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Do you agree or disagree with the following responses. If so, why or why not. Please provide at least 1 reference each in APA format. 1. The Internet has brought about changes in how we communicate, do business, and even on how we study. Before the Internet we would not have been able to attend this class from remote parts of the world as we are able to do now. The ease of communication brought to every corner of the world is continuing to change how old norms are carried out. Some might consider this an evolution of communication, some might consider it a revolution (CSEC 670). The Internet has not only brought about a revolution in communication. In some cases the Internet has facilitated actual revolution. After the uprisings and revolutions in Tunisia, Yemen, Libya, and Egypt, Elmorshidy (2011) is referring to the Internet as very powerful tool which can be used toward social change. Is social change always good? It depends on who's in charge. Can unfettered texting, FaceBook and Twitter creating havoc in the streets be considered a security risk? Only if it's your regime in danger of toppling. 2. If the cybersecurity landscape is defined by its problems, as the question is worded, then I believe cybersecurity is essentially risk management and everything that encompasses the expectation of safety in cyberspace. To put it more clearly, cybersecurity can be thought of as an organizational optimization process in respect to the identified risks to which it is exposed (Bosworth, Jacobson, 2009). This definition embraces all threats and issues related to cyberspace. In regard to the second part of the question, there are many aspects under the cybersecurity discipline umbrella which make it possible to answer yes to any number of viewpoints in so as long as it pertains to security in cyberspace. In one of our readings it states that a recent study found that there are at least 28 different definitions for cybersecurity (Kramer, Starr, Wentz, 2009). While this might be daunting to some, the main thing to remember is that all of these definitions should be viewed as aids to policy making and not limited by them (Kramer et. al., 2009). 3. The definition of Asymmetric, just as the as the definition for cybersecurity is not a clear-cut straightforward definition and it varies by who and when it is used. (Gray, 2002) asymmetric threat can be defined and associated with the acts of attacking cyberspace with unconventional low-cost means and inflicting the most damage. An approach that I find dynamic and effective in defending against asymmetric threats is the Asymmetric Threat Assessment Tool (ATAT), the illustration of how this tool operates by (King, Schmill, & Hannon, 2005) the ATAT is a tool that was designed and developed for government and military agencies as a mitigation process for secondary effects of asymmetric threats and attacks. Just like many cyberspace threats and attacks one cannot completely protect against these threats and ...
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The Future of National and International Security on the Internet
Hyperconnectivity is a growing trend that is driving cyber security experts to develop new security architectures for multiple platforms such as mobile devices, laptops, and even wearable displays. The futures of national and international security rely on complex countermeasures to ensure that a proper security posture is maintained during this state of hyperconnectivity. To protect these systems from exploitation of vulnerabilities it is essential to understand current and future threats to include the laws that drive their need to be secured. Examined within this chapter are the potential security-related threats with the use of social media, mobile devices, virtual worlds, augmented reality, and mixed reality. Further reviewed are some examples of the complex attacks that could interrupt human-robot interaction, children-computer interaction, mobile computing, social networks, and human-centered issues in security design.
1Running head CYBERWARCYBER WAR9Outstanding title.docx
1
Running head: CYBERWAR
CYBER WAR
9
Outstanding title page formatting
Cyber War
Name
University
Professor
04/28/2018
Introduction Cyber War
Cyber warfare refers to a computer or network-based conflict that disrupts the activities of a state or
organization by deliberate attacking critical infrastructures. Cyber attacks can also be described as an attack by hostile groups such as terrorist or hacker groups aimed, at furthering the goals of a given nation. To have a better understanding, cyber warfare can take different forms such as; viruses that can take down water supplies, military systems, transportation systems, hacking and theft of critical data from government and private institutions. This paper will focus on assessing various mechanism applied in different articles to counter cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure. Further, by analyzing the results and experience in Xia, Becerra-Fernandez, Gudi, & Rocha-Mier (2011), the essay will also show how
the findings can be utilized in real life scenario.
1. What do the articles have in common?
According to Clemente (2011), the advancement of interconnection between different infrastructures sectors has boosted by the escalation of cyberspace. The author points out that the security
implications are inevitable especially in this era of cyberspace and infrastructure. The main idea in the article involves around the definition of ‘critical’ infrastructure to enable effective prioritization and protection of nodes and connection points. FEMA (2013
), points out that the United States well being relies upon secure critical infrastructure that forms American society. According to Saadawi, & Jordan
, (2011), there is need to establish an international cyber union that will help overcome cybersecurity challenges in securing cyberinfrastructure. This article considers the practical considerations that are associated with EINSTEIN 3 and how this can be used to ensure effective protection of critical infrastructure networks. Having evaluated the main argument of these articles, they all share the aspect of understanding cybersecurity and different ways ensuring infrastructure protection.
2. What are the differences in their assessment of cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection?
The above articles portray some distinction in their evaluation of cyber war and protection of vital infrastructure. The first article by Clemente (2011), tries to examine how cybersecurity challenges can be overcome by understanding various components in society. The article offers more theoretical approaches to counterattack cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures. The second article by FEMA (2013
) is more detailed and comprehensive on the issue of cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures in the society. For instance, it offers a plan that will require a federal agency (SSA) to lead a coordinated process for vital infrastructure security within criti ...
Cyber Security and Terrorism Research Article2Cybe.docx
Cyber Security and Terrorism Research Article
2
Cyber Security and Terrorism Research Article
Senior Capstone
Introduction
Homeland Security has a wide range of organizations that fills in as a way to deal with shielding the United States locally and universally. These offices incorporate however are not restricted to U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, Transportation Security Administration, United States Coast Guard, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure, and so forth. These offices serves the administration in tending to at least one stages. For instance, The Federal Emergency Management Agency, otherwise called FEMA, is an organization that serves numerous partners in mitigating, planning, responding, and recovering from catastrophic events.
On a bigger degree, Cybersecurity is a developing and learning field that is utilized in Cybersecurity and Infrastructure and different organizations to shield significant specialized data from fear monger assaults, for example, hacking. Its primary unit of examination is the administration where relieving is the stage being polished. This principle point is basic to the Homeland Security and Emergency Management's (HSEM) discipline. As of now, there is an issue of how does Cybersecurity adequately change the danger of psychological militant assaults, wherein there are sure and negative credits to its methods for assurance. Innovation, organize security, basic frameworks including PC frameworks, and so forth is the thing that makes up Cybersecurity.
In spite of the fact that there might be a comprehension of what fear based oppression is, there has not yet been an unequivocal meaning of psychological oppression. As per Wilson, a few definitions for digital fear mongering can result from the assailants expectation while others centers on the impacts of the assault itself (Wilson, 2007). A few assaults can bring about mischief causing the death toll or harm while different assaults may bring about troublesome PCs and dread equivalents to fear based oppression. There should be a control on the yield of what dread is truly delegated with regards to an assault. When an infection occurs on a PC, is the proprietor of that PC apprehensive? On the off chance that the proprietor is apprehensive does it add up to a similar sort of dread starting at an aggressor from an alternate nation causing the infection? This can be alluded to what was the reason for that infection in any case.
When managing Cybersecurity and fear based oppression, there should be a decent measure of assaults occurring on the double or sequentially to cause dread inside the organization or nation. Digital fear mongers are seen assaulting different organizations consecutive for an extensive stretch in result accomplishing their objectives or if nothing else making consideration them (Lewis, 2002). In the event that the fear based oppressor neglects to increase any profit by their assault on a lot of PC frameworks, at that point it would n.
Understanding the Methods behind Cyber Terrorism
Cyber security has become a matter of national, international, economic, and societal importance that affects multiple nations (Walker, 2012). Since the 1990s users have exploited vulnerabilities to gain access to networks for malicious purposes. In recent years the number of attacks on U.S. networks has continued to grow at an exponential rate. This includes malicious embedded code, exploitation of backdoors, and more. These attacks can be initiated from anywhere in the world from behind a computer with a masked Internet Protocol (IP) address. This type of warfare, cyber warfare, changes the landscape of war itself (Beidleman, 2009). This type of warfare removes the need to have a physically capable military and requires the demand for a force that has a strong technical capacity e.g. computer science skills. The U.S. and other countries have come to understand that this is an issue and has developed policies to handle this in an effort to mitigate the threats.
In Estonia and Georgia there were direct attacks on government cyber infrastructure (Beildleman, 2009). The attacks in Estonia rendered the government’s infrastructure useless. The government and other associated entities heavily relied upon this e-government infrastructure. These attacks help lead to the development of cyber defense organizations within Europe.
Brian Wrote There is a wide range of cybersecurity initiatives .docx
Brian Wrote :
There is a wide range of cybersecurity initiatives that exist on the international level through collaborative efforts between the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and numerous organizational units (UMUC, 2012). According to UMUC (2012), some examples of these initiatives are:
· Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
· National Cyber Security Division
· National Communications System
· Office of Infrastructure Protection
· Office of Operations Coordination
· Privacy Office
· U.S. Secret Service
· U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
· Organization of American States Assistance
“The National Cyber Security Division works to secure cyberspace and America’s cyber assets in cooperation with public, private, and international entities” (UMUC, 2012). This is done using several strategic plans and directives, such as the Presidential Decision Directive 7, the Information Technology Sector Specific Plan, the National Strategy to Secure Cyber Space, National Infrastructure Preparedness Plan, and the National Response Plan (UMUC, 2012). A challenge that the National Cyber Security Division faces in providing an effective deterrent to cybersecurity threats are the constant evolving technologies. These include for both good and bad. Cyber attacks are constantly evolving and so are the technologies use to protect from them. In order for the National Cyber Security Division to effectively deter them not only do they have to stay up-to-date but also so do all of the strategic plans and directives that they use.
Another initiative is the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) that emerged in the 1980s. This initiative puts forth “efforts to counter international hijackings and financial crimes” (UMUC, 2012). It now also extends law enforcement abroad to help against terrorist activity, international crime, and drug-trafficking (UMUC, 2012). It does those with the partner of Department of State. A challenge that the FLETC faces in providing an effective deterrent to cybersecurity threats are their international limitations. All though they have partnered abroad with select foreign nations they still have restrictions and limitations as to what exactly they can do.
Justin Wrote:
Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) are established between two or more nations and provide a formal means of exchanging evidence and information pertaining to criminal acts or cases that occur outside of a nation’s legal jurisdiction. The primary issue associated with MLATs and cybercrime is the inconsistency of host nation laws. Many nations feel that the idea of a global anti-crime initiative may contradict a nation’s fundamental principles (Finklea & Theohary, 2012, p.24). There is no standardized definition for cybercrime which means that one nation may view a virtual act as a crime and the other, with which the MLAT exists, may not. If the two nations agree on the legality of the act then the requesting nation may sub ...
Battlefield Cyberspace: Exploitation of Hyperconnectivity and Internet of Things
The threat of cyber terrorism has become a reality with recent attacks such as Stuxtnet, Flame, Sony Pictures, and North Korea's websites. As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to become more hyperconnected it will be imperative that cyber security experts to develop new security architectures for multiple platforms such as mobile devices, laptops, embedded systems, and even wearable displays. The futures of national and international security rely on complex countermeasures to ensure that a proper security posture is maintained during this state of hyperconnectivity. To protect these systems from exploitation of vulnerabilities it is essential to understand current and future threats to include the laws that drive their need to be secured. Examined within this chapter are the potential security related threats with the use of social media, mobile devices, virtual worlds, augmented reality, and mixed reality.
ARTICLE IN PRESSContents lists available at ScienceDirect.docx
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Telecommunications Policy
Telecommunications Policy 33 (2009) 706–719
0308-59
doi:10.1
� Cor
E-m
URL: www.elsevierbusinessandmanagement.com/locate/telpol
Cybersecurity: Stakeholder incentives, externalities,
and policy options
Johannes M. Bauer a,�, Michel J.G. van Eeten b
a Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media; Quello Center for Telecommunication Management and Law,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
b Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
a r t i c l e i n f o
Keywords:
Cybersecurity
Cybercrime
Security incentives
Externalities
Information security policy
Regulation.
61/$ - see front matter & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A
016/j.telpol.2009.09.001
responding author. Tel.: þ1 517 432 8003; fax:
ail addresses: [email protected] (J.M. Bauer), m
a b s t r a c t
Information security breaches are increasingly motivated by fraudulent and criminal
motives. Reducing their considerable costs has become a pressing issue. Although
cybersecurity has strong public good characteristics, most information security
decisions are made by individual stakeholders. Due to the interconnectedness of
cyberspace, these decentralized decisions are afflicted with externalities that can
result in sub-optimal security levels. Devising effective solutions to this problem is
complicated by the global nature of cyberspace, the interdependence of stakeholders, as
well as the diversity and heterogeneity of players. The paper develops a framework for
studying the co-evolution of the markets for cybercrime and cybersecurity. It examines
the incentives of stakeholders to provide for security and their implications for the ICT
ecosystem. The findings show that market and non-market relations in the information
infrastructure generate many security-enhancing incentives. However, pervasive
externalities remain that can only be corrected by voluntary or government-led
collective measures.
& 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Malicious software (‘‘malware’’) has become a serious security threat for users of the Internet. Estimates of the total cost
to society of information security breaches vary but data published by private security firms, non-profit organizations, and
government, all indicate that their cost is non-negligible and increasing. From a societal point of view, not only the direct
cost (e.g., repair cost, losses due to fraud) but also indirect costs (e.g., costs of preventative measures) and implicit costs
(e.g., slower productivity increases due to reduced trust in electronic transactions) have to be attributed to information
security breaches. Bauer, Van Eeten, Chattopadhyay, and Wu (2008) in a meta-study of a broad range of research conclude
that a conservative estimate of these costs may fall between 0.2% and 0.4% of global GDP. A catastrophic security fail ...
Recommended
The Future of National and International Security on the Internet
Hyperconnectivity is a growing trend that is driving cyber security experts to develop new security architectures for multiple platforms such as mobile devices, laptops, and even wearable displays. The futures of national and international security rely on complex countermeasures to ensure that a proper security posture is maintained during this state of hyperconnectivity. To protect these systems from exploitation of vulnerabilities it is essential to understand current and future threats to include the laws that drive their need to be secured. Examined within this chapter are the potential security-related threats with the use of social media, mobile devices, virtual worlds, augmented reality, and mixed reality. Further reviewed are some examples of the complex attacks that could interrupt human-robot interaction, children-computer interaction, mobile computing, social networks, and human-centered issues in security design.
1Running head CYBERWARCYBER WAR9Outstanding title.docx
1
Running head: CYBERWAR
CYBER WAR
9
Outstanding title page formatting
Cyber War
Name
University
Professor
04/28/2018
Introduction Cyber War
Cyber warfare refers to a computer or network-based conflict that disrupts the activities of a state or
organization by deliberate attacking critical infrastructures. Cyber attacks can also be described as an attack by hostile groups such as terrorist or hacker groups aimed, at furthering the goals of a given nation. To have a better understanding, cyber warfare can take different forms such as; viruses that can take down water supplies, military systems, transportation systems, hacking and theft of critical data from government and private institutions. This paper will focus on assessing various mechanism applied in different articles to counter cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure. Further, by analyzing the results and experience in Xia, Becerra-Fernandez, Gudi, & Rocha-Mier (2011), the essay will also show how
the findings can be utilized in real life scenario.
1. What do the articles have in common?
According to Clemente (2011), the advancement of interconnection between different infrastructures sectors has boosted by the escalation of cyberspace. The author points out that the security
implications are inevitable especially in this era of cyberspace and infrastructure. The main idea in the article involves around the definition of ‘critical’ infrastructure to enable effective prioritization and protection of nodes and connection points. FEMA (2013
), points out that the United States well being relies upon secure critical infrastructure that forms American society. According to Saadawi, & Jordan
, (2011), there is need to establish an international cyber union that will help overcome cybersecurity challenges in securing cyberinfrastructure. This article considers the practical considerations that are associated with EINSTEIN 3 and how this can be used to ensure effective protection of critical infrastructure networks. Having evaluated the main argument of these articles, they all share the aspect of understanding cybersecurity and different ways ensuring infrastructure protection.
2. What are the differences in their assessment of cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection?
The above articles portray some distinction in their evaluation of cyber war and protection of vital infrastructure. The first article by Clemente (2011), tries to examine how cybersecurity challenges can be overcome by understanding various components in society. The article offers more theoretical approaches to counterattack cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures. The second article by FEMA (2013
) is more detailed and comprehensive on the issue of cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures in the society. For instance, it offers a plan that will require a federal agency (SSA) to lead a coordinated process for vital infrastructure security within criti ...
Cyber Security and Terrorism Research Article2Cybe.docx
Cyber Security and Terrorism Research Article
2
Cyber Security and Terrorism Research Article
Senior Capstone
Introduction
Homeland Security has a wide range of organizations that fills in as a way to deal with shielding the United States locally and universally. These offices incorporate however are not restricted to U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, Transportation Security Administration, United States Coast Guard, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure, and so forth. These offices serves the administration in tending to at least one stages. For instance, The Federal Emergency Management Agency, otherwise called FEMA, is an organization that serves numerous partners in mitigating, planning, responding, and recovering from catastrophic events.
On a bigger degree, Cybersecurity is a developing and learning field that is utilized in Cybersecurity and Infrastructure and different organizations to shield significant specialized data from fear monger assaults, for example, hacking. Its primary unit of examination is the administration where relieving is the stage being polished. This principle point is basic to the Homeland Security and Emergency Management's (HSEM) discipline. As of now, there is an issue of how does Cybersecurity adequately change the danger of psychological militant assaults, wherein there are sure and negative credits to its methods for assurance. Innovation, organize security, basic frameworks including PC frameworks, and so forth is the thing that makes up Cybersecurity.
In spite of the fact that there might be a comprehension of what fear based oppression is, there has not yet been an unequivocal meaning of psychological oppression. As per Wilson, a few definitions for digital fear mongering can result from the assailants expectation while others centers on the impacts of the assault itself (Wilson, 2007). A few assaults can bring about mischief causing the death toll or harm while different assaults may bring about troublesome PCs and dread equivalents to fear based oppression. There should be a control on the yield of what dread is truly delegated with regards to an assault. When an infection occurs on a PC, is the proprietor of that PC apprehensive? On the off chance that the proprietor is apprehensive does it add up to a similar sort of dread starting at an aggressor from an alternate nation causing the infection? This can be alluded to what was the reason for that infection in any case.
When managing Cybersecurity and fear based oppression, there should be a decent measure of assaults occurring on the double or sequentially to cause dread inside the organization or nation. Digital fear mongers are seen assaulting different organizations consecutive for an extensive stretch in result accomplishing their objectives or if nothing else making consideration them (Lewis, 2002). In the event that the fear based oppressor neglects to increase any profit by their assault on a lot of PC frameworks, at that point it would n.
Understanding the Methods behind Cyber Terrorism
Cyber security has become a matter of national, international, economic, and societal importance that affects multiple nations (Walker, 2012). Since the 1990s users have exploited vulnerabilities to gain access to networks for malicious purposes. In recent years the number of attacks on U.S. networks has continued to grow at an exponential rate. This includes malicious embedded code, exploitation of backdoors, and more. These attacks can be initiated from anywhere in the world from behind a computer with a masked Internet Protocol (IP) address. This type of warfare, cyber warfare, changes the landscape of war itself (Beidleman, 2009). This type of warfare removes the need to have a physically capable military and requires the demand for a force that has a strong technical capacity e.g. computer science skills. The U.S. and other countries have come to understand that this is an issue and has developed policies to handle this in an effort to mitigate the threats.
In Estonia and Georgia there were direct attacks on government cyber infrastructure (Beildleman, 2009). The attacks in Estonia rendered the government’s infrastructure useless. The government and other associated entities heavily relied upon this e-government infrastructure. These attacks help lead to the development of cyber defense organizations within Europe.
Brian Wrote There is a wide range of cybersecurity initiatives .docx
Brian Wrote :
There is a wide range of cybersecurity initiatives that exist on the international level through collaborative efforts between the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and numerous organizational units (UMUC, 2012). According to UMUC (2012), some examples of these initiatives are:
· Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
· National Cyber Security Division
· National Communications System
· Office of Infrastructure Protection
· Office of Operations Coordination
· Privacy Office
· U.S. Secret Service
· U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
· Organization of American States Assistance
“The National Cyber Security Division works to secure cyberspace and America’s cyber assets in cooperation with public, private, and international entities” (UMUC, 2012). This is done using several strategic plans and directives, such as the Presidential Decision Directive 7, the Information Technology Sector Specific Plan, the National Strategy to Secure Cyber Space, National Infrastructure Preparedness Plan, and the National Response Plan (UMUC, 2012). A challenge that the National Cyber Security Division faces in providing an effective deterrent to cybersecurity threats are the constant evolving technologies. These include for both good and bad. Cyber attacks are constantly evolving and so are the technologies use to protect from them. In order for the National Cyber Security Division to effectively deter them not only do they have to stay up-to-date but also so do all of the strategic plans and directives that they use.
Another initiative is the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) that emerged in the 1980s. This initiative puts forth “efforts to counter international hijackings and financial crimes” (UMUC, 2012). It now also extends law enforcement abroad to help against terrorist activity, international crime, and drug-trafficking (UMUC, 2012). It does those with the partner of Department of State. A challenge that the FLETC faces in providing an effective deterrent to cybersecurity threats are their international limitations. All though they have partnered abroad with select foreign nations they still have restrictions and limitations as to what exactly they can do.
Justin Wrote:
Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) are established between two or more nations and provide a formal means of exchanging evidence and information pertaining to criminal acts or cases that occur outside of a nation’s legal jurisdiction. The primary issue associated with MLATs and cybercrime is the inconsistency of host nation laws. Many nations feel that the idea of a global anti-crime initiative may contradict a nation’s fundamental principles (Finklea & Theohary, 2012, p.24). There is no standardized definition for cybercrime which means that one nation may view a virtual act as a crime and the other, with which the MLAT exists, may not. If the two nations agree on the legality of the act then the requesting nation may sub ...
Battlefield Cyberspace: Exploitation of Hyperconnectivity and Internet of Things
The threat of cyber terrorism has become a reality with recent attacks such as Stuxtnet, Flame, Sony Pictures, and North Korea's websites. As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to become more hyperconnected it will be imperative that cyber security experts to develop new security architectures for multiple platforms such as mobile devices, laptops, embedded systems, and even wearable displays. The futures of national and international security rely on complex countermeasures to ensure that a proper security posture is maintained during this state of hyperconnectivity. To protect these systems from exploitation of vulnerabilities it is essential to understand current and future threats to include the laws that drive their need to be secured. Examined within this chapter are the potential security related threats with the use of social media, mobile devices, virtual worlds, augmented reality, and mixed reality.
ARTICLE IN PRESSContents lists available at ScienceDirect.docx
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Telecommunications Policy
Telecommunications Policy 33 (2009) 706–719
0308-59
doi:10.1
� Cor
E-m
URL: www.elsevierbusinessandmanagement.com/locate/telpol
Cybersecurity: Stakeholder incentives, externalities,
and policy options
Johannes M. Bauer a,�, Michel J.G. van Eeten b
a Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media; Quello Center for Telecommunication Management and Law,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
b Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
a r t i c l e i n f o
Keywords:
Cybersecurity
Cybercrime
Security incentives
Externalities
Information security policy
Regulation.
61/$ - see front matter & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A
016/j.telpol.2009.09.001
responding author. Tel.: þ1 517 432 8003; fax:
ail addresses: [email protected] (J.M. Bauer), m
a b s t r a c t
Information security breaches are increasingly motivated by fraudulent and criminal
motives. Reducing their considerable costs has become a pressing issue. Although
cybersecurity has strong public good characteristics, most information security
decisions are made by individual stakeholders. Due to the interconnectedness of
cyberspace, these decentralized decisions are afflicted with externalities that can
result in sub-optimal security levels. Devising effective solutions to this problem is
complicated by the global nature of cyberspace, the interdependence of stakeholders, as
well as the diversity and heterogeneity of players. The paper develops a framework for
studying the co-evolution of the markets for cybercrime and cybersecurity. It examines
the incentives of stakeholders to provide for security and their implications for the ICT
ecosystem. The findings show that market and non-market relations in the information
infrastructure generate many security-enhancing incentives. However, pervasive
externalities remain that can only be corrected by voluntary or government-led
collective measures.
& 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Malicious software (‘‘malware’’) has become a serious security threat for users of the Internet. Estimates of the total cost
to society of information security breaches vary but data published by private security firms, non-profit organizations, and
government, all indicate that their cost is non-negligible and increasing. From a societal point of view, not only the direct
cost (e.g., repair cost, losses due to fraud) but also indirect costs (e.g., costs of preventative measures) and implicit costs
(e.g., slower productivity increases due to reduced trust in electronic transactions) have to be attributed to information
security breaches. Bauer, Van Eeten, Chattopadhyay, and Wu (2008) in a meta-study of a broad range of research conclude
that a conservative estimate of these costs may fall between 0.2% and 0.4% of global GDP. A catastrophic security fail ...
Running headEMERGING THREATS AND COUNTERMEASURES .docx
Running head: EMERGING THREATS AND COUNTERMEASURES 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
Emerging threats and countermeasures in the U.S. critical infrastructure
Table of content
Background information 3
Research questions 3
Methodological approach 3
Data analysis and findings 3
Challenges in confronting threats 6
Conclusion and discussion 8
References…………………………………………………………………………………………9
Background information
In recent times, the province of security architecture has profoundly transposed by the escalation of threats targeting critical national infrastructure. The rise in such threats is directly related to the rapid integration of the infrastructures with emergent information technologies (IT). That said, it is easy to conclude that the destructive threats to the infrastructures are from cybercrime. Cybercrime manifests in several dimensions from worms, viruses to malware. It would be easy if such threats confronted quickly. However, the state of affairs is that it is not an easy endeavor at all, and hence protecting national infrastructure is even more challenging than it has ever been.Research questions
This essay answers the questions of the literature related to the emergent threats in the protection of critical national infrastructure. More also, it answers the question of the challenges involved in securing the infrastructures.Methodological approach
The study of data collection is conducted using a qualitative approach. Qualitative research is the scientific study of observations that seeks to describe, explore, explain, and diagnose phenomena by gathering non-numerical data.Data analysis and findings
It has not been easy protecting national infrastructure in the last two decades thanks to an increase in cybercrime. Public information systems are lucrative targets for hackers and other ill-motivated criminals. The state affairs have led to a conclusion that in a time in the current generation, the world is increasingly veering toward cyber warfare. The cost of cybersecurity threats is estimated to be over billions of dollars and still learning. Even with new measures, it appears the rate at which cybercriminals are expanding their technological dominion in the deep web is exceedingly strange.
Cybersecurity attacks take different dimensions. Perhaps one of the most devastating has been related to user inefficiency when handling systems. Most cybercriminal activities have shown an impeccable ability to surpass both the human and system shields that protect systems. In the dawn of the early 2000s, for example, the world was in a panic following an attack unleashed by two Philippine students. The attack, known as love bug exposed the value system behind the human-based security system. It is one of the weakness and which is solely flexible to easy manipulation. Following the love bug attack, the national intelligence system had to be switched off for several hours. The cutting-edge world has seen a multiplication in th.
Cyber security rule of use internet safely
International peer-reviewed academic journals call for papers, http://www.iiste.org/Journals
Running Head CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING CYBER SECURITY .docx
Running Head: CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING CYBER SECURITY 1
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING CYBER SECURITY 12
(Name of School)
(Your Name)
(Course Code)
(Instructor’s Name)
(Date)
Current Challenges Facing Cyber Security
Abstract
Modern technology has been used today in various fields and it has proved to be of importance. Technology as a whole makes the world appear small in terms of distance due to fast transport and communication and a huge task to be less. Many people have been so dependent on technology, which is advancing fast. The technology faces quite several challenges with the main one being cyber-crimes in different organizations and that where cybersecurity plays its part in the protection of vital information from being accessed or destroyed by unauthorized individuals. Cybersecurity plays a significant role in ensuring that any computer-related information is secure, no harm can come to it or threat is detected early before it thrives (Raman, 2019, p.3). Despite that still, the cybersecurity faces a lot of challenges; the main objective of this paper is to focus on those challenges faced by cybersecurity, making it less effective in playing its role. Also on some of the measures that have been taken in preventing the crimes associated with computer systems (Sutherland, 2018, p. 27).
Introduction
The world today starting from an individual moving to the largest organizations, all at least have a computer system for either storing information or used in day to day activities. Human beings can communicate with their loved ones from the far distance, they can travel long distance within the shortest time possible, and also they make what is deemed to be less effective, to be efficient. This is how good the technology is and why people are obsessed with it day in day out. Before all this, there is still the fact that they are unable to safeguard their information mostly the private one (Sadeghi et al., 2015, p. 4). This is why this paper is of importance as it makes one realize that within a fraction of a second or a mini second one can lose over a million in his bank account, millions of passwords could be hacked, the funny part is that someone can give out your money for donation without your knowledge, a virus can be sent into your computer to disrupt it or malware this is mostly associated with computers. That is how cyber-crime is and you can imagine how the victims cope with such surprise events when they do occur, in some cases, others take their lives in such a situation. These may occur due to the lack of cybersecurity that allows computer and other machines to be exploited (Sutherland, 2018, p. 27).
Objectives
To come up with a strategy that can respond quickly from cyber incidents and also prevent them when they occur.
To ensure that there is integrity maintained and availability of linked systems.
Encourage the creation of cyber secured machines to fight cyber threats.
Literature Revi ...
1)Using general mass-media (such as news sites) identify a recent co.pdf
1)Using general mass-media (such as news sites) identify a recent computer security incident.
Discuss the incident in few sentences. Next, find at least three articles on computer security sites
that
discuss the technology behind the attack / prevention / reaction etc. for the incident. Remember
to
provide the links also
Solution
Cyberterrorism is also clearly an emerging threat. Terrorist groups are increasingly computer
savvy, and some probably are acquiring the ability to use cyber attacks to inflict isolated and
brief disruptions of US infrastructure. Due to the prevalence of publicly available hacker tools,
many of these groups probably already have the capability to launch denial-of-service and other
nuisance attacks against Internet-connected systems. As terrorists become more computer savvy,
their attack options will only increase.” (War on Terrorism, 2003)
This is what Robert Mueller, FBI Director, testified on 11 February 2003 before the US Senate
on a hearing about War On Terrorism against Al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations. The US
and global media organizations picked up this testimony and begun speculating on the possibility
of a large-scale Cyberterrorist attack. So far, such an attack has not materialised. At the same
time a similar term, Cybercrime, is used to describe criminal activities on the Internet such as
identity theft, copyright infringement and bank fraud, but many times these two terms
(Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism) end up been used inter-changeably and their meaning,
especially to the public, becomes blurred and unclear. Governments, policy networks and the
media around the globe have engaged in an effort to build defences against Cyberattacks, bring
new regulations in effect while maintaining an almost mythological atmosphere over the threats
and risks of potential Cybercrime and Cyberterrorist attacks.
This essay will explore the concepts of Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism, how such acts are
portrayed in the media and the government policies that come in effect. The focus will be on how
all these processes affect people’s psychology in regards to induced feelings of anxiety and fear
and not the illegal activities themselves. In essence the essay aims to investigate Furedi’s (2002,
p. 34) statement that “what we already fear can now thrive in the new space provided by the
Internet”..
Respond with 150 wordMy post Forum Post Hint swipe t.docx
Respond with 150 word
My post :
Forum Post Hint: swipe through items ↔ NEW ALL Military Role of Defending Computer Networks You | 4 days ago | 685 words
The world has experience a lot of transformation through the emergence of sophisticated information systems. However, this has also resulted to new major challenges for governments. The traditional security framework existing in most modern states does not accommodate cyber threats. Thus, law enforcement has evolved to protect citizens from such threats within the society with the military primarily evolving to protect citizens from external threats. In many cases, cyber threats arise from overseas which makes it hard for the law enforcement to punish them hence, this warrants a military response. Therefore, the military plays a significant role in defending computer networks and cyberspace as explained below. The military is involved in various ways in defending the cyberspace, computer networks as well as carrying out offensive attacks. First role is cyber security governance and practices. This involves collaborating and enacting policies that govern cyber security by standardizing operation procedures in cyberspace enhancing better control of classified networks. This is mostly applied in diplomacy, law enforcement, crucial-war fighting, counter terrorism and intelligence and operations of homeland security. Second is cyber threat research and warning by collaboratively researching the state of and emerging cyber threat and developing appropriate policies and governance of cybersecurity for addressing them (Rawlings, 2014). Another role is developing cyber security measures and implementation as well as testing of new technologies against cyber threats. Lastly, the military plays a role in cyber security training and awareness as a result of the massive resources invested in new technologies. For this reason, it requires people with the right skills and knowledge to implement the technologies that will bring the difference while achieving mission success (Dieterle, 2013). With respect to the role of the military in defending cyberspace and computer networks is associated with a number of issues. Generally, there is undoubted attraction to using the military in the role of defending cyberspace since they have the features that every government would want in an effective cyber defense force. Military has cyber capability that can both support fighting in battlefield as well as defending their own systems during times of peace (Lynn & William, 2010). The military is known to provide the national signal intelligence of the nation as well as the information underpinning the most technical and sophisticated cyber operations. lastly, the military is better resourced compared to other arms of government. The military cannot be the only one carrying out this role in the United States government. This is because the responsibilities associated with protecting offensive attacks and cri ...
MOBILE DEVICES: THE CASE FOR CYBER SECURITY HARDENED SYSTEMS AND METHODS TO ...
Mobile devices are becoming a method to provide an efficient and convenient way to access, find and share information; however, the availability of this information has caused an increase in cyber attacks. Currently, cyber threats range from Trojans and viruses to botnets and toolkits. Presently, 96% of mobile devices do not have preinstalled security software while approximately 65% of the vulnerabilities are found within the application layer. This lack in security and policy driven systems is an opportunityfor malicious cyber attackers to hack into the various popular devices. Traditional security software found in desktop computing platforms, such as firewalls, antivirus, and encryption, is widely used by the general public in mobile devices. Moreover, mobile devices are even more vulnerable than personal desktop computers because more people are using mobile devices to do personal tasks. This review attempts to display the importance of developing a national security policy created for mobile devices in order to protect sensitive and confidential data. Results of this review provide methods to address security related issues in mobile devices.
Module 8 Textbook ReadingThe textbook reading assignment f.docx
Module 8 Textbook Reading
The textbook reading assignment for Module 8 is pages 193-216.
Understand the Limits of the State in Cyberspace: Why Can't the Government
Handle it?
Governments cannot control the movement of data the way that governments can control the
movement of people and things. Surprisingly, the authors don't point out the two main reasons
this is true:
• A country may try to control all physical connections to the internet, but wireless is almost
impossible to control.
• Even if a government were able to monitor all internet traffic, the meaning of data is often
unclear to anybody other than the sender and the recipient of that data. The most obvious
example of this is when data is encrypted, but even unencrypted data is often meaningless
without context.
On top of that, data can be instantly moved across borders to anywhere in the world. One day it
might be stored in Seattle, the next day in Finland and the next day in South Africa.
One of the ramifications of these facts is that governments cannot control internet content as
much as they would like. The other ramification, which is more immediately of interest to us, is
that governments also cannot simply monitor internet traffic for attacks and block the attacks.
There's no way to monitor the internet for cyberattacks in the way that radar can be used to
monitor for attacks by aircraft.
The authors discuss other related topics in this section as well, including the government's
reliance upon the private sector. For instance, at the top of page 196:
“98 percent of US. government communications, including classified communications,
travel over civilian owned-and-operated networks”
This statistic makes it easy to grasp just how dependent the government, including the military, is
dependent upon private sector infrastructure. (by the way, they are not saying that classified
communications travel over private networks in plaintext, they would be encrypted to preserve
confidentiality while on those networks)
Rethink Government's Role: How Can We Better Organize for Cybersecurity?
This section and the next have a lot of good information in them, but I have to admit that the
organization of these sections is not obvious to me – it almost feels like stream of consciousness
writing. For instance, in this first section, I made a list of 21 separate topics that the authors cover
in just seven pages. Perhaps the authors wrote these sections to make clear one of their main
points – that the government is also not organized when it comes to cybersecurity!
IT 238 Introduction to Cyberterrorism Central Washington University – ITAM
Module 8 Textbook Reading 2
You should probably view both this section and the next more as examples of what the
government is doing, is not doing, and could be doing to improve cybersecurity. I will just point
out some specific topics you should not miss.
By the way, very little has changed in any of these topics since the ...
OverviewThe US is currently undergoing an energy boom largel.docx
Overview
The US is currently undergoing an energy boom largely because of the development of the greatly expanded use of a well technique developed over 40 years ago - hydraulic fracking. It can be used for both oil and natural gas wells.. The technique allows previously unrecoverable oil and gas in old, played out wells to be accessed and increases the efficiency of recovery in new wells significantly. The current level of both recovery and new well drilling is dramatically higher than it has been for decades. The dramatic increase in well activity, some of which has been near towns and places no one thought drilling would ever occur. It has brought a great deal of attention to the technique and associated effects on everything from ground water and air pollution, to biodiversity disruption and earthquakes.
One important fact to weave into your opinion about fracking pro or con is that all of the sub-surface mineral rights in the US are owned by someone (a private individual, a business, or the state or federal government) but surface and mineral rights can be separated, i.e. sold. Originally, mineral rights were sold along with the land and then companies or individuals could decide if they wanted to keep or sell the mineral rights. Before mineral rights were so valuable, many people opted to sell their mineral rights to oil & gas companies. It never occurred to many people that someone would actually be drilling on their property or their neighbors. Oil and gas companies have a legal right to exercise their ownership options and if you are going to say "no" to them, then you owe them for what you are not letting them have, i.e. the money that would be produced if they were allowed to drill. This is not a trivial issue.
Instructions
This week’s discussion focuses on the pros and cons of hydraulic fracking and asks for your SCIENCE informed opinion on whether the economics and political fossil fuel issues justify the negative tradeoffs.
Address each of the following in your discussion:
How is fracking done and why are companies doing this action versus traditional drilling?
Are the environmental issues with fracking worse than conventional drilling? Why or why not?
Why are people along the Front Range and in other states where fracking is widespread, so upset about it now even though fracking has been occurring for a long time?
*In your initial post, please provide 3-4 references in APA format with in-text citations.
.
OverviewThe United Nations (UN) has hired you as a consultan.docx
Overview
The United Nations (UN) has hired you as a consultant, and your task is to assess the impact that global warming is expected to have on population growth and the ability of societies in the developing world to ensure the adequate security of their food supplies.
Case Assessment
As the world’s population nears 10 billion by 2050, the effects of global warming are stripping some natural resources from the environment. As they diminish in number, developing countries will face mounting obstacles to improving the livelihoods of their citizens and stabilizing their access to enough food. The reason these governments are struggling even now is that our climate influences their economic health and the consequent diminishing living standards of their peoples. Climate changes are responsible for the current loss of biodiversity as well as the physical access to some critical farming regions. As such, these changes in global weather patterns diminish agricultural output and the distribution of food to local and international markets. These difficulties will become even more significant for these countries as the Earth’s climate changes for the worse. Temperatures are already increasing incrementally, and polar ice caps are melting, so the salient question is: what does this suggest for developing societies?
The issue before the developing world is not its lack of food, but rather how to gain access to food. Simply put, changes in our climate are affecting the global food chain, and hence, the living standards of entire populations. Added to this is the fact that food is not getting to where it is needed in time to prevent hunger or starvation. In many developing countries, shortages are due to governments’ control over distribution networks rather than an insufficient supply of food itself. In effect, these governments are weaponizing food by favoring certain ethnic or religious groups over others. When added to dramatic climate changes that we are experiencing even now, the future for billions of poor people looks increasingly dim.
Instructions
You are to write a minimum of a 5 page persuasive paper for the UN that addresses the following questions about the relationship between atmospheric weather patterns and food security in the developing world:
Climate change and global warming are often used interchangeably, but they are not the same phenomenon. What are the differences between the two concepts and what leads to the confusion between them?
In 1900, the average global temperature was about 13.7° Celsius (56.7° Fahrenheit) (Osborn, 2021), but as of 2020, the temperature has risen another 1.2°C to 14.9°C (58.9°F). According to the Earth and climate science community, if the Earth’s surface temperature rises another 2°C (3.6°F), we will suffer catastrophic weather patterns that, among other things, will raise sea levels, cause widespread droughts and wildfires, result in plant, insect, and animal extinctions, and reduce agricultura.
OverviewThis project will allow you to write a program to get mo.docx
Overview
This project will allow you to write a program to get more practice with object-oriented ideas that we explored in the previous project, as well as some practice with more advanced ideas such as inheritance and the use of interfaces.
Ipods and other MP3 players organize a user's music selection into groups known as playlists. These are data structures that provide a collection of songs and an ordering for how those songs will be played. For this assignment you will be writing a set of PlayList classes that could be used for a program that organizes music for a user. These classes will be written to implement a particular PlayList interface so that they can be easily exchange in and out as the program requires. In addition, you will also be using the SimpleTrack class you wrote for the closed lab on Interfaces - if you did not finish this class before the end of lab, you will need to finish it before starting on this project.
Objectives
Practice with programming fundamentals
Review of various Java fundamentals (branching, loops, variables, methods, etc.)
Review of Java File I/O concepts
Practice with Java ArrayList concepts
Practice with object-oriented programming and design
Practice with Java interfaces
Project Description
The SimplePlaylist Class
Once you have coded and tested your SimpleTrack class, you will need to write a SimplePlaylist class that implements the Playist interface given in the project folder.
The SimplePlayList class stores music tracks in order - the first track added to the play list should be the first one removed from the play list. You should recognize this data structure as a
queue
(or a
first-in, first-out queue
). You do not need to implement the equals, hashCode and toString methods for this class but if you choose to do so make sure you document your implementations properly!
The PlayList Management Program
Once you have written and tested a SimpleTrack class and a SimplePlaylist class, it is time to use them to write a program to manage playlists. This program will simulate the playing of songs from a play list. For the SimplePlaylist, the songs are removed from the playlist as they are played, so you know that you're at the end of the list when your list is empty. This program should be implemented in the file MusicPlayerSimulator.java. Note that we are not defining ANY of the methods you are using for this program - the design is all up to you. You must, however, practice good programming style - make sure you are breaking the program up into smaller methods and aren't just trying to solve everything with one monolithic main method. If you have fewer than 5 methods for this program you are probably trying to fit too much into a single method.
Here is a sample transcript of the output of this program:
Enter database filename:
input.txt
Currently playing: 'Elvis Presley / Blue Suede Shoes / Elvis Presley: Legacy Edition' Next track to play: 'The Beatles / Wit.
OverviewThis week, we begin our examination of contemporary resp.docx
Overview
This week, we begin our examination of contemporary responses to youths’ illegal behaviors. The goal for this week is to assess pre-adjudication responses to youths’ illegal behavior. Primarily, our focus will be on nonformal responses or diversion. As a prelude to this discussion, we will consider the “school to prison pipeline” as it provides a good way to understand the need for diversion in juvenile justice.
Objectives
Upon completion of this week’s lesson, you should be able to:
Define what is meant by the “school to prison pipeline.”
Explain how the political economy contributes to the school to prison pipeline.
Explain how trends in education, policing, and juvenile justice contribute to the school to prison pipeline
Describe juvenile arrest trends and trends in the willingness of police to refer youths to juvenile court.
Define radical nonintervention or true diversion and assess the role in can play in juvenile justice.
Explain the rationale for diversion and its value in juvenile justice.
Describe diversion programs that appear to be effective and programs that are not effective
Assess arguments that are made in support of diversion.
Assess the potential problems that should be addressed when developing or operating diversion programs
Tasks
View Video Lecture (Part 1 and Part 2 below) on the School to Prison Pipeline. While viewing the videos, use the pause feature to stop the slides when needed so that you can examine the content.
Part 1
Part 2
Watch the video:
Rethinking Challenging Kids-Where There's a Skill There's a Way | J. Stuart Ablon | TEDxBeaconStreet
Read the material below, Juvenile Diversion.
View Video Lecture 3
.
OverviewProgress monitoring is a type of formative assessment in.docx
Overview
Progress monitoring is a type of formative assessment in which student learning is evaluated
on a regular basis to provide useful feedback about performance to both students and
teachers. Though there are a number of methods for monitoring a student’s progress, the most
widely used is general outcome measurement, sometimes referred to as curriculum-based
measurement (CBM). Progress monitoring consists of the frequent administration (e.g., once
per month, every two weeks) of brief probes or tests, which include sample items from every
skill taught across the academic year. After each probe is scored, the teacher or student plots
the score on an individual CBM graph. The teacher can then use this data to determine a
student’s:
• Rate of growth — Average growth of a student’s mathematics skills over a period of time
• Performance level — An indication of a student’s current mathematics skills, often
denoted by a score on a test or probe.
You will determine the rate of growth for the two students listed on page 3 using the data provided.
.
OverviewThe work you do throughout the modules culminates into a.docx
Overview
The work you do throughout the modules culminates into a Customer Service Plan. This plan incorporates the following:
Module 2: Company Description & Evaluation
Module 3: Examine Customer Service & Quality
Module 4: Examine Customer Service Practices in the Twenty-First Century
Module 5: Company Analysis
Instructions
Part I:
Customer Perspective
In relation to what you have learned in Module 3 so far, observe and describe the following as you would view it from the customer’s perspective. Hint: What is each communicating to the customer?
Physical appearance of the business
How quickly is a customer greeted
Pace of the transaction
Parking lot
Hours of operation
Courtesy of customer service representative
Knowledge of customer service representative
Website - if there is a website, how user-friendly is it?
Part II: Quality Recognition
Discuss the following:
Identify criteria that your organization deems important in communications.
How do you know this criteria is important?
How are representatives evaluated on this?
What training is provided to employees in the five main methods of communication (Listening, writing, talking, reading, nonverbal expression)?
What are the expectations when using technology to communicate with customers?
Part III: Proactive Practices
Evaluate the practices in place to avoid challenging situations. What are the practices in place in your business to demonstrate:
Respecting the customer’s time
Keeping a positive attitude
Recognizing regular customers
Maintaining professional communication
Showing initiative
.
OverviewThis discussion is about organizational design and.docx
Overview
This discussion is about
organizational design and leadership
, as well as
global leadership issues and practices
. Conduct research on current events relating to one of the unit concepts of interest to you. Then, share your findings in an initial post. Try to choose a concept that has not been, or is rarely, addressed by your classmates. Review peers' findings and then engage in an active discussion to learn more about the topic at hand.
Resources
Park LibraryLinks to an external site.
Click on the Library Sources tab.
Enter your topic in the search box.
Click on full text, and you will find one, or several, articles to analyze.
.
OverviewScholarly dissemination is essential for any doctora.docx
Overview
Scholarly dissemination is essential for any doctoral level student. Posters are often a way to ease into scholarly communication. Building a poster is one of the ways scholars participate in the dissemination of knowledge.
Instructions
1. Your poster submission must have a central focus, as developed from the topic selected in Module 2, and that focus must be evident throughout the poster. Specifically, your introduction, analysis, and results must be focused on a set of research questions and/or hypotheses that are obvious in your theoretical diagram.
2. The focus must comprehensively place the problem/question in appropriate scholarly context (scholarly literature, theory, model, or genre).
.
OverviewRegardless of whether you own a business or are a s.docx
Overview:
Regardless of whether you own a business or are a stakeholder in a business, understanding basic contract terms is important. Businesses enter into contracts with many areas, from shipping to suppliers to customers. As a business owner or manager knowledge of these basic terms will assist you in the day to day operations of the business, regardless of the field.
Instructions:
• Fill in the attached template.
• For each term, define the term with citation to authority, define the term in your own words and provide an example of each term.
Requirements:
• Use APA format for non-legal sources such as the textbook. Use Bluebook citation format for any legal citations.
• Submit a Word document using the template.
• Maximum two pages in length, excluding the Reference page.
.
OverviewImagine you have been hired as a consultant for th.docx
Overview
Imagine you have been hired as a consultant for the United Nations. You have been asked to write an analysis on how global population growth has caused the following problem and how it affects
TURKEY
A growing global population that consumes natural resources is partially to blame for the release of greenhouse gases since human consumption patterns lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and farming (overturned dirt releases CO2). However, the critical issue is the burning of fossil fuels (hydrocarbons) such as coal oil and natural gas to produce energy that is used for things like electricity production, and vehicle, heating, and cooking fuels.
Instructions
Content
The U.N. has asked that your paper contain three sections. It has asked that each section be one page (or approximately 300 words) in length and answer specific questions, identified in the outline below. It also asks that you use examples from Turkey when answering the questions.
Introduction
Provide an introduction of half a page minimum that addresses points
points
1–5 below:
Explain the problem the U.N. has asked you to address in your own words.
Identify the three sections your paper will cover.
Identify the developing country (TURKEY) you will consider.
Telly
the U.N. which causes of greenhouse gases you will explore.
Provide a one-sentence statement of your solutions at the end of your introduction paragraph.
Section I. Background
What are greenhouse gases?
How do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming?
Section II. How Emissions Causes Problems for the Developing World
Which countries produce the most greenhouse gases?
What are the economic challenges of these emissions in Turkey?
What are the security challenges of these emissions in Turkey?
What are the political challenges of these emissions in Turkey?
Section III. Causes and
Solution
s of Greenhouse Gases
Name two causes of greenhouse gases.
What are potential solutions to address each of the causes you identified?
What is the relationship between population control and greenhouse gases?
Conclusion
Provide a conclusion of half a page minimum that includes a summary of your findings that the United Nations can use to inform future policy decisions.
Success Tips
In answering each question, use examples from Turkey to illustrate your points.
The U.N. needs facts and objective analysis on which to base future policy decisions. Avoid
personal opinion
and make sure your answers are based on information you find through research.
Formatting Requirements
Make sure your paper consists of 4–6 pages (1,200 words minimum, not including the cover page, reference page, and quoted material if any).
Create headings for each section of your paper as follows:
Section I. Background.
Section II. How Emissions Causes Problems for the Developing World.
Section III. Causes and
.
More Related Content
Similar to Do you agree or disagree with the following responses. If so, why .docx
Running headEMERGING THREATS AND COUNTERMEASURES .docx
Running head: EMERGING THREATS AND COUNTERMEASURES 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
Emerging threats and countermeasures in the U.S. critical infrastructure
Table of content
Background information 3
Research questions 3
Methodological approach 3
Data analysis and findings 3
Challenges in confronting threats 6
Conclusion and discussion 8
References…………………………………………………………………………………………9
Background information
In recent times, the province of security architecture has profoundly transposed by the escalation of threats targeting critical national infrastructure. The rise in such threats is directly related to the rapid integration of the infrastructures with emergent information technologies (IT). That said, it is easy to conclude that the destructive threats to the infrastructures are from cybercrime. Cybercrime manifests in several dimensions from worms, viruses to malware. It would be easy if such threats confronted quickly. However, the state of affairs is that it is not an easy endeavor at all, and hence protecting national infrastructure is even more challenging than it has ever been.Research questions
This essay answers the questions of the literature related to the emergent threats in the protection of critical national infrastructure. More also, it answers the question of the challenges involved in securing the infrastructures.Methodological approach
The study of data collection is conducted using a qualitative approach. Qualitative research is the scientific study of observations that seeks to describe, explore, explain, and diagnose phenomena by gathering non-numerical data.Data analysis and findings
It has not been easy protecting national infrastructure in the last two decades thanks to an increase in cybercrime. Public information systems are lucrative targets for hackers and other ill-motivated criminals. The state affairs have led to a conclusion that in a time in the current generation, the world is increasingly veering toward cyber warfare. The cost of cybersecurity threats is estimated to be over billions of dollars and still learning. Even with new measures, it appears the rate at which cybercriminals are expanding their technological dominion in the deep web is exceedingly strange.
Cybersecurity attacks take different dimensions. Perhaps one of the most devastating has been related to user inefficiency when handling systems. Most cybercriminal activities have shown an impeccable ability to surpass both the human and system shields that protect systems. In the dawn of the early 2000s, for example, the world was in a panic following an attack unleashed by two Philippine students. The attack, known as love bug exposed the value system behind the human-based security system. It is one of the weakness and which is solely flexible to easy manipulation. Following the love bug attack, the national intelligence system had to be switched off for several hours. The cutting-edge world has seen a multiplication in th.
Cyber security rule of use internet safely
International peer-reviewed academic journals call for papers, http://www.iiste.org/Journals
Running Head CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING CYBER SECURITY .docx
Running Head: CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING CYBER SECURITY 1
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING CYBER SECURITY 12
(Name of School)
(Your Name)
(Course Code)
(Instructor’s Name)
(Date)
Current Challenges Facing Cyber Security
Abstract
Modern technology has been used today in various fields and it has proved to be of importance. Technology as a whole makes the world appear small in terms of distance due to fast transport and communication and a huge task to be less. Many people have been so dependent on technology, which is advancing fast. The technology faces quite several challenges with the main one being cyber-crimes in different organizations and that where cybersecurity plays its part in the protection of vital information from being accessed or destroyed by unauthorized individuals. Cybersecurity plays a significant role in ensuring that any computer-related information is secure, no harm can come to it or threat is detected early before it thrives (Raman, 2019, p.3). Despite that still, the cybersecurity faces a lot of challenges; the main objective of this paper is to focus on those challenges faced by cybersecurity, making it less effective in playing its role. Also on some of the measures that have been taken in preventing the crimes associated with computer systems (Sutherland, 2018, p. 27).
Introduction
The world today starting from an individual moving to the largest organizations, all at least have a computer system for either storing information or used in day to day activities. Human beings can communicate with their loved ones from the far distance, they can travel long distance within the shortest time possible, and also they make what is deemed to be less effective, to be efficient. This is how good the technology is and why people are obsessed with it day in day out. Before all this, there is still the fact that they are unable to safeguard their information mostly the private one (Sadeghi et al., 2015, p. 4). This is why this paper is of importance as it makes one realize that within a fraction of a second or a mini second one can lose over a million in his bank account, millions of passwords could be hacked, the funny part is that someone can give out your money for donation without your knowledge, a virus can be sent into your computer to disrupt it or malware this is mostly associated with computers. That is how cyber-crime is and you can imagine how the victims cope with such surprise events when they do occur, in some cases, others take their lives in such a situation. These may occur due to the lack of cybersecurity that allows computer and other machines to be exploited (Sutherland, 2018, p. 27).
Objectives
To come up with a strategy that can respond quickly from cyber incidents and also prevent them when they occur.
To ensure that there is integrity maintained and availability of linked systems.
Encourage the creation of cyber secured machines to fight cyber threats.
Literature Revi ...
1)Using general mass-media (such as news sites) identify a recent co.pdf
1)Using general mass-media (such as news sites) identify a recent computer security incident.
Discuss the incident in few sentences. Next, find at least three articles on computer security sites
that
discuss the technology behind the attack / prevention / reaction etc. for the incident. Remember
to
provide the links also
Solution
Cyberterrorism is also clearly an emerging threat. Terrorist groups are increasingly computer
savvy, and some probably are acquiring the ability to use cyber attacks to inflict isolated and
brief disruptions of US infrastructure. Due to the prevalence of publicly available hacker tools,
many of these groups probably already have the capability to launch denial-of-service and other
nuisance attacks against Internet-connected systems. As terrorists become more computer savvy,
their attack options will only increase.” (War on Terrorism, 2003)
This is what Robert Mueller, FBI Director, testified on 11 February 2003 before the US Senate
on a hearing about War On Terrorism against Al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations. The US
and global media organizations picked up this testimony and begun speculating on the possibility
of a large-scale Cyberterrorist attack. So far, such an attack has not materialised. At the same
time a similar term, Cybercrime, is used to describe criminal activities on the Internet such as
identity theft, copyright infringement and bank fraud, but many times these two terms
(Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism) end up been used inter-changeably and their meaning,
especially to the public, becomes blurred and unclear. Governments, policy networks and the
media around the globe have engaged in an effort to build defences against Cyberattacks, bring
new regulations in effect while maintaining an almost mythological atmosphere over the threats
and risks of potential Cybercrime and Cyberterrorist attacks.
This essay will explore the concepts of Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism, how such acts are
portrayed in the media and the government policies that come in effect. The focus will be on how
all these processes affect people’s psychology in regards to induced feelings of anxiety and fear
and not the illegal activities themselves. In essence the essay aims to investigate Furedi’s (2002,
p. 34) statement that “what we already fear can now thrive in the new space provided by the
Internet”..
Respond with 150 wordMy post Forum Post Hint swipe t.docx
Respond with 150 word
My post :
Forum Post Hint: swipe through items ↔ NEW ALL Military Role of Defending Computer Networks You | 4 days ago | 685 words
The world has experience a lot of transformation through the emergence of sophisticated information systems. However, this has also resulted to new major challenges for governments. The traditional security framework existing in most modern states does not accommodate cyber threats. Thus, law enforcement has evolved to protect citizens from such threats within the society with the military primarily evolving to protect citizens from external threats. In many cases, cyber threats arise from overseas which makes it hard for the law enforcement to punish them hence, this warrants a military response. Therefore, the military plays a significant role in defending computer networks and cyberspace as explained below. The military is involved in various ways in defending the cyberspace, computer networks as well as carrying out offensive attacks. First role is cyber security governance and practices. This involves collaborating and enacting policies that govern cyber security by standardizing operation procedures in cyberspace enhancing better control of classified networks. This is mostly applied in diplomacy, law enforcement, crucial-war fighting, counter terrorism and intelligence and operations of homeland security. Second is cyber threat research and warning by collaboratively researching the state of and emerging cyber threat and developing appropriate policies and governance of cybersecurity for addressing them (Rawlings, 2014). Another role is developing cyber security measures and implementation as well as testing of new technologies against cyber threats. Lastly, the military plays a role in cyber security training and awareness as a result of the massive resources invested in new technologies. For this reason, it requires people with the right skills and knowledge to implement the technologies that will bring the difference while achieving mission success (Dieterle, 2013). With respect to the role of the military in defending cyberspace and computer networks is associated with a number of issues. Generally, there is undoubted attraction to using the military in the role of defending cyberspace since they have the features that every government would want in an effective cyber defense force. Military has cyber capability that can both support fighting in battlefield as well as defending their own systems during times of peace (Lynn & William, 2010). The military is known to provide the national signal intelligence of the nation as well as the information underpinning the most technical and sophisticated cyber operations. lastly, the military is better resourced compared to other arms of government. The military cannot be the only one carrying out this role in the United States government. This is because the responsibilities associated with protecting offensive attacks and cri ...
MOBILE DEVICES: THE CASE FOR CYBER SECURITY HARDENED SYSTEMS AND METHODS TO ...
Mobile devices are becoming a method to provide an efficient and convenient way to access, find and share information; however, the availability of this information has caused an increase in cyber attacks. Currently, cyber threats range from Trojans and viruses to botnets and toolkits. Presently, 96% of mobile devices do not have preinstalled security software while approximately 65% of the vulnerabilities are found within the application layer. This lack in security and policy driven systems is an opportunityfor malicious cyber attackers to hack into the various popular devices. Traditional security software found in desktop computing platforms, such as firewalls, antivirus, and encryption, is widely used by the general public in mobile devices. Moreover, mobile devices are even more vulnerable than personal desktop computers because more people are using mobile devices to do personal tasks. This review attempts to display the importance of developing a national security policy created for mobile devices in order to protect sensitive and confidential data. Results of this review provide methods to address security related issues in mobile devices.
Module 8 Textbook ReadingThe textbook reading assignment f.docx
Module 8 Textbook Reading
The textbook reading assignment for Module 8 is pages 193-216.
Understand the Limits of the State in Cyberspace: Why Can't the Government
Handle it?
Governments cannot control the movement of data the way that governments can control the
movement of people and things. Surprisingly, the authors don't point out the two main reasons
this is true:
• A country may try to control all physical connections to the internet, but wireless is almost
impossible to control.
• Even if a government were able to monitor all internet traffic, the meaning of data is often
unclear to anybody other than the sender and the recipient of that data. The most obvious
example of this is when data is encrypted, but even unencrypted data is often meaningless
without context.
On top of that, data can be instantly moved across borders to anywhere in the world. One day it
might be stored in Seattle, the next day in Finland and the next day in South Africa.
One of the ramifications of these facts is that governments cannot control internet content as
much as they would like. The other ramification, which is more immediately of interest to us, is
that governments also cannot simply monitor internet traffic for attacks and block the attacks.
There's no way to monitor the internet for cyberattacks in the way that radar can be used to
monitor for attacks by aircraft.
The authors discuss other related topics in this section as well, including the government's
reliance upon the private sector. For instance, at the top of page 196:
“98 percent of US. government communications, including classified communications,
travel over civilian owned-and-operated networks”
This statistic makes it easy to grasp just how dependent the government, including the military, is
dependent upon private sector infrastructure. (by the way, they are not saying that classified
communications travel over private networks in plaintext, they would be encrypted to preserve
confidentiality while on those networks)
Rethink Government's Role: How Can We Better Organize for Cybersecurity?
This section and the next have a lot of good information in them, but I have to admit that the
organization of these sections is not obvious to me – it almost feels like stream of consciousness
writing. For instance, in this first section, I made a list of 21 separate topics that the authors cover
in just seven pages. Perhaps the authors wrote these sections to make clear one of their main
points – that the government is also not organized when it comes to cybersecurity!
IT 238 Introduction to Cyberterrorism Central Washington University – ITAM
Module 8 Textbook Reading 2
You should probably view both this section and the next more as examples of what the
government is doing, is not doing, and could be doing to improve cybersecurity. I will just point
out some specific topics you should not miss.
By the way, very little has changed in any of these topics since the ...
Similar to Do you agree or disagree with the following responses. If so, why .docx (12)
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Running headEMERGING THREATS AND COUNTERMEASURES .docx
NACCTFO Cyber Security Presentation 2014 New Orleans
NACCTFO Cyber Security Presentation 2014 New Orleans
Running Head CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING CYBER SECURITY .docx
Running Head CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING CYBER SECURITY .docx
1)Using general mass-media (such as news sites) identify a recent co.pdf
1)Using general mass-media (such as news sites) identify a recent co.pdf
Respond with 150 wordMy post Forum Post Hint swipe t.docx
Respond with 150 wordMy post Forum Post Hint swipe t.docx
MOBILE DEVICES: THE CASE FOR CYBER SECURITY HARDENED SYSTEMS AND METHODS TO ...
MOBILE DEVICES: THE CASE FOR CYBER SECURITY HARDENED SYSTEMS AND METHODS TO ...
Module 8 Textbook ReadingThe textbook reading assignment f.docx
Module 8 Textbook ReadingThe textbook reading assignment f.docx
More from jacksnathalie
OverviewThe US is currently undergoing an energy boom largel.docx
Overview
The US is currently undergoing an energy boom largely because of the development of the greatly expanded use of a well technique developed over 40 years ago - hydraulic fracking. It can be used for both oil and natural gas wells.. The technique allows previously unrecoverable oil and gas in old, played out wells to be accessed and increases the efficiency of recovery in new wells significantly. The current level of both recovery and new well drilling is dramatically higher than it has been for decades. The dramatic increase in well activity, some of which has been near towns and places no one thought drilling would ever occur. It has brought a great deal of attention to the technique and associated effects on everything from ground water and air pollution, to biodiversity disruption and earthquakes.
One important fact to weave into your opinion about fracking pro or con is that all of the sub-surface mineral rights in the US are owned by someone (a private individual, a business, or the state or federal government) but surface and mineral rights can be separated, i.e. sold. Originally, mineral rights were sold along with the land and then companies or individuals could decide if they wanted to keep or sell the mineral rights. Before mineral rights were so valuable, many people opted to sell their mineral rights to oil & gas companies. It never occurred to many people that someone would actually be drilling on their property or their neighbors. Oil and gas companies have a legal right to exercise their ownership options and if you are going to say "no" to them, then you owe them for what you are not letting them have, i.e. the money that would be produced if they were allowed to drill. This is not a trivial issue.
Instructions
This week’s discussion focuses on the pros and cons of hydraulic fracking and asks for your SCIENCE informed opinion on whether the economics and political fossil fuel issues justify the negative tradeoffs.
Address each of the following in your discussion:
How is fracking done and why are companies doing this action versus traditional drilling?
Are the environmental issues with fracking worse than conventional drilling? Why or why not?
Why are people along the Front Range and in other states where fracking is widespread, so upset about it now even though fracking has been occurring for a long time?
*In your initial post, please provide 3-4 references in APA format with in-text citations.
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OverviewThe United Nations (UN) has hired you as a consultan.docx
Overview
The United Nations (UN) has hired you as a consultant, and your task is to assess the impact that global warming is expected to have on population growth and the ability of societies in the developing world to ensure the adequate security of their food supplies.
Case Assessment
As the world’s population nears 10 billion by 2050, the effects of global warming are stripping some natural resources from the environment. As they diminish in number, developing countries will face mounting obstacles to improving the livelihoods of their citizens and stabilizing their access to enough food. The reason these governments are struggling even now is that our climate influences their economic health and the consequent diminishing living standards of their peoples. Climate changes are responsible for the current loss of biodiversity as well as the physical access to some critical farming regions. As such, these changes in global weather patterns diminish agricultural output and the distribution of food to local and international markets. These difficulties will become even more significant for these countries as the Earth’s climate changes for the worse. Temperatures are already increasing incrementally, and polar ice caps are melting, so the salient question is: what does this suggest for developing societies?
The issue before the developing world is not its lack of food, but rather how to gain access to food. Simply put, changes in our climate are affecting the global food chain, and hence, the living standards of entire populations. Added to this is the fact that food is not getting to where it is needed in time to prevent hunger or starvation. In many developing countries, shortages are due to governments’ control over distribution networks rather than an insufficient supply of food itself. In effect, these governments are weaponizing food by favoring certain ethnic or religious groups over others. When added to dramatic climate changes that we are experiencing even now, the future for billions of poor people looks increasingly dim.
Instructions
You are to write a minimum of a 5 page persuasive paper for the UN that addresses the following questions about the relationship between atmospheric weather patterns and food security in the developing world:
Climate change and global warming are often used interchangeably, but they are not the same phenomenon. What are the differences between the two concepts and what leads to the confusion between them?
In 1900, the average global temperature was about 13.7° Celsius (56.7° Fahrenheit) (Osborn, 2021), but as of 2020, the temperature has risen another 1.2°C to 14.9°C (58.9°F). According to the Earth and climate science community, if the Earth’s surface temperature rises another 2°C (3.6°F), we will suffer catastrophic weather patterns that, among other things, will raise sea levels, cause widespread droughts and wildfires, result in plant, insect, and animal extinctions, and reduce agricultura.
OverviewThis project will allow you to write a program to get mo.docx
Overview
This project will allow you to write a program to get more practice with object-oriented ideas that we explored in the previous project, as well as some practice with more advanced ideas such as inheritance and the use of interfaces.
Ipods and other MP3 players organize a user's music selection into groups known as playlists. These are data structures that provide a collection of songs and an ordering for how those songs will be played. For this assignment you will be writing a set of PlayList classes that could be used for a program that organizes music for a user. These classes will be written to implement a particular PlayList interface so that they can be easily exchange in and out as the program requires. In addition, you will also be using the SimpleTrack class you wrote for the closed lab on Interfaces - if you did not finish this class before the end of lab, you will need to finish it before starting on this project.
Objectives
Practice with programming fundamentals
Review of various Java fundamentals (branching, loops, variables, methods, etc.)
Review of Java File I/O concepts
Practice with Java ArrayList concepts
Practice with object-oriented programming and design
Practice with Java interfaces
Project Description
The SimplePlaylist Class
Once you have coded and tested your SimpleTrack class, you will need to write a SimplePlaylist class that implements the Playist interface given in the project folder.
The SimplePlayList class stores music tracks in order - the first track added to the play list should be the first one removed from the play list. You should recognize this data structure as a
queue
(or a
first-in, first-out queue
). You do not need to implement the equals, hashCode and toString methods for this class but if you choose to do so make sure you document your implementations properly!
The PlayList Management Program
Once you have written and tested a SimpleTrack class and a SimplePlaylist class, it is time to use them to write a program to manage playlists. This program will simulate the playing of songs from a play list. For the SimplePlaylist, the songs are removed from the playlist as they are played, so you know that you're at the end of the list when your list is empty. This program should be implemented in the file MusicPlayerSimulator.java. Note that we are not defining ANY of the methods you are using for this program - the design is all up to you. You must, however, practice good programming style - make sure you are breaking the program up into smaller methods and aren't just trying to solve everything with one monolithic main method. If you have fewer than 5 methods for this program you are probably trying to fit too much into a single method.
Here is a sample transcript of the output of this program:
Enter database filename:
input.txt
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OverviewThis week, we begin our examination of contemporary resp.docx
Overview
This week, we begin our examination of contemporary responses to youths’ illegal behaviors. The goal for this week is to assess pre-adjudication responses to youths’ illegal behavior. Primarily, our focus will be on nonformal responses or diversion. As a prelude to this discussion, we will consider the “school to prison pipeline” as it provides a good way to understand the need for diversion in juvenile justice.
Objectives
Upon completion of this week’s lesson, you should be able to:
Define what is meant by the “school to prison pipeline.”
Explain how the political economy contributes to the school to prison pipeline.
Explain how trends in education, policing, and juvenile justice contribute to the school to prison pipeline
Describe juvenile arrest trends and trends in the willingness of police to refer youths to juvenile court.
Define radical nonintervention or true diversion and assess the role in can play in juvenile justice.
Explain the rationale for diversion and its value in juvenile justice.
Describe diversion programs that appear to be effective and programs that are not effective
Assess arguments that are made in support of diversion.
Assess the potential problems that should be addressed when developing or operating diversion programs
Tasks
View Video Lecture (Part 1 and Part 2 below) on the School to Prison Pipeline. While viewing the videos, use the pause feature to stop the slides when needed so that you can examine the content.
Part 1
Part 2
Watch the video:
Rethinking Challenging Kids-Where There's a Skill There's a Way | J. Stuart Ablon | TEDxBeaconStreet
Read the material below, Juvenile Diversion.
View Video Lecture 3
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OverviewProgress monitoring is a type of formative assessment in.docx
Overview
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teachers. Though there are a number of methods for monitoring a student’s progress, the most
widely used is general outcome measurement, sometimes referred to as curriculum-based
measurement (CBM). Progress monitoring consists of the frequent administration (e.g., once
per month, every two weeks) of brief probes or tests, which include sample items from every
skill taught across the academic year. After each probe is scored, the teacher or student plots
the score on an individual CBM graph. The teacher can then use this data to determine a
student’s:
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• Performance level — An indication of a student’s current mathematics skills, often
denoted by a score on a test or probe.
You will determine the rate of growth for the two students listed on page 3 using the data provided.
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OverviewThe work you do throughout the modules culminates into a.docx
Overview
The work you do throughout the modules culminates into a Customer Service Plan. This plan incorporates the following:
Module 2: Company Description & Evaluation
Module 3: Examine Customer Service & Quality
Module 4: Examine Customer Service Practices in the Twenty-First Century
Module 5: Company Analysis
Instructions
Part I:
Customer Perspective
In relation to what you have learned in Module 3 so far, observe and describe the following as you would view it from the customer’s perspective. Hint: What is each communicating to the customer?
Physical appearance of the business
How quickly is a customer greeted
Pace of the transaction
Parking lot
Hours of operation
Courtesy of customer service representative
Knowledge of customer service representative
Website - if there is a website, how user-friendly is it?
Part II: Quality Recognition
Discuss the following:
Identify criteria that your organization deems important in communications.
How do you know this criteria is important?
How are representatives evaluated on this?
What training is provided to employees in the five main methods of communication (Listening, writing, talking, reading, nonverbal expression)?
What are the expectations when using technology to communicate with customers?
Part III: Proactive Practices
Evaluate the practices in place to avoid challenging situations. What are the practices in place in your business to demonstrate:
Respecting the customer’s time
Keeping a positive attitude
Recognizing regular customers
Maintaining professional communication
Showing initiative
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OverviewThis discussion is about organizational design and.docx
Overview
This discussion is about
organizational design and leadership
, as well as
global leadership issues and practices
. Conduct research on current events relating to one of the unit concepts of interest to you. Then, share your findings in an initial post. Try to choose a concept that has not been, or is rarely, addressed by your classmates. Review peers' findings and then engage in an active discussion to learn more about the topic at hand.
Resources
Park LibraryLinks to an external site.
Click on the Library Sources tab.
Enter your topic in the search box.
Click on full text, and you will find one, or several, articles to analyze.
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OverviewScholarly dissemination is essential for any doctora.docx
Overview
Scholarly dissemination is essential for any doctoral level student. Posters are often a way to ease into scholarly communication. Building a poster is one of the ways scholars participate in the dissemination of knowledge.
Instructions
1. Your poster submission must have a central focus, as developed from the topic selected in Module 2, and that focus must be evident throughout the poster. Specifically, your introduction, analysis, and results must be focused on a set of research questions and/or hypotheses that are obvious in your theoretical diagram.
2. The focus must comprehensively place the problem/question in appropriate scholarly context (scholarly literature, theory, model, or genre).
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OverviewRegardless of whether you own a business or are a s.docx
Overview:
Regardless of whether you own a business or are a stakeholder in a business, understanding basic contract terms is important. Businesses enter into contracts with many areas, from shipping to suppliers to customers. As a business owner or manager knowledge of these basic terms will assist you in the day to day operations of the business, regardless of the field.
Instructions:
• Fill in the attached template.
• For each term, define the term with citation to authority, define the term in your own words and provide an example of each term.
Requirements:
• Use APA format for non-legal sources such as the textbook. Use Bluebook citation format for any legal citations.
• Submit a Word document using the template.
• Maximum two pages in length, excluding the Reference page.
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OverviewImagine you have been hired as a consultant for th.docx
Overview
Imagine you have been hired as a consultant for the United Nations. You have been asked to write an analysis on how global population growth has caused the following problem and how it affects
TURKEY
A growing global population that consumes natural resources is partially to blame for the release of greenhouse gases since human consumption patterns lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and farming (overturned dirt releases CO2). However, the critical issue is the burning of fossil fuels (hydrocarbons) such as coal oil and natural gas to produce energy that is used for things like electricity production, and vehicle, heating, and cooking fuels.
Instructions
Content
The U.N. has asked that your paper contain three sections. It has asked that each section be one page (or approximately 300 words) in length and answer specific questions, identified in the outline below. It also asks that you use examples from Turkey when answering the questions.
Introduction
Provide an introduction of half a page minimum that addresses points
points
1–5 below:
Explain the problem the U.N. has asked you to address in your own words.
Identify the three sections your paper will cover.
Identify the developing country (TURKEY) you will consider.
Telly
the U.N. which causes of greenhouse gases you will explore.
Provide a one-sentence statement of your solutions at the end of your introduction paragraph.
Section I. Background
What are greenhouse gases?
How do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming?
Section II. How Emissions Causes Problems for the Developing World
Which countries produce the most greenhouse gases?
What are the economic challenges of these emissions in Turkey?
What are the security challenges of these emissions in Turkey?
What are the political challenges of these emissions in Turkey?
Section III. Causes and
Solution
s of Greenhouse Gases
Name two causes of greenhouse gases.
What are potential solutions to address each of the causes you identified?
What is the relationship between population control and greenhouse gases?
Conclusion
Provide a conclusion of half a page minimum that includes a summary of your findings that the United Nations can use to inform future policy decisions.
Success Tips
In answering each question, use examples from Turkey to illustrate your points.
The U.N. needs facts and objective analysis on which to base future policy decisions. Avoid
personal opinion
and make sure your answers are based on information you find through research.
Formatting Requirements
Make sure your paper consists of 4–6 pages (1,200 words minimum, not including the cover page, reference page, and quoted material if any).
Create headings for each section of your paper as follows:
Section I. Background.
Section II. How Emissions Causes Problems for the Developing World.
Section III. Causes and
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OverviewDevelop a 4–6-page position about a specific health care.docx
Overview
Develop a 4–6-page position about a specific health care issue as it relates to a target vulnerable population. Include an analysis of existing evidence and position papers to help support your position. Your analysis should also present and respond to one or more opposing viewpoints.
Note
: Each assessment in this course builds on the work you completed in the previous assessment. Therefore, you must complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
Position papers are a method to evaluate the most current evidence and policies related to health care issues. They offer a way for researchers to explore the views of any number of organizations around a topic. This can help you to develop your own position and approach to care around a topic or issue.
This assessment will focus on analyzing position papers about an issue related to addiction, chronicity, emotional and mental health, genetics and genomics, or immunity. Many of these topics are quickly evolving as technology advances, or as we attempt to push past stigmas. For example, technology advances and DNA sequencing provide comprehensive information to allow treatment to become more targeted and effective for the individual. However as a result, nurses must be able to understand and teach patients about the impact of this information. With this great power comes concerns that patient conditions are protected in an ethical and compassionate manner.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Design evidence-based advanced nursing care for achieving high-quality population outcomes.
Evaluate the evidence and positions of others that could support a team's approach to improving the quality and outcomes of care for a specific issue in a target population.
Evaluate the evidence and positions of others that are contrary to a team's approach to improving the quality and outcomes of care for a specific issue in a target population.
Competency 2: Evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of interprofessional interventions in achieving desired population health outcomes.
Explain the role of the interprofessional team in facilitating improvements for a specific issue in a target population.
Competency 3: Analyze population health outcomes in terms of their implications for health policy advocacy.
Explain a position with regard to health outcomes for a specific issue in a target population.
Competency 4: Communicate effectively with diverse audiences, in an appropriate form and style, consistent with organizational, professional, and scholarly standards.
Communicate an initial viewpoint regarding a specific issue in a target population and a synthesis of existing positions in a logically structured and concise manner, writing content clearly with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
Integrate .
Overview This purpose of the week 6 discussion board is to exam.docx
Overview:
This purpose of the week 6 discussion board is to examine social class and global stratification. Answer prompt 1. Then select and answer one prompt from prompts 2-4. Refer to Chapters 7 and 8 to answer the prompts.
Instructions:
Respond to prompts in paragraph form (200-400 words
Prompt 1:
Describe 3 topics from Chapters 7 and 8 that you found interesting. Three topics I found interesting from Chapter 7 and 8 were the Dependency Theory, World Systems Theory, and Modernization Theory.
Prompt 2:
Describe 3 different social classes and criteria for membership in each.
Prompt 3:
Describe the effect of social inequality upon dominant and minority groups.
Prompt 4
: Describe social mobility regarding how to rise up the social class ladder, if it is possible.
Prompt 5:
Apply a functionalist or conflict theory perspective to social inequality.
.
Overall Scenario Always Fresh Foods Inc. is a food distributor w.docx
Overall Scenario
Always Fresh Foods Inc. is a food distributor with a central headquarters and main warehouse in Colorado, as well as two regional warehouses in Nevada and Virginia. The company runs Microsoft Windows 2019 on its servers and Microsoft Windows 10 on its workstations. There are 2 database servers, 4 application servers, 2 web servers, and 25 workstation computers in the headquarters offices and main warehouse. The network uses workgroups, and users are created locally on each computer. Employees from the regional warehouses connect to the Colorado network via a virtual private network (VPN) connection. Due to a recent security breach, Always Fresh wants to increase the overall security of its network and systems. They have chosen to use a solid multilayered defense to reduce the likelihood that an attacker will successfully compromise the company’s information security. Multiple layers of defense throughout the IT infrastructure makes the process of compromising any protected resource or data more difficult than any single security control. In this way, Always Fresh protects its business by protecting its information.
Scenario 1
Assume you are an entry-level security administrator working for Always Fresh. You have been asked to evaluate the option of adding Active Directory to the company’s network.
Tasks
Create a summary report to management that answers the following questions to satisfy the key points of interest regarding the addition of Active Directory to the network:
1. System administrators currently create users on each computer where users need access. In Active Directory, where will system administrators create users?
2. How will the procedures for making changes to the user accounts, such as password changes, be different in Active Directory?
3. What action should administrators take for the existing workgroup user accounts after converting to Active Directory?
4. How will the administrators resolve differences between user accounts defined on different computers? In other words, if user accounts have different settings on different computers, how will Active Directory address that issue? (Hint: Consider security identifiers [SIDs].)
.
OverviewCreate a 15-minute oral presentation (3–4 pages) that .docx
Overview
Create a 15-minute oral presentation (3–4 pages) that examines the moral and ethical issues related to triaging patients in an emergency room.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
· Competency 1: Explain the effect of health care policies, legislation, and legal issues on health care delivery and patient outcomes.
. Explain the health care policies that can affect emergency care.
. Recommend evidence-based decision-making strategies nurses can use during triage.
· Competency 3: Apply professional nursing ethical standards and principles to the decision-making process.
. Describe the moral and ethical challenges nurses can face when following hospital policies and protocols.
. Explain how health care disparities impact treatment decisions.
· Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is consistent with expectations of nursing professionals.
. Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
. Correctly format citations and references using APA style.
Context
Working in an emergency room gives rise to ethical dilemmas. Due to time restraints and the patient's cognitive impairment and lack of medical history, complications can and do occur. The nurse has very little time to get detailed patient information. He or she must make a quick assessment and take action based on hospital protocol. The organized chaos of the emergency room presents unique ethical challenge, which is why nurses are required to have knowledge of ethical concepts and principles.
Questions to consider
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of your professional community.
· How does a triage nurse decide which patient gets seen first?
· How does health disparity affect the triage nurse's decision making?
· What ethical and moral issues does the triage nurse take into account when making a decision?
· What are triage-level designations?
Resources
Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Capella Resources
· APA Paper Template.
· APA Paper Tutorial.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course:
· Tingle, J., & Cribb, A. (Eds.). (2014). Nursing law and ethics (4th ed.). Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
· Cranmer, P., & Nhemachena, J. (2013). Ethics for nurses: Theory and practice. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.
· Aacharya, R. P., Gastmans, C., & Denier, Y. (2011). Emergency department triage: An ethical analysis. B MC Emergency Medicine, 11(1), 16–29.
· Guidet, B., H.
Overall CommentsHi Khanh,Overall you made a nice start with y.docx
Overall Comments:
Hi Khanh,
Overall you made a nice start with your U06a1 assignment; however, many of the required objectives have not been addressed in the first version of your assignment. Please carefully review the scoring guide, and review my feedback below, and be sure to contact me if you have any questions about my comments. You can reach me at: [email protected] or 813-417-0860.
Sincerely,
Dr. Marni Swain
COMPETENCY: Assess approaches for recruiting, selecting, and retaining talent.
CRITERION: Explain why and when candidate background checks will be authorized.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Basic
Explains why but not when candidate background checks will be authorized.
Faculty Comments:“
You made a nice start with this discussion; however, it is important to develop your content further to address the legalities involving when a background check can be conducted during the interview process, and the other steps employers have to follow to be in compliance with the law.
”
CRITERION: Identify the top three candidates to interview for the position.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not identify the top three candidates to interview for the position.
Faculty Comments:“
Please develop your content further to address this topic in your assignment.
”
CRITERION: Explain rationale for why the selected candidates should be interviewed.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not explain rationale for why the selected candidates should be interviewed.
Faculty Comments:“
Please develop your content further to address this topic in your assignment.
”
CRITERION: Identify pre-employment screening tests for the position being recruited.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Basic
Identifies a pre-employment screening test for the position being recruited.
Faculty Comments:“
I would like to see your content developed further to clearly identify your rationale for the pre-employment screening tests you selected, as this is not clear based on the limited information provided.
”
CRITERION: Select assessment methods to use based on the job being recruited and the budget available.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not select assessment methods to use based on the job being recruited and the budget available.
Faculty Comments:“
I would like to see your content developed further to clearly identify the assessment methods you will use for CapraTek's Regional Sales positions based on the available budget, as this is not identified in your work.
”
CRITERION: Develop the sequence in which methods will be used to screen applicants.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not develop the sequence in which methods will be used to screen applicants.
Faculty Comments:“
Please develop your content further to address this topic in your assignment.
”
CRITERION: Design a final candidate selection process for the CapraTek.
Overall CommentsHi Khanh,Overall you made a nice start with.docx
Overall Comments:
Hi Khanh,
Overall you made a nice start with your U03a1 assignment; however, your content still does not address the required objectives. For this assignment you will need to focus the content on Capra Tek's regional sales position, and for objective #1 analyze the KSAs for this position, and for objective #2 you will need to analyze wage trends related to this position as well. Objectives 3 & 4 focus on job description and the job analysis so please carefully review what is required for these two objectives.
Please see my feedback below and be sure to let me know if you have any questions about my comments.
Sincerely,
Dr. Marni Swain
COMPETENCY: Describe how hiring practices support an organization's strategy.
CRITERION: Articulate the components of a job description for a position.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not articulate the components of a job description for this position.
Faculty Comments:“
Please see feedback above.
”
COMPETENCY: Assess approaches for recruiting, selecting, and retaining talent.
CRITERION: Identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for this position.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for this position.
Faculty Comments:“
Please see feedback above.
”
COMPETENCY: Explore technology tools that support recruiting and staffing management.
CRITERION: Identify wage information and employment trends for this position in a selected state.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not identify wage information and employment trends for this position in a selected state.
Faculty Comments:“
Please see feedback above.
”
COMPETENCY: Analyze the impact of legal and regulatory issues on staffing management.
CRITERION: Explain why a job analysis is a requirement for any recruiting and selecting process.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not explain why a job analysis is a requirement for any recruiting and selecting process.
Faculty Comments:“
Please see feedback above.
”
COMPETENCY: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly and professional.
CRITERION: Communicate in a professional manner that is appropriate for the intended audience.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not communicate in a professional manner that is appropriate for the intended audience.
Faculty Comments:“
Please see feedback above.
”
Dysphagia .
Dysphagia is a serious problem and contributes to weight loss, malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and death. Careful assessment of risk factors, observation for signs and symptoms, and collaboration with speech-language pathologists on interventions are essential.
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a common problem in older adults. The prevalence of swallowing disorders is 16% to 22% in adults older than 50 years of age, and up to 60% of nursing ho.
Overall feedbackYou addressed most all of the assignment req.docx
Overall feedback:
You addressed most all of the assignment requirements. The assignment had several requirements including, but not limited to: an introduction, 3 questions, conclusion, and at least 2 scholarly references to support your claims. You did include an introduction. However, the introduction should briefly identify the key areas/sections to be covered in the paper. This helps the reader navigate through the organization of both your paper and thought process. You did address the question requirements. The assignment required at least 2 scholarly peer reviewed journal articles. Although you included several references, I only saw one scholarly peer reviewed journal article. Moving forward. Be sure to carefully review the instructions before and after you complete your final draft to ensure all requirements have been met. Second, always include an introduction which briefly describes what areas will be covered. Finally, make sure that you include the required number of scholarly peer reviewed journal articles to support your claims. If you have questions, please contact me.
be sure to fully address the question with terminology and concepts from the book to apply to the case. This demonstrates proficiency at the required tasks. For example, question 2 asked:
Question #2: Discuss your plans for developing formal job descriptions for the employees at the second shop
For this question, I was looking for your approach in terms of methods discussed in the text (interviews, observations, questionnaires, etc.) and application to the case study to show application of the concepts/theories.
As far as the scholarly peer reviewed journal articles, this is an essential part of supporting your claims at the graduate level of writing. The assignment required 2 scholarly peer reviewed journal articles. I only saw one? The purpose of this requirement is to ensure that you are supporting your claims with contemporary research within the management/business discipline. Second, this also gives credit to the author's ideas. While I do not point out every error or missing item on your paper, I focus on those areas/content that are required and can be improved. Moving forward, be sure to fully address each question with terminology from the text/material, as well as provide examples to demonstrate the ability to apply the concepts to the case study. I look forward to receiving your next paper. Second, be sure to include the required number of current (within past 5 years) scholarly peer reviewed journal articles to support your paper.
.
Performance Management
Third Edition
Herman Aguinis
Kelley School of Business
Indiana University
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with per.
Overall Comments Overall you made a nice start with your U02a1 .docx
Overall Comments:
Overall you made a nice start with your U02a1 assignment. Please see my specific feedback below for each objective, and I can be reached at: [email protected] or 813-417-0860 if you have any questions about my comments.
COMPETENCY: Analyze the impact of legal and regulatory issues on staffing management.
CRITERION: Describe the important issues in the case.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not identify the important issues in the case.
Faculty Comments:“
It is important to select a legal case of disparate impact as the focus of your assignment, and it is unclear if the case you selected is this type of case based on the information provided. Please develop your content further to clearly analyze the important issues of this case, and be sure to describe why this is a case of disparate impact.
”
CRITERION: Distinguish the theory of disparate (or adverse) impact from the theory of disparate treatment.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Basic
Partially distinguishes the theory of disparate (or adverse) impact from the theory of disparate treatment.
Faculty Comments:“
You made a nice start with this objective; however, I would like to see your content developed further to clearly distinguish the theory of disparate treatment from disparate or adverse impact, and this is only briefly addressed in your assignment.
”
CRITERION: Analyze the outcome of the case.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not state the outcome of the case.
Faculty Comments:“
It is important to select a legal case of disparate impact as the focus of your assignment, and it is unclear if the case you selected is this type of case based on the information provided. Please develop your content further to clearly analyze the outcome of this case, and be sure to apply disparate impact theory.
”
CRITERION: Analyze the evidence of discriminatory effects.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not describe the evidence of discriminatory effects.
Faculty Comments:“
It is important to select a legal case of disparate impact as the focus of your assignment, and it is unclear if the case you selected is this type of case based on the information provided. Please develop your content further to clearly analyze the evidence of discriminatory effects in this case, and provide specific examples of connections to the rule, policy or process.
”
CRITERION: Describe how the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures help employers avoid issues related to disparate or adverse impact.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Non-Performance
Does not identify how the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures help employers avoid issues related to disparate or adverse impact.
Faculty Comments:“
Please develop your content further to address this in your work.
”
COMPETENCY: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly and professional.
CRITERION: Commun.
Overview This purpose of the week 12 discussion board is to e.docx
Overview:
This purpose of the week 12 discussion board is to examine health, healthcare, and disability status. Answer prompt 1. Then select and answer one prompt from prompts 2-4. Refer to Chapter 13 to answer the prompts.
Instructions:
Respond to prompts in paragraph form (200-400 words)
Prompt 1:
Describe 3 topics from Chapter 13 that you found interesting.Three topics I found interesting in Chapter 14 was "A Functionalist Perspective: The Sick Role", "A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
Prompt 2:
Describe how stereotypes regarding disability status may lead to prejudice and discrimination.
Prompt 3:
Describe how access to healthcare is associated with social class location (e.g., socioeconomic status).
Prompt 4:
How is culture associated with attitudes towards health and healthcare.
Prompt 5:
Compare how the United States pays for health care with how other nations provide health services for their citizens.
.
Over the years, the style and practice of leadership within law .docx
Over the years, the style and practice of leadership within law enforcement agencies has gradually changed. In the past, leadership was primarily relegated to one individual within the department. However, there has been a transformation in leadership theory resulting in a more dynamic, multifaceted nature of teamwork, inclusion, and dispersed leadership. More and more, police chiefs are being encouraged to move toward a more participatory leadership style of management, one that encourages collaboration and cooperation in the decision-making process.
Based on your readings in the text and credible Internet research, respond to the following:
What does the term
shared leadership
mean? What advantages or disadvantages do you see in this leadership approach?
What direction should law enforcement leaders take for the future, related to leadership styles?
What does the term
visionary leadership
mean?
2-3 pages
.
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Do you agree or disagree with the following responses. If so, why .docx
- 1. Do you agree or disagree with the following responses. If so, why or why not. Please provide at least 1 reference each in APA format. 1. The Internet has brought about changes in how we communicate, do business, and even on how we study. Before the Internet we would not have been able to attend this class from remote parts of the world as we are able to do now. The ease of communication brought to every corner of the world is continuing to change how old norms are carried out. Some might consider this an evolution of communication, some might consider it a revolution (CSEC 670). The Internet has not only brought about a revolution in communication. In some cases the Internet has facilitated actual revolution. After the uprisings and revolutions in Tunisia, Yemen, Libya, and Egypt, Elmorshidy (2011) is referring to the Internet as very powerful tool which can be used toward social change. Is social change always good? It depends on who's in charge. Can unfettered texting, FaceBook and Twitter creating havoc in the streets be considered a security risk? Only if it's your regime in danger of toppling. 2. If the cybersecurity landscape is defined by its problems, as the question is worded, then I believe cybersecurity is essentially risk management and everything that encompasses the expectation of safety in cyberspace. To put it more clearly, cybersecurity can be thought of as an organizational optimization process in respect to the identified risks to which it is exposed (Bosworth, Jacobson, 2009). This definition embraces all threats and issues related to cyberspace. In regard to the second part of the question, there are many aspects under the cybersecurity discipline umbrella which make it possible to answer yes to any number of viewpoints in so as long as it pertains to security in cyberspace. In one of our
- 2. readings it states that a recent study found that there are at least 28 different definitions for cybersecurity (Kramer, Starr, Wentz, 2009). While this might be daunting to some, the main thing to remember is that all of these definitions should be viewed as aids to policy making and not limited by them (Kramer et. al., 2009). 3. The definition of Asymmetric, just as the as the definition for cybersecurity is not a clear-cut straightforward definition and it varies by who and when it is used. (Gray, 2002) asymmetric threat can be defined and associated with the acts of attacking cyberspace with unconventional low-cost means and inflicting the most damage. An approach that I find dynamic and effective in defending against asymmetric threats is the Asymmetric Threat Assessment Tool (ATAT), the illustration of how this tool operates by (King, Schmill, & Hannon, 2005) the ATAT is a tool that was designed and developed for government and military agencies as a mitigation process for secondary effects of asymmetric threats and attacks. Just like many cyberspace threats and attacks one cannot completely protect against these threats and attacks. (King, et al, 2005) what every stakeholder should have in place is an effective mitigation process in place that would minimize or eradicate the threat or attack by providing a functionality platform that would allow the enterprise to get back to normal business slowly, but surely. 4. In order to entertain the application of the Westphalian model to cybersecurity, you must first believe that the digital domain is a critical asset worthy of state protection. For the United States, the answer seems to be a resounding yes. President Obama declared cyberspace a “strategic national asset” and the Department of Defense issued guidance in a 2011 report to Congress outlining a national military strategy for cyberspace (Defense.gov, 2011). Additionally, we now have a Cyber Command tasked with not only defending but attacking other countries in cyberspace. From the international front, Iran
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