This document summarizes recent research on Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL). Lexicostatistical analysis shows that HSL has developed independently as a language isolate, with only 12-27% cognates when compared to other sign languages. There are currently estimated to be 40 fluent HSL users, though 75% use a creolized form mixing HSL and ASL. HSL has distinct phonological characteristics including extensive use of non-manual markers and subtle movement differences. Morphologically, handshapes indicate semantic categories like size, shape, and handling. Syntax follows a basic SOV word order, though conversational signing can include code-switching and variation. Ongoing documentation aims to further document and preserve HSL
The document discusses various topics related to language variation and speech communities, including different dialects of Middle English defined by geography, the concept of a speech community, and sociolinguist William Labov's studies of linguistic variables and their correlation with social class through observational research conducted in department stores in New York City. It also provides examples of different dialects and examines the relationship between social class and linguistic variation.
This document discusses language in Pakistan. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. It then provides details on the demographics of languages spoken in Pakistan, including that Urdu is the national language but is only spoken natively by 7% of the population. Several other languages have over 1 million speakers each. It also discusses the role of English and Urdu in education and government. The conclusion recognizes the complex issues around language in Pakistan's social and educational environments. Support for early education in children's home languages and developing a national language policy are recommended.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and how humans acquire, use, and understand it. Linguists investigate topics like language structure, sound systems, grammar rules, how language varies between groups and regions, and how people unconsciously learn the rules of their native language from a young age. As a linguistics major, students study subfields like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and how language changes over time or is used in social contexts. This allows them to gain skills in analytical reasoning and problem solving that can be applied in careers like teaching, speech therapy, publishing, translating, language documentation, computer programming, and more. Many linguistics majors also pursue graduate degrees in fields like lingu
Pakistan has several dialects that are variations of languages used by different regions and social groups. The national language is Urdu, which has four main dialects: Dakhani, Rekhta, Modern Vernacular Urdu, and Pakistani dialect. Other prominent languages include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, and Balochi, which are the provincial languages. Additionally, regional dialects such as Kashmiri, Brahui, Hindko, Shina, and Saraiki are spoken in different areas of Pakistan. English was previously an official language but the government announced plans to make Urdu the sole official language.
Children begin acquiring sociolinguistic competence at a young age. Studies have found that preschool-aged children between 3-5 years old already demonstrate sensitivity to social factors like formality of context and social class in their variable linguistic productions, similar to adults. They also show mastery of phonological constraints on variation found in the adult grammar of their community. However, children's acquisition of stylistic variation continues to develop into middle childhood.
A Descriptive Study of Standard Dialect and Western Dialect of Odia Language ...ijtsrd
Language is a unique blessing to human beings. Human beings are bestowed with the faculty of language from very primitive age. Language makes human beings social and in a society human beings communicate with the help of language. Odia is one among the constitutionally approved language of India. Odisha is situated in the eastern part of India. Presently, this state has thirty districts. Odisha is bound to the north by the state Jharkhand, to the northeast by the state West Bengal, to the east by the Bay of Bengal, to the south by the state Andhra Pradesh, and to the west by the state Chhattisgarh. The languages used by the neighboring states have a lot of influence on Odia language. In this present study a modest attempt has been made to high light the differences between Standard Odia and Western Odia dialects. Various linguistic items used by the western Odia dialect users have marked differences compared to the standard Odia. The study has been done to delve into the phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic features of both Standard Odia and Western Odia. Secondly, for ease of understanding some amount of discussion has been made on the existing literature on language and its variety in general. As spoken form is the primary form of any language, data have been collected from the informants' conversation for analysis. Debiprasad Pany "A Descriptive Study of Standard Dialect and Western Dialect of Odia Language in Terms of Linguistic Items" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/odia/29632/a-descriptive-study-of-standard-dialect-and-western-dialect-of-odia-language-in-terms-of-linguistic-items/debiprasad-pany
The document provides guidance for teachers on supporting English language learners. It discusses the importance of understanding students' cultures, recognizing signs of culture shock, using WIDA standards to differentiate instruction based on language proficiency levels, and employing strategies like pre-teaching vocabulary, simplifying materials, and collaborating with ESL professionals. The overall message is that culturally responsive teaching is key to helping English language learners succeed academically.
An engaging workshop intended to showcase community efforts to implement LGR Procedure for current and potential Generation Panel members. The workshop will also discuss how Generation Panels of related scripts should coordinate with each other going forward.
The document discusses various topics related to language variation and speech communities, including different dialects of Middle English defined by geography, the concept of a speech community, and sociolinguist William Labov's studies of linguistic variables and their correlation with social class through observational research conducted in department stores in New York City. It also provides examples of different dialects and examines the relationship between social class and linguistic variation.
This document discusses language in Pakistan. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. It then provides details on the demographics of languages spoken in Pakistan, including that Urdu is the national language but is only spoken natively by 7% of the population. Several other languages have over 1 million speakers each. It also discusses the role of English and Urdu in education and government. The conclusion recognizes the complex issues around language in Pakistan's social and educational environments. Support for early education in children's home languages and developing a national language policy are recommended.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and how humans acquire, use, and understand it. Linguists investigate topics like language structure, sound systems, grammar rules, how language varies between groups and regions, and how people unconsciously learn the rules of their native language from a young age. As a linguistics major, students study subfields like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and how language changes over time or is used in social contexts. This allows them to gain skills in analytical reasoning and problem solving that can be applied in careers like teaching, speech therapy, publishing, translating, language documentation, computer programming, and more. Many linguistics majors also pursue graduate degrees in fields like lingu
Pakistan has several dialects that are variations of languages used by different regions and social groups. The national language is Urdu, which has four main dialects: Dakhani, Rekhta, Modern Vernacular Urdu, and Pakistani dialect. Other prominent languages include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, and Balochi, which are the provincial languages. Additionally, regional dialects such as Kashmiri, Brahui, Hindko, Shina, and Saraiki are spoken in different areas of Pakistan. English was previously an official language but the government announced plans to make Urdu the sole official language.
Children begin acquiring sociolinguistic competence at a young age. Studies have found that preschool-aged children between 3-5 years old already demonstrate sensitivity to social factors like formality of context and social class in their variable linguistic productions, similar to adults. They also show mastery of phonological constraints on variation found in the adult grammar of their community. However, children's acquisition of stylistic variation continues to develop into middle childhood.
A Descriptive Study of Standard Dialect and Western Dialect of Odia Language ...ijtsrd
Language is a unique blessing to human beings. Human beings are bestowed with the faculty of language from very primitive age. Language makes human beings social and in a society human beings communicate with the help of language. Odia is one among the constitutionally approved language of India. Odisha is situated in the eastern part of India. Presently, this state has thirty districts. Odisha is bound to the north by the state Jharkhand, to the northeast by the state West Bengal, to the east by the Bay of Bengal, to the south by the state Andhra Pradesh, and to the west by the state Chhattisgarh. The languages used by the neighboring states have a lot of influence on Odia language. In this present study a modest attempt has been made to high light the differences between Standard Odia and Western Odia dialects. Various linguistic items used by the western Odia dialect users have marked differences compared to the standard Odia. The study has been done to delve into the phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic features of both Standard Odia and Western Odia. Secondly, for ease of understanding some amount of discussion has been made on the existing literature on language and its variety in general. As spoken form is the primary form of any language, data have been collected from the informants' conversation for analysis. Debiprasad Pany "A Descriptive Study of Standard Dialect and Western Dialect of Odia Language in Terms of Linguistic Items" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/odia/29632/a-descriptive-study-of-standard-dialect-and-western-dialect-of-odia-language-in-terms-of-linguistic-items/debiprasad-pany
The document provides guidance for teachers on supporting English language learners. It discusses the importance of understanding students' cultures, recognizing signs of culture shock, using WIDA standards to differentiate instruction based on language proficiency levels, and employing strategies like pre-teaching vocabulary, simplifying materials, and collaborating with ESL professionals. The overall message is that culturally responsive teaching is key to helping English language learners succeed academically.
An engaging workshop intended to showcase community efforts to implement LGR Procedure for current and potential Generation Panel members. The workshop will also discuss how Generation Panels of related scripts should coordinate with each other going forward.
Este documento presenta 9 preguntas de química para un examen de 1er año de bachillerato. Las preguntas cubren temas como cálculos de masa, moles, rendimiento de reacciones químicas, preparación de disoluciones de diferentes concentraciones y molaridades a partir de ácidos concentrados, y reacciones químicas de disolución de plata bromuro.
The document provides details about the inaugural EY Veteran Entrepreneur Academy (VEA) held on May 29-30, 2015. It thanks attendees for their participation and hopes they benefited from the knowledge and networking. The agenda outlines presentations and speakers on topics like communications, culture in veteran-owned companies, negotiations, access to capital, intellectual property, and preparing for strategic growth. Brief biographies are provided for several class of 2015 participants and their veteran-owned businesses.
La educación especial enfrenta desafíos como la falta de lineamientos claros sobre su organización y funcionamiento, su posición incierto dentro del organigrama educativo de los estados, y recursos insuficientes como personal, financiación y materiales. Estos factores explican la situación actual de la educación especial y su integración dentro del sistema educativo regular.
This document provides instructions for installing WebLogic components, including uninstalling RCU.bat to drop schemas, transferring installation files for WebLogic, SOA, and OSB, installing those components and RCU to create schemas, configuring the WebLogic domain, creating a boot.properties file, starting the server, and running commands.
consumers trends (volume 8 of the mega-trend reports) FLAVEN Genevieve
Chaos overwhelms our daily life, destroying ways of thinking and forming new ones. New ways of life, new relationships, new values and new attitudes have all materialized thanks to chaos.
-A new form of sociability is forming
-A new observation shows us changing our self awareness
-A new ecology is emerging
Interested to know how society, the individual and the environment have changed significantly?
The edition of MEGA-TREND No 8 ‘Inner Outer Worlds’ (published in 2007) delivers innovative concepts, fresh ideas and real-life scenarios. (still valid in 2010)
Este documento presenta un manual de instrucciones para Microsoft Word 2013 a nivel intermedio. Explica cómo trabajar con estilos de texto, crear y actualizar tablas de contenido e índices, insertar encabezados, pies de página y números de página, dividir documentos en secciones y otras funciones avanzadas de Word. El manual fue creado por el Prof. Edwin E. González Carril de la Universidad de Puerto Rico en Aguadilla para propósitos educativos.
The document discusses best practices for using location-based technologies like beacons in retail. It describes how Point Inside helps retailers implement these solutions by providing tools to digitize floor plans, deploy beacons, and monitor their performance. It also presents a case study of how Nebraska Furniture Mart used Point Inside's platform to implement beacons and mobile wayfinding across their large Texas stores, resulting in increased traffic, revenue, and sales.
This document contains personal and employment information for Robert David Deeble, including his name, date of birth, address, qualifications, work history, duties in various roles, and references. It details that he has over 20 years of experience in refractory installation and demolition across various industries like petrochemicals, glass, and metals manufacturing. His work history includes positions from Bricklayer to Refractory Supervisor at companies in South Africa and Nigeria.
International Sign as Translingual PracticeMobileDeaf
1. The document discusses International Sign (IS), a linguistic phenomenon where deaf people from different countries use a shared sign language for communication. IS draws on a diverse semiotic repertoire that includes signs from various signed languages, gestures, depictions, and mouthings.
2. Users evaluate which elements of the repertoire to incorporate based on factors like availability, accessibility, language ideologies, and politics. This results in tension between an ideal of IS as a highly visual language and the practical use of easier resources like established signs and mouthings.
3. The study is based on observations and interviews at deaf educational events where IS is used, finding that users blend resources creatively but also make choices that can privilege some languages or
This document provides an overview of the LCRT 5810: Workshop in Language Development & Acquisition course. It introduces the professor, Sherry Taylor, and gives details about the course sessions, readings, assignments, and expectations. The hybrid course consists of both in-person and online class sessions over the semester. It aims to examine language development and acquisition in relation to literacy development through a case study analysis where students will collect and analyze language samples. The required texts are Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Education and Ways With Words, and additional readings are available online.
The document discusses various topics related to language variation and speech communities, including different dialects of Middle English defined by region, the concept of a speech community, and sociolinguist William Labov's studies of linguistic variables and their correlation with social class through observational research conducted in department stores in New York City. It also provides examples of different dialects and examines the relationship between social class and linguistic variation.
This document provides resources and strategies for teaching English as an additional language. It includes links to websites with information on differentiation strategies, assessment, games, and resources for new English learners. Some key strategies mentioned are using visuals, modeling, scaffolding, grouping students by ability, and providing leveled texts. The document also discusses the cognitive neuroscience of second language acquisition, including the brain regions involved and how individual differences impact language learning. Finally, it provides examples of British English words and phrases for students to learn. The overall purpose is to support teachers in helping English language learners progress quickly and achieve their full potential.
This document provides strategies for improving historical writing for reluctant writers. It discusses ways to scaffold instruction, such as using word banks, sentence frames, chunking assignments, graphic organizers, and modeling. Specific strategies are outlined, including creating teacher-made and collaborative word banks. Sentence frames are presented as a way to structure writing using a noun plus subject formula. Chunking assignments into smaller portions is suggested to avoid overwhelming reluctant writers. Graphic organizers are recommended to help transition students from organizers to actual writing. Tableaus and modeling are presented as ways to make connections to writing and increase engagement. Self-regulated strategy development and creating positive attitudes toward writing are also briefly discussed. Contact information is provided at the end.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 5 of the 14th edition of the book "Looking Out/Looking In" on the subject of language. The chapter discusses how language is symbolic rather than directly reflective of reality, how misunderstandings can occur due to ambiguity and abstraction in language, and how language influences identity, social relationships, and power dynamics. It also explores differences in language usage across gender and culture.
Effective communication & presentationNirooj Fidin
Some tips and tricks on how to give a presentation and communicate effectively. If you like it and find it helpful, please share. Also, comment below and let me know your thoughts.
Este documento presenta 9 preguntas de química para un examen de 1er año de bachillerato. Las preguntas cubren temas como cálculos de masa, moles, rendimiento de reacciones químicas, preparación de disoluciones de diferentes concentraciones y molaridades a partir de ácidos concentrados, y reacciones químicas de disolución de plata bromuro.
The document provides details about the inaugural EY Veteran Entrepreneur Academy (VEA) held on May 29-30, 2015. It thanks attendees for their participation and hopes they benefited from the knowledge and networking. The agenda outlines presentations and speakers on topics like communications, culture in veteran-owned companies, negotiations, access to capital, intellectual property, and preparing for strategic growth. Brief biographies are provided for several class of 2015 participants and their veteran-owned businesses.
La educación especial enfrenta desafíos como la falta de lineamientos claros sobre su organización y funcionamiento, su posición incierto dentro del organigrama educativo de los estados, y recursos insuficientes como personal, financiación y materiales. Estos factores explican la situación actual de la educación especial y su integración dentro del sistema educativo regular.
This document provides instructions for installing WebLogic components, including uninstalling RCU.bat to drop schemas, transferring installation files for WebLogic, SOA, and OSB, installing those components and RCU to create schemas, configuring the WebLogic domain, creating a boot.properties file, starting the server, and running commands.
consumers trends (volume 8 of the mega-trend reports) FLAVEN Genevieve
Chaos overwhelms our daily life, destroying ways of thinking and forming new ones. New ways of life, new relationships, new values and new attitudes have all materialized thanks to chaos.
-A new form of sociability is forming
-A new observation shows us changing our self awareness
-A new ecology is emerging
Interested to know how society, the individual and the environment have changed significantly?
The edition of MEGA-TREND No 8 ‘Inner Outer Worlds’ (published in 2007) delivers innovative concepts, fresh ideas and real-life scenarios. (still valid in 2010)
Este documento presenta un manual de instrucciones para Microsoft Word 2013 a nivel intermedio. Explica cómo trabajar con estilos de texto, crear y actualizar tablas de contenido e índices, insertar encabezados, pies de página y números de página, dividir documentos en secciones y otras funciones avanzadas de Word. El manual fue creado por el Prof. Edwin E. González Carril de la Universidad de Puerto Rico en Aguadilla para propósitos educativos.
The document discusses best practices for using location-based technologies like beacons in retail. It describes how Point Inside helps retailers implement these solutions by providing tools to digitize floor plans, deploy beacons, and monitor their performance. It also presents a case study of how Nebraska Furniture Mart used Point Inside's platform to implement beacons and mobile wayfinding across their large Texas stores, resulting in increased traffic, revenue, and sales.
This document contains personal and employment information for Robert David Deeble, including his name, date of birth, address, qualifications, work history, duties in various roles, and references. It details that he has over 20 years of experience in refractory installation and demolition across various industries like petrochemicals, glass, and metals manufacturing. His work history includes positions from Bricklayer to Refractory Supervisor at companies in South Africa and Nigeria.
International Sign as Translingual PracticeMobileDeaf
1. The document discusses International Sign (IS), a linguistic phenomenon where deaf people from different countries use a shared sign language for communication. IS draws on a diverse semiotic repertoire that includes signs from various signed languages, gestures, depictions, and mouthings.
2. Users evaluate which elements of the repertoire to incorporate based on factors like availability, accessibility, language ideologies, and politics. This results in tension between an ideal of IS as a highly visual language and the practical use of easier resources like established signs and mouthings.
3. The study is based on observations and interviews at deaf educational events where IS is used, finding that users blend resources creatively but also make choices that can privilege some languages or
This document provides an overview of the LCRT 5810: Workshop in Language Development & Acquisition course. It introduces the professor, Sherry Taylor, and gives details about the course sessions, readings, assignments, and expectations. The hybrid course consists of both in-person and online class sessions over the semester. It aims to examine language development and acquisition in relation to literacy development through a case study analysis where students will collect and analyze language samples. The required texts are Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Education and Ways With Words, and additional readings are available online.
The document discusses various topics related to language variation and speech communities, including different dialects of Middle English defined by region, the concept of a speech community, and sociolinguist William Labov's studies of linguistic variables and their correlation with social class through observational research conducted in department stores in New York City. It also provides examples of different dialects and examines the relationship between social class and linguistic variation.
This document provides resources and strategies for teaching English as an additional language. It includes links to websites with information on differentiation strategies, assessment, games, and resources for new English learners. Some key strategies mentioned are using visuals, modeling, scaffolding, grouping students by ability, and providing leveled texts. The document also discusses the cognitive neuroscience of second language acquisition, including the brain regions involved and how individual differences impact language learning. Finally, it provides examples of British English words and phrases for students to learn. The overall purpose is to support teachers in helping English language learners progress quickly and achieve their full potential.
This document provides strategies for improving historical writing for reluctant writers. It discusses ways to scaffold instruction, such as using word banks, sentence frames, chunking assignments, graphic organizers, and modeling. Specific strategies are outlined, including creating teacher-made and collaborative word banks. Sentence frames are presented as a way to structure writing using a noun plus subject formula. Chunking assignments into smaller portions is suggested to avoid overwhelming reluctant writers. Graphic organizers are recommended to help transition students from organizers to actual writing. Tableaus and modeling are presented as ways to make connections to writing and increase engagement. Self-regulated strategy development and creating positive attitudes toward writing are also briefly discussed. Contact information is provided at the end.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 5 of the 14th edition of the book "Looking Out/Looking In" on the subject of language. The chapter discusses how language is symbolic rather than directly reflective of reality, how misunderstandings can occur due to ambiguity and abstraction in language, and how language influences identity, social relationships, and power dynamics. It also explores differences in language usage across gender and culture.
Effective communication & presentationNirooj Fidin
Some tips and tricks on how to give a presentation and communicate effectively. If you like it and find it helpful, please share. Also, comment below and let me know your thoughts.
This document discusses considerations for assessing bilingual students. It defines key terms like L1, L2, simultaneous vs sequential bilingualism. Distinguishing disorders from typical development is challenging in bilingual students, especially in the weaker language. The best practice is standardized assessment in both languages administered by a bilingual SLP, though alternative methods like dynamic assessment are also discussed. Challenges include lack of truly bilingual tests and representative norms. The document reviews assessments currently available to the school district and provides recommendations for additional assessments and resources to support bilingual evaluation.
The document discusses the importance of oral language development and its connection to literacy. It covers stages of language development from infancy through elementary school age and conditions that support language learning. Additionally, it addresses components of reading development including phonemic awareness, phonics, sight words, fluency, and comprehension.
The document provides definitions and explanations of various vocabulary-related terms. It begins by outlining learning objectives around developing vocabulary skills like using context clues, note-taking on word research, and using vocabulary precisely. It then defines and distinguishes terms like core language, variety, dialect, jargon, code, vernacular, slang, pidgin, lingo, and patois. Examples and explanations are provided for concepts like Kachru's three circles of English, idioms, collocations, fixed expressions, and metaphorical idioms involving parts of the body. The document emphasizes learning vocabulary in context and as chunks or multi-word units rather than individual words.
1. The document provides an overview of the key components of teaching children to read, including phonological awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension.
2. It emphasizes the importance of explicitly teaching sounds, symbols, and syllables to help children understand the alphabetic code.
3. Research shows that teaching children vowel patterns and structural analysis helps improve their reading fluency and comprehension compared to chance.
This document summarizes the agenda and content covered in a workshop on language development and acquisition. The workshop discusses syntax and orthography, the connections between reading, writing and oral language, analyzing a learner's oral language, and looking at reading and writing development. It covers analyzing and coding a language sample, categorizing parts of speech, how syntax impacts meaning, teaching grammar, the differences between spoken and written language, and strategies to support spelling.
This document provides an introduction to linguistics. It discusses several key topics:
- What is known when someone knows a language, including knowledge of a language's sound system, words, sentences, and creativity.
- The difference between competence (linguistic knowledge) and performance (language use).
- What grammar is and the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammars.
- Dialects, standards, and differences between dialects.
- Language universals and the development of grammar in children.
07 - Sociolinguistics.pdf based on sidesJoseCotes7
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language interacts with social factors like ethnicity, class, region, age and gender. It examines language use in real-world contexts as opposed to the theoretical aspects of a language. Sociolinguistics analyzes linguistic variation between dialects, idiolects and sociolects and how social meanings become attached to certain linguistic forms. Regional dialects vary according to geography and develop when groups are separated socially or geographically over time. A standard dialect becomes associated with power and prestige in a society but what is considered standard is determined by historical and social factors, not the linguistic system itself.
This document provides an overview of the field of linguistics and why it is worth studying. It does this through a series of questions about language that are answered using different subfields of linguistics, such as semantics, syntax, phonetics, and language acquisition. The document demonstrates how linguistics can provide insights into language variation over time, irregular spelling patterns, sentence structure, meaning, grammar, and the human ability to acquire language from a young age. It also discusses career opportunities related to studying linguistics and examples of linguistics course content and structures.
Popular ideas about_language with questionsDiego M.
This document discusses several key concepts related to language, including:
1) The relationship between language and thought, with hypotheses that they are separated but dependent, identical, or have a middle relationship. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that language determines thought.
2) The functions of language include communication, social interaction, thinking, expression of identity, and recording information.
3) The concept of "the magic of language" and how languages use verbal taboos, euphemisms, and avoid certain names like those of deceased people.
4) The view that all languages are equal and function according to the psychological and social needs of their communities.
The document provides information and strategies for teachers to help English Language Learners (ELLs) with reading. It discusses who ELL students are, the challenges they face with English reading, and strategies teachers can use at the word, text, and whole-classroom level to support their reading development in English. These include utilizing students' native language skills, incorporating their cultures, using multicultural literature and videos, and providing multiple opportunities for oral language practice.
Using Corpus Linguistics to Teach ESL PronunicationRebecca Allen
This study analyzed lexical bundles (4-word phrases) in the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English to understand pronunciation patterns actually used on a university campus. The most common bundles were participant-oriented and included contractions like "I don't know", showing students frequently qualify their speech. Analyzing bundle syntax, semantics and phonology has implications for teaching connected speech and how contractions convey meaning and attitudes for English language learners. While limited by decontextualized data, this corpus analysis provides a starting point for further applied classroom research on pronunciation and how non-native speakers communicate meaning.
Similar to Documentation of Hawai`i Sign Langauge an overview of some recent major research findings (20)
Using Corpus Linguistics to Teach ESL Pronunication
Documentation of Hawai`i Sign Langauge an overview of some recent major research findings
1. DOCUMENTATION OF HAWAI`I SIGN
LANGUAGE: AN OVERVIEW OF
SOME RECENT MAJOR RESEARCH
FINDINGS
Brenda Clark, Linda Lambrecht,
Samantha Rarrick, Claire Stabile, and
James Woodward
2. Topics for Discussion
1) Lexicostatistical evidence for the
categorization of Hawai`i Sign
Language (HSL) as a distinct language
isolate,
2) Probable number of HSL users,
3) Code-shifting and code-mixing,
4) HSL phonological characteristics,
5) HSL morphological structure,
6) HSL syntactic structure.
3. LEXICOSTATISTICAL EVIDENCE FOR
CATEGORIZATION OF HSL AS A
LANGUAGE ISOLATE
• While many people have claimed HSL
is related to ASL, lexicostatistics
demonstrates this is not the case.
• HSL appears to have developed as a
language isolate.
4. Methodological
Issues in SL Lexicostatistical
Research
1) The need to compare basic core
vocabulary.
2) The need to use a Swadesh word list
modified for sign language research.
3) The need to invoke phonological
processes, such as assimilation,
deletion, epenthesis, metathesis when
comparing for cognates.
5. Lexicostatistical Comparisons
Guidelines for percentages of cognate-like
items in basic core vocabulary
• 80%-100% dialects of the same language
• 36%-79% distinct but historically related
languages in the same language family
• <36% distinct languages that belong to
different language families
8. Lexicostatistics and Distinct
but “Related” Sign Languages
Pairs of
Languages
Basic Core
Vocabulary
Explanation
HCMCSL & HNSL 58% cognates Historical relationship
JKSL & YKSL 64% cognates Historical relationship
OBSL & OCMSL 65% cognates Historical relationship
ASL & MTSL 52% cognates Creolization
ASL & LSF 62% cognates Creolization
HKSL & SHSL 66% cognates Creolization
9. Lexicostatistics and Distinct but
“Unrelated” Sign Languages
Pairs of
Languages
Basic Core
Vocabulary
Explanation
ASL & OBSL 9% cognates No contact
ASL & OCMSL 10% cognates No contact
HCMCSL & BKSL 18% cognates No contact
MTSL & OBSL 25% cognates Limited contact
MTSL & OCMSL 27% cognates Limited contact
ASL & BSL 31% cognates Contact
10. Lexicostatistics and HSL
Pairs of
Languages
Basic Core
Vocabulary
Explanation
HSL & ASL 12% cognates No Contact
HSL & MSL 27% cognates Limited Contact?
11. Number of HSL Users
• UN statistical estimates suggest 280
deaf people in Hawai`i over age of 65.
• However this estimate is too high for
users of HSL for several reasons.
• 40 deaf people over age of 65, born in
Hawai`i, still live in Hawai`i and claim to
know HSL.
12. HSL AND CREOLIZED HSL
• Interviews conducted so far suggest
that 75% of the people claiming to use
HSL are using creolized HSL (CHSL).
• CHSL is a creolization of varieties of
HSL and ASL. There are possible
cognates with HSL, with ASL, and
neologisms.
16. Lexicostatistics and CHSL
Pairs of
Languages
Basic Core
Vocabulary
Explanation
CHSL&HSL 54% cognates Creolization
CHSL&ASL 42% cognates Creolization
17. ONGOING DOCUMENTATION OF
HSL
• 3 hours of recording per week
• 1-4 HSL/CHSL users
• 6 students
• HSL lessons in video and book format
• conversational data
• translation and transcription of videos
18. Code-switching
• Limited opportunity to use HSL/CHSL
• Specific participants change the
languages used (and the balance of
ASL vs HSL vs CHSL)
• As we get better at HSL, so do our
participants
• We now talk about some metalinguistic
aspects in HSL
19. Importance of Time in
Documentation
• Existence of CHSL
• User numbers for HSL and CHSL
• Evolving native user intuition
• New minimal pairs
• Importance of certain features for
phonological, morphological, and
syntactic distinctions
20. PHONOLOGY
• Importance of non-manual features
• Non-manual signs
• Small differences in movement
• Identification of reduplication and
deletion
21. Non-manual Components
• Many minimal pairs differ only by facial
expression
• Some signs include (or consist of)
mouthing an English, Hawaiian, or
Pidgin word
27. Movement
• Very small differences in movement create
several minimal sets
• Reduplication can help distinguish signs
• While deletion can create more minimal pairs
• In some cases this means non-manual
components become even more important
35. Two-handed signs with identical
handshapes
• Used to create plural meanings
• Also used to create meaning related to
large size
(The HSL Production Team, 2015)
‘grapes’ ‘sheet’
36. Handshapes with Morphological
Meaning
• Found in many sign languages
• Tend to fall into 4 categories:
– Size & shape
– Whole entity
– Handling
– Body & body part (Stokoe 1978)
• In most SL’s these can be incorporated
into location and path of motion
predicates (Sandler & Lillo-Martin 2006)
37. • Represents the size and shape of an
object’s periphery
• Types found in HSL:
– Small and round
– Large and round
– Cylindrical
Size & Shape
38. • 3-fingered (mid, ring, and little) [+thumb],
[+ bent], [+ round], [+contact] handshape
Small & Round
‘grapes’ ‘eat.grapes’ ‘cheap’ ‘expensive’
(The HSL Production Team, 2015)
39. • 4-fingered [+thumb], [+bent], [+round],
[+spread] handshape
Large and Round
‘orange’ ‘eat.orange ‘coconut’ ‘eat.coconut’
56. Handshape Category Handshape Location
Size & Shape
Small and round Yes
Large and round No
Cylindrical Yes
Whole Entity
Long and thin No
Surface No
Vehicle/Vessel Yes
Handling
Pinchable object No
Handheld object No
Writing Instrument No
Body & Body part
Claws No
Hands No
Long, thin Body No
Location Restrictions
58. BASIC HSL WORD ORDER
• Surface word order is SOV
– SVO can occur
– Object first can occur with topicalization
• WH and yes/no questions marked differently
• WH question words occur in final position
• Negation occurs in final position
• Negation precedes WH
62. Negation of basic sentences
“Sam didn’t kick Brenda”
Sam Brenda kick not
63. Negation and WH questions
“Who didn’t kick Brenda?”
Brenda kick not who
64. Conversational Data
• Code switching
• Presence of different users can
influence word order
– CHSL users tend to use more SVO order
– Students tend to use more SVO order
66. Mahalo!
This research is supported by ELDP Grant MDP0278
“Documentation of Hawai`i Sign Language: Building the
foundation for the documentation, conservation, and
revitalization of endangered Pacific Island Sign Languages
67. Selected References
THE HSL PRODUCTION TEAM. 2015. Hawai‘i Sign Language: Student handbook 1,
level 1. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of
Linguistics.
LIDDELL, SCOTT. 2003. Grammar, gesture, and meaning in American Sign
Language. New York: Cambridge University Press.
STOKOE, WILLIAM. 1978. Sign language structure: The first linguistic analysis of
American Sign Language. Silver Spring, MD: Linstok Press.
SANDLER, WENDY, and DIANE LILLO-MARTIN. 2006 Sign language and linguistic
universals. New York: Cambridge University Press. WOODWARD,
JAMES. (1991). Sign Language Varieties in Costa Rica. Sign Language Studies, 73,
329–46. Gallaudet University Press.
WOODWARD, JAMES. (1996). Modern standard Thai Sign Language, influence from
ASL, and its relationship to original Thai sign varieties. Sign Language
Studies, 92, 227–52. Gallaudet University Press.
WOODWARD, JAMES. (2011). Some Observations on Research Methodology in
Lexicostatistical Studies of Sign Languages. In Deaf Around the World:
The Impact of Language, ed. by Gaurav Mathur and Donna Jo Napoli,
38–53. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.