This presentation was presented in the 1st international conference on gender Issues by UMT Lahore.

1. DOES GENDER INEQUALITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION ASSOCIATED TO SOCIAL
ANXIETY DISORDER AND SCHIZOPHRENIA?
By Hina Jalal
Ph.D. scholar
Department of Education
Government College University, Faisalabad.

2. GENDER INEQUALITY, SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER, AND SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Gender inequality acknowledges that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an
individual's lived experience. These differences arise from distinctions in biology,
psychology, and cultural norms.
• Social anxiety disorder (also called social phobia) is a mental health condition. It is an intense,
persistent fear of being watched and judged by others. This fear can affect work, school, and your other
day-to-day activities.
• Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and
behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality.
5/25/2019HINA JALAL PHD SCHOLAR GCUF.

3.  World economic forum (2018) expressed that women in Pakistan are registered setback in three
major areas as education, political, and health, representations.
 Global Gender Gap Index Report 2018 released by World Economic Forum (WEF), Pakistan has
been placed 148 out of 149 countries -the second worst country regarding gender equality in the
world.
 In just 2 years, Pakistan’s statistics for mental illness increased from 10% to 34%.
 24 million people worldwide with more than 50% of these not receiving appropriate care and out
of 90% of these reside in developing countries, Pakistan being one of them.
5/25/2019HINA JALAL PHD SCHOLAR GCUF.

4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND QUESTION
• The major objective of current study was to investigate the nexus among gender
differences, social anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia. In this study, the researcher viewed
to explain to what extent gender inequality associates and influences the orientations of
social anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia.
• To what extent gender inequality associated to social anxiety disorders, and
schizophrenia?
5/25/2019HINA JALAL PHD SCHOLAR GCUF.

5. METHODOLOGY
• Descriptive
• Quantitative
Survey
• Self-made questionnaire
• Social Interaction Anxiety Scale
(SIAS)
• Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
(LSAS)
questionnaire
• Twelve-hundred female students
• Public universities
• Only high rated sample on
schizophrenia scale were
included (n = 371)
Sample
5/25/2019HINA JALAL PHD SCHOLAR GCUF.

6. INSTRUMENTS
Scales Self-made
questionnaire
Schizotypal Personality
Questionnaire-Brief Revised
(SPQ-BR ) by Cohen and Najolia
(2010)
Social Anxiety
Scale (LSAS)
developed by
Liebowitz (1987
Factors 1. Influence of family (3),
2. Influence of Social
constraints (5),
3. Influence of religious
orientations (4).
1. Ideas of reference/
suspiciousness (6),
2. No close friends/ constricted
affect (6),
3. Eccentric behavior (4),
4. Social anxiety (4),
5. Magical thinking (4),
6. Odd speech (4),
7. Unusual perceptions (4).
1. Performance
anxiety (13)
2. Social situations
(11)
Items 12 32
Chronbach’s α .7 .9
Scoring Above average Mean .3 High rated Cut point 90
5/25/2019HINA JALAL PHD SCHOLAR GCUF.

7. RESULTS
Gender Inequality Social Anxiety Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder .502**
Schizophrenia .364** .165
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
5/25/2019HINA JALAL PHD SCHOLAR GCUF.

8. RESULTS (CONT.)
5/25/2019HINA JALAL PHD SCHOLAR GCUF.

9. RESULTS (CONT.)
Variables Mean SD t d
Social Anxiety
Disorder
3.51 0.523
3.789
0.91
Schizophrenic 2.95 0.355 0.27
5/25/2019HINA JALAL PHD SCHOLAR GCUF.

10. CONCLUSION
• The results contribute towards understandings with religious orientations and socio-cultural norms set
by the society, which are practically influence gender parity.
• These results suggest that experiences of gender discrimination may still activate negative coping
strategies involving with social anxiety disorder more than schizophrenia.
• Support the integration of efforts on critical aspects of the gender equality agenda by facilitating
dialogue and collaboration between feminist faith actors and diverse constituencies, and by creating
opportunities for global, regional, and national secular-faith collaboration.
5/25/2019HINA JALAL PHD SCHOLAR GCUF.