difficult or challenging perceptual situations would lead to
some problems concerning adequate and faster sensory processing, and hence
would lead to difficulty in anticipation of the occurrence of stimulation. Though
this alteration in intensity of the stimulation is a regular feature in actual playing
situation, a lot of the players can’t adopt to those changes readily, and that’s
why they fall back and are considered as low level performers. But, this inability
or lack of ability in processing stimulation could result in extreme level of cortical
crisis in the players in concern. The results of Set- C of the experiment (Table-
IV), prove that the players of the low performer group had faced problems in
anticipating, and that’s why they had much delayed and inconsistent anticipation,
as compared to their high performer counterparts. Not only that, majority of the
HPs were found to be able to anticipate the challenging task of anticipating the
faster visual stimulation (60 MPH), as accurately as possible and as fast as well,
32. 27
and that’s why the score obtained from them appeared so consistent. Now, the
question comes what different happened to these players, as compared to the
others (LPs), which might have helped them to perform better during
assessment of BAT, and/or this might be a regular feature of these players. The
scores obtained by those HPs in CFF, prove that they had a high level of cortical
integration compared not only to the LPs, but also to their own basal Level of
cortical activation. Hence, it could be assumed that, there happened an
increment in the level of cortical activation, either leading toward disintegration
or integration in the CNS adaptation process. Since there is a marked
improvement in CFF scores as compared to the basal score of CFF observed in
the HPs, it could be postulated that, the cortical activation reflected better CNS
regulation in them. This finding got further support, hence a high correlation
between the scores obtained on CFF and BAT (60-MPH), indicated that
performance of BAT with higher intensity of visual stimulation didn’t cause any
problem in the level of cortical activation. More so, the evidences of relationships
between these two processes also depicted that, at least in HPs performance of
BAT was influenced by the heightened level of CNS regulation, which might be
well defined as higher-order cortical integration. Again, it might be postulated
from the observed relationship that, a better performance in anticipation of
visual stimulation didn’t put much pressure on the cortical arousal regulation
system, leading to any inhibition. Thus, it appeared clear that the better accuracy
in anticipation was aptly facilitated by improved cortical competence, and vice
versa.
33. 28
The cortical competence in LPs also found to facilitate in performance in
BAT. A minute scrutiny of the data indicated that the high performance in BAT
(i.e., faster BAT) was related to higher CFF scores. Thus, it might be postulated
from the observed finding that the higher-order cortical activation in the form of
better cortical integration probably helped in faster sensory processing of
stimulation and thereby might have resulted in faster anticipation of visual
stimulation in the players of both the groups, and, since the cortical regulation
and the level of sensory processing is better in the high performer players, they
could benefit most from that, as compared to their low-performer counterparts.
35. 30
CONCLUSIONS
1. High performer tennis players are better able to anticipate accurately,
particularly during more difficult anticipatory activities as compared to the
low performers.
2. The level of critical flicker fusion ability of the high performer tennis
players are better than the low performer tennis players.
3. Critical flicker fusion ability has positive impact on anticipatory
performance in both high and low performer tennis players.
36. 31
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