This presentation provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, types, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. It has been rising globally and is a major cause of other health issues. Risk factors include prediabetes, overweight/obesity, age, genetics, inactivity, and gestational diabetes. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like nutrition, exercise, weight control, and may require blood sugar-lowering medications or insulin.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including its definition, classification, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation, management, complications, and special patient populations. Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. It is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise are the primary management approach. Oral medications and insulin therapy may also be used. Complications can include hypoglycemia, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot ulcers if not properly managed.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM) and new developments in its management. It begins by defining DM according to the WHO and describing its global prevalence and projected increase. It then classifies the main types of DM and discusses testing and diagnosis criteria. The document outlines recommendations for lifestyle modifications, medical nutrition therapy, physical activity, weight management, and smoking cessation. It also reviews oral medications and insulin therapy as well as recommendations for self-monitoring and A1C testing.
Type 2 diabetes is a major public health issue costing the NHS billions each year. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and results in insufficient insulin production and ineffective use of insulin by the body. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as drug therapies targeting blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. Recent evidence shows that intensive lifestyle interventions can help achieve remission of type 2 diabetes in some patients through significant weight loss.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including describing its classification, symptoms, complications, management, and prevention. It defines DM as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels. DM is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The document outlines that management of DM involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise, as well as oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin therapy. It also discusses preventing the progression of prediabetes to DM through lifestyle changes and medications.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body's ineffective use of insulin. The number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 worldwide. India has a large number of people with diabetes which is projected to increase further. T2DM can be prevented or managed through diet, exercise, weight control, and treatment of complications. The pathophysiology of T2DM involves decreased insulin secretion, increased glucagon secretion, increased hepatic glucose production and decreased incretin effect.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. There are four main types: type 1 is insulin dependent and common in children; type 2 is non-insulin dependent and common in adults due to insulin resistance. Symptoms include fatigue, frequent urination, thirst, and weight loss. Complications are both microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular (heart disease, stroke). Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as oral medications or insulin therapy depending on severity. The goal is to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications through screening, management, and patient education.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its classification, epidemiology, factors, complications, management, and dental considerations. Diabetes is defined as a blood glucose level over 200 mg/dl or 126 mg/dl fasting and is classified into four main types: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance. It affects approximately 135 million people worldwide and prevalence increases with age. Complications include both acute issues like hypoglycemia and chronic conditions affecting small blood vessels and tissues. Management involves lifestyle changes, medications, and possibly insulin therapy. Dentists must take precautions and monitor blood sugar levels during treatment for patients with diabetes.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including its definition, classification, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation, management, complications, and special patient populations. Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. It is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise are the primary management approach. Oral medications and insulin therapy may also be used. Complications can include hypoglycemia, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot ulcers if not properly managed.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM) and new developments in its management. It begins by defining DM according to the WHO and describing its global prevalence and projected increase. It then classifies the main types of DM and discusses testing and diagnosis criteria. The document outlines recommendations for lifestyle modifications, medical nutrition therapy, physical activity, weight management, and smoking cessation. It also reviews oral medications and insulin therapy as well as recommendations for self-monitoring and A1C testing.
Type 2 diabetes is a major public health issue costing the NHS billions each year. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and results in insufficient insulin production and ineffective use of insulin by the body. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as drug therapies targeting blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. Recent evidence shows that intensive lifestyle interventions can help achieve remission of type 2 diabetes in some patients through significant weight loss.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including describing its classification, symptoms, complications, management, and prevention. It defines DM as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels. DM is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The document outlines that management of DM involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise, as well as oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin therapy. It also discusses preventing the progression of prediabetes to DM through lifestyle changes and medications.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body's ineffective use of insulin. The number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 worldwide. India has a large number of people with diabetes which is projected to increase further. T2DM can be prevented or managed through diet, exercise, weight control, and treatment of complications. The pathophysiology of T2DM involves decreased insulin secretion, increased glucagon secretion, increased hepatic glucose production and decreased incretin effect.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. There are four main types: type 1 is insulin dependent and common in children; type 2 is non-insulin dependent and common in adults due to insulin resistance. Symptoms include fatigue, frequent urination, thirst, and weight loss. Complications are both microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular (heart disease, stroke). Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as oral medications or insulin therapy depending on severity. The goal is to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications through screening, management, and patient education.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its classification, epidemiology, factors, complications, management, and dental considerations. Diabetes is defined as a blood glucose level over 200 mg/dl or 126 mg/dl fasting and is classified into four main types: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance. It affects approximately 135 million people worldwide and prevalence increases with age. Complications include both acute issues like hypoglycemia and chronic conditions affecting small blood vessels and tissues. Management involves lifestyle changes, medications, and possibly insulin therapy. Dentists must take precautions and monitor blood sugar levels during treatment for patients with diabetes.
- Type 2 diabetes accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases worldwide and is associated with obesity, lack of exercise, and poor diet. It is managed through lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic medications, and sometimes insulin therapy.
- The main treatment approaches involve dietary changes to control blood sugar and weight, regular physical activity, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and potentially insulin therapy if blood sugar levels remain uncontrolled.
- Close monitoring of blood sugar levels through self-testing and HbA1c levels helps guide treatment adjustments and ensure proper management of the disease.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment goals, and management with lifestyle changes and medication. It discusses the types and risk factors of diabetes, prediabetic states, goals of treatment to eliminate symptoms and reduce complications, and guidelines for initiating treatment with oral medications or insulin. Management involves lifestyle modifications, medication, and careful glucose monitoring and control to prevent long-term issues.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 2 DM accounts for 90-95% of cases and results from the body's ineffective use of insulin and inability to produce enough insulin. Key risk factors include obesity, family history, age over 30, and physical inactivity. Long-term complications of poorly controlled DM include damage to blood vessels, nerves, eyes, kidneys and heart. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and medication or insulin to control blood glucose levels. Nurses play an important role in educating patients on self-care, monitoring for complications, and supporting lifestyle modifications to prevent or delay
Impact of patient counseling on diabetes mellitus patients in the territory c...SriramNagarajan17
This study assessed the impact of patient counseling on 80 diabetes patients in Erode district, India over 6 months. After counseling on diet, exercise, medications and lifestyle changes, patients showed improved fasting blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and body mass index. Specifically, fasting blood glucose decreased from 148.40 mg/dl to 128.40 mg/dl. Body mass index and blood pressure also slightly decreased. The results suggest that patient counseling is effective for improving health outcomes for diabetes patients by helping them better manage their condition.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including the different types of DM, symptoms, causes, long-term effects, risk factors, and management strategies. It defines DM as a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The three main types of DM are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, oral medications, and sometimes insulin therapy, with the goal of controlling blood glucose levels to minimize health complications.
Disease management aims to reduce costs and improve quality of life for chronic conditions like diabetes mellitus through integrated care. Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin production or resistance. The two most common types are type 1, caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells, and type 2, caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medications, and insulin therapy to control blood glucose levels and minimize complications.
DM & HTN diabetes mellitus and hypertension.pptxAkilanN5
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus and hypertension. It begins with an introduction to diabetes, describing the different types. It then discusses the epidemiology of diabetes in India, including prevalence rates. Risk factors for diabetes like age, genetics, and obesity are outlined. Methods of prevention, screening, and management of diabetes are also summarized. The document then provides an overview of hypertension, including classifications, risk factors, and methods of prevention and control.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document discusses the types of diabetes, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin therapy, and prevention. Treatment aims to control blood glucose and prevent complications through lifestyle modifications, medications, education and monitoring of self-care activities.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as oral medications or insulin injections. Management seeks to control blood glucose and prevent complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document outlines the clinical features, complications, types, risk factors, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin therapy, and prevention of diabetes. Management involves lifestyle modifications and medications to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
A complete knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus and its types including Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, pancreatic diabetes & monogenic diabetes along with clinical features, investigations and management
It also includes diabetic emergencies like Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state & hypoglycaemia.
It contains long term complications like neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy.
Lastly Diabetic Insipidus is also discussed here.
1) DPP-4 inhibitors are a class of oral anti-diabetic drugs that work by inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme and increasing incretin levels.
2) A recent study showed DPP-4 inhibitors provide effective glycemic control with a low risk of hypoglycemia in elderly patients with diabetes.
3) Linagliptin has a unique non-renal elimination pathway and does not require dose adjustment in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
The number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.
Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low and middle-income countries than in
high-income countries.
Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower
limb amputation.
Between 2000 and 2016, there was a 5% increase in premature mortality from diabetes.
In 2019, an estimated 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012.
A healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight, and avoiding tobacco use are ways to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication, and regular screening and treatment for complications
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including:
- There are three main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Type 1 is characterized by insufficient insulin production and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 results from insulin resistance and was formerly called adult-onset diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
- Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue and weight loss. Complications include cardiovascular, eye, kidney and nerve damage if not properly managed.
- Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity, lack of exercise, and family history. Prevention methods include maintaining a healthy weight, eating well, and regular physical activity.
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Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. It is caused by a deficiency of the hormone insulin, which helps the body convert sugar from food into energy. People with diabetes often have high levels of sugar in their blood, which can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. Symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, weight loss, and blurred vision. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes, such as exercising regularly, eating healthy, and taking medications, as well as monitoring blood sugar levels. With proper treatment and management, people with diabetes can enjoy a normal life. Know more from the documents
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy. Sometimes your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.
The document discusses management of type 2 diabetes patients in primary care. It notes that the majority of diabetic patients receive care from primary care physicians rather than specialists. A large study found little advantage for patients under the care of endocrinologists compared to family practitioners, except for improved foot care and lower infection risk. Overall health status and mortality were similar between the two groups. Effective management of type 2 diabetes requires addressing multiple factors including glycemic control, blood pressure, lipids, weight, and lifestyle changes.
2. Nutritional needs of patients with diabetes - Copy.pptxVEERESHKADEMANI1
The document discusses nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus. It covers nutritional needs of diabetes patients including calorie-controlled diets based on factors like age, gender and activity level. It also discusses nutritional assessment including determining body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio. Meal planning methods aim to control blood glucose and lipids while addressing individual needs. Problems with diet therapy can include issues with cultural backgrounds and knowledge influencing dietary practices.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and insulin secretion and function. It provides details on the classification of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. It also discusses the diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, medication and insulin, and complications of diabetes. Key tests discussed are fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and A1C.
This document provides an overview of respiratory system disorders for nursing students. It begins with the objectives and anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It then discusses various upper and lower respiratory tract disorders like pharyngitis, tonsillitis, adenoiditis, peritonsillar abscess, laryngitis and their associated nursing assessments, signs and symptoms, diagnoses and management. Surgical procedures like tonsillectomy are also outlined.
This document provides standard treatment guidelines for general hospitals in Ethiopia. It is published by the Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia and covers guidelines for infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases, pediatric diseases, and dermatological disorders. For each condition, it provides recommendations on diagnosis, treatment, and management. The guidelines are intended to help standardize care across hospitals in Ethiopia.
- Type 2 diabetes accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases worldwide and is associated with obesity, lack of exercise, and poor diet. It is managed through lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic medications, and sometimes insulin therapy.
- The main treatment approaches involve dietary changes to control blood sugar and weight, regular physical activity, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and potentially insulin therapy if blood sugar levels remain uncontrolled.
- Close monitoring of blood sugar levels through self-testing and HbA1c levels helps guide treatment adjustments and ensure proper management of the disease.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment goals, and management with lifestyle changes and medication. It discusses the types and risk factors of diabetes, prediabetic states, goals of treatment to eliminate symptoms and reduce complications, and guidelines for initiating treatment with oral medications or insulin. Management involves lifestyle modifications, medication, and careful glucose monitoring and control to prevent long-term issues.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 2 DM accounts for 90-95% of cases and results from the body's ineffective use of insulin and inability to produce enough insulin. Key risk factors include obesity, family history, age over 30, and physical inactivity. Long-term complications of poorly controlled DM include damage to blood vessels, nerves, eyes, kidneys and heart. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and medication or insulin to control blood glucose levels. Nurses play an important role in educating patients on self-care, monitoring for complications, and supporting lifestyle modifications to prevent or delay
Impact of patient counseling on diabetes mellitus patients in the territory c...SriramNagarajan17
This study assessed the impact of patient counseling on 80 diabetes patients in Erode district, India over 6 months. After counseling on diet, exercise, medications and lifestyle changes, patients showed improved fasting blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and body mass index. Specifically, fasting blood glucose decreased from 148.40 mg/dl to 128.40 mg/dl. Body mass index and blood pressure also slightly decreased. The results suggest that patient counseling is effective for improving health outcomes for diabetes patients by helping them better manage their condition.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including the different types of DM, symptoms, causes, long-term effects, risk factors, and management strategies. It defines DM as a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The three main types of DM are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, oral medications, and sometimes insulin therapy, with the goal of controlling blood glucose levels to minimize health complications.
Disease management aims to reduce costs and improve quality of life for chronic conditions like diabetes mellitus through integrated care. Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin production or resistance. The two most common types are type 1, caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells, and type 2, caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medications, and insulin therapy to control blood glucose levels and minimize complications.
DM & HTN diabetes mellitus and hypertension.pptxAkilanN5
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus and hypertension. It begins with an introduction to diabetes, describing the different types. It then discusses the epidemiology of diabetes in India, including prevalence rates. Risk factors for diabetes like age, genetics, and obesity are outlined. Methods of prevention, screening, and management of diabetes are also summarized. The document then provides an overview of hypertension, including classifications, risk factors, and methods of prevention and control.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document discusses the types of diabetes, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin therapy, and prevention. Treatment aims to control blood glucose and prevent complications through lifestyle modifications, medications, education and monitoring of self-care activities.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as oral medications or insulin injections. Management seeks to control blood glucose and prevent complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document outlines the clinical features, complications, types, risk factors, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin therapy, and prevention of diabetes. Management involves lifestyle modifications and medications to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
A complete knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus and its types including Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, pancreatic diabetes & monogenic diabetes along with clinical features, investigations and management
It also includes diabetic emergencies like Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state & hypoglycaemia.
It contains long term complications like neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy.
Lastly Diabetic Insipidus is also discussed here.
1) DPP-4 inhibitors are a class of oral anti-diabetic drugs that work by inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme and increasing incretin levels.
2) A recent study showed DPP-4 inhibitors provide effective glycemic control with a low risk of hypoglycemia in elderly patients with diabetes.
3) Linagliptin has a unique non-renal elimination pathway and does not require dose adjustment in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
The number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.
Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low and middle-income countries than in
high-income countries.
Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower
limb amputation.
Between 2000 and 2016, there was a 5% increase in premature mortality from diabetes.
In 2019, an estimated 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012.
A healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight, and avoiding tobacco use are ways to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication, and regular screening and treatment for complications
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including:
- There are three main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Type 1 is characterized by insufficient insulin production and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 results from insulin resistance and was formerly called adult-onset diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
- Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue and weight loss. Complications include cardiovascular, eye, kidney and nerve damage if not properly managed.
- Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity, lack of exercise, and family history. Prevention methods include maintaining a healthy weight, eating well, and regular physical activity.
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Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. It is caused by a deficiency of the hormone insulin, which helps the body convert sugar from food into energy. People with diabetes often have high levels of sugar in their blood, which can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. Symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, weight loss, and blurred vision. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes, such as exercising regularly, eating healthy, and taking medications, as well as monitoring blood sugar levels. With proper treatment and management, people with diabetes can enjoy a normal life. Know more from the documents
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy. Sometimes your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.
The document discusses management of type 2 diabetes patients in primary care. It notes that the majority of diabetic patients receive care from primary care physicians rather than specialists. A large study found little advantage for patients under the care of endocrinologists compared to family practitioners, except for improved foot care and lower infection risk. Overall health status and mortality were similar between the two groups. Effective management of type 2 diabetes requires addressing multiple factors including glycemic control, blood pressure, lipids, weight, and lifestyle changes.
2. Nutritional needs of patients with diabetes - Copy.pptxVEERESHKADEMANI1
The document discusses nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus. It covers nutritional needs of diabetes patients including calorie-controlled diets based on factors like age, gender and activity level. It also discusses nutritional assessment including determining body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio. Meal planning methods aim to control blood glucose and lipids while addressing individual needs. Problems with diet therapy can include issues with cultural backgrounds and knowledge influencing dietary practices.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and insulin secretion and function. It provides details on the classification of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. It also discusses the diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, medication and insulin, and complications of diabetes. Key tests discussed are fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and A1C.
This document provides an overview of respiratory system disorders for nursing students. It begins with the objectives and anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It then discusses various upper and lower respiratory tract disorders like pharyngitis, tonsillitis, adenoiditis, peritonsillar abscess, laryngitis and their associated nursing assessments, signs and symptoms, diagnoses and management. Surgical procedures like tonsillectomy are also outlined.
This document provides standard treatment guidelines for general hospitals in Ethiopia. It is published by the Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia and covers guidelines for infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases, pediatric diseases, and dermatological disorders. For each condition, it provides recommendations on diagnosis, treatment, and management. The guidelines are intended to help standardize care across hospitals in Ethiopia.
This document provides an overview of a curriculum on advanced nursing education and curriculum development. It discusses objectives of acquiring practical and theoretical knowledge, demonstrating teaching skills, developing lesson plans, and creating applicable curriculums. It also covers the purpose of nursing education in developing the nursing profession and delivering healthcare. Different types of discussion tasks are outlined, including guided, inquiry-based, reflective, and exploratory discussions. Criteria for effective learning through discussion include defining terms, identifying themes, allocating time, and applying material. References on student engagement techniques and the learning through discussion approach are also provided.
Acid base titration III [Compatibility Mode].pdfSani191640
I. Percentage content of Furosemide in the sample
= (Amount of furosemide found/Amount of furosemide claimed) x 100
Amount of furosemide found
= (Volume of NaOH used for sample - Volume of NaOH used for blank) x Normality of NaOH x Equivalent weight of furosemide
= (9.6 - 2) ml x 0.1 N x 33.07 mg/ml
= 319.92 mg
Amount of furosemide claimed
= Total furosemide in 20 tablets / Number of tablets
= 20 x 40 mg / 20 tablets
= 40 mg
Percentage content = (319
The document provides an overview of the neurological examination. It describes the key structures and functions of the nervous system. It then outlines the objectives and components of a complete neurological exam, including assessing mental status, cranial nerves, motor function, coordination, and gait. The document provides detailed instructions on techniques for testing each cranial nerve and evaluating muscle tone, strength, and coordination.
This document defines pediatric seizures and epilepsy, describes the different types of seizures including partial, generalized, absence, myoclonic, atonic, and tonic-clonic seizures. It discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, and etiologies of seizures in children. Seizures are common in children, especially those under 3 years old, and have different characteristics compared to seizures in adults due to the immature nervous system in children. Febrile seizures occur in 3% of children. Genetic factors account for 20% of childhood epilepsy cases.
This document summarizes chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, including macrovascular complications like coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, as well as microvascular complications like diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of peripheral diabetic neuropathy, noting that tight glycemic control through intensive insulin therapy can help prevent or delay the risk of developing diabetic complications.
Anemias are diseases characterized by decreased hemoglobin and red blood cells, resulting in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Anemias can be classified based on red blood cell morphology, etiology, or pathophysiology. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve oral or parenteral iron for iron deficiency, oral vitamin B12 and folic acid for deficiencies of those vitamins, and addressing the underlying chronic disease for anemia of chronic disease. The goals of treatment are to alleviate symptoms, correct the underlying cause, and prevent recurrence of anemia.
A 6-year-old female child presented with general body swelling, fever, loss of appetite, and dermatitis around the lower extremities for one month. She was diagnosed with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) with kwashiorkor. Her treatment plan included nutritional therapy with F-75 and F-100, antibiotics including amoxicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and cloxacillin to treat potential infections, and vitamin A supplementation. Her drug therapy was changed from amoxicillin to cloxacillin due to ineffective treatment with amoxicillin. Her condition improved with the treatment plan.
This document provides an introduction to medical and surgical nursing. It discusses key topics like the differences between medical and surgical nursing, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, stress responses, and stages of the stress response. The roles of nurses in medical-surgical settings are outlined. Concepts like health, illness, disease, and wellness are defined. Factors that influence psychological responses to illness like crisis and coping are also explained.
Atherosclerosis develops as a chronic inflammatory response to endothelial injury. Lesions progress through interactions between modified lipoproteins, immune cells, and arterial wall cells. Atherosclerosis is characterized by atheromatous plaques that protrude into and obstruct arteries. Major complications include myocardial infarction, stroke, aneurysms, and peripheral vascular disease. Coronary artery disease occurs when plaques accumulate in the coronary arteries, restricting blood flow and oxygen supply to heart muscle. Left untreated, coronary artery disease can progress to myocardial infarction.
Unit II. Respiratory system disorders.pptxSani191640
This document provides information on disorders of the respiratory system. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system, including the conducting airways. It then discusses various upper and lower respiratory tract disorders like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, acute tracheo-bronchitis, and chronic bronchitis. For each disorder, it provides information on definition, causes, signs and symptoms, management, and nursing interventions. The document concludes with describing assessment techniques for respiratory disorders.
This document provides an overview of musculoskeletal disorders, including soft tissue injuries like sprains and strains, their signs and symptoms, and general management using RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation). Joint disorders like dislocations, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis are also discussed. Osteomyelitis, a bone infection, is described in terms of causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and nursing interventions. The document aims to educate nurses on caring for patients with various musculoskeletal conditions.
This document discusses antidiabetic drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes the two main types of diabetes and then focuses on insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. Insulin is described in detail including its mechanism of action, types, administration, and potential complications. Oral hypoglycemic agents discussed include sulfonylureas, which stimulate insulin release, and biguanides like metformin, which lower hepatic glucose production and increase insulin sensitivity. The document provides information on the mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of these important antidiabetic medications.
This document discusses pediatric nutrition and malnutrition. It begins by outlining the changing nutritional needs of children based on their age and development. It then discusses the global burden of child malnutrition. The document covers nutritional recommendations for infants from birth to 1 year old, including the benefits of breastfeeding. It also discusses protein-energy malnutrition, providing classifications and clinical manifestations such as marasmus and kwashiorkor. The principles of management are outlined, including resolving life-threatening conditions, restoring nutritional status through feeding phases, and ensuring rehabilitation.
The pelvis is composed of four bones - the two innominate bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The innominate bones are each made up of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The sacrum is wedge-shaped with five fused vertebrae. The coccyx consists of four fused vertebrae at the base of the sacrum. There are four pelvic joints that connect the bones: the symphysis pubis, two sacroiliac joints, and the sacrococcygeal joint. The pelvis is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis, with the true pelvis further divided into the brim,
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. It is characterized by symmetric polyarticular joint involvement and can also affect other body systems. Early, aggressive treatment is important to slow disease progression and prevent joint damage. Treatment involves medications like DMARDs and biologics to reduce inflammation and slow joint destruction, with the goal of achieving remission and preserving joint function.
This document discusses heart failure in children. It begins with an introduction defining heart failure and classifications. It then discusses the pathophysiology and etiology, including ventricular dysfunction, volume overload, and pressure overload. Structural changes in heart failure like decreased contractility and increased afterload are described. The stages and severity of heart failure are discussed using the NYHA and Ross classifications. Complications, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and management of pediatric heart failure are summarized.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis (OA), including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- OA is a common disorder causing deterioration of articular cartilage and bone changes leading to pain and stiffness. It primarily affects weight-bearing joints like the knees and hips.
- Risk factors include aging, obesity, joint injury, repetitive stress, and genetics. The condition progresses as cartilage is damaged and bone changes occur, narrowing the joint space.
- Symptoms include localized joint pain that worsens with use and improves with rest, along with stiffness and limitation of motion. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical
Your VW's camshaft position sensor is crucial for engine performance. Signs of failure include engine misfires, difficulty starting, stalling at low speeds, reduced fuel efficiency, and the check engine light. Prompt inspection and replacement can prevent further damage and keep your VW running smoothly.
What Are The Immediate Steps To Take When The VW Temperature Light Starts Fla...Import Motorworks
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1. COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH
SCIENCES, SCHOOL OF NURSING AND
MIDWIFERY
DEPARTMENT OF ADULT HEALTH NURSING
Presentation On Diabetes Mellitus
By Honelet Debebe
DESSIE ETHIOPIA
APRIL 2023
6/8/2023 Honelet D 1
3. Definition
• DM is metabolic disorder of multiple etiology
characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with
disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein
metabolism resulting from
defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or
both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-
term damage, dysfunction and failure of various
organs.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 3
4. Epidemiology of DM
• The number of people with diabetes rose from 108
million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.
• Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low- and
middle-income countries than in high-income
countries.
• Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney
failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb
amputation.
• Between 2000 and 2019, there was a 3% increase in
diabetes mortality rates.
• In 2019, diabetes and kidney disease due to
diabetes caused an estimated 2 million deaths.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 4
5. Risk factors
• Having prediabetes
• Overweight
• Age >45
• Genetics
• Physical inactivity(<3times/wk)
• Gestational state
6/8/2023 Honelet D 5
7. 1. Type 1
• Type 1 indicates the processes of beta–cell
destruction that may ultimately lead to
diabetes mellitus
• An individual with a Type 1 process may be
metabolically normal before the disease is
clinically manifest, but the process of beta–
cell destruction can be detected.
• Type 1 is usually characterized by the
presence of anti–GAD (glutamic acid
decarboxylase), islet cell or insulin antibodies
which identify the autoimmune processes that
lead to beta–cell destruction.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 7
8. 2. Type 2
• Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes
and is characterized by disorders of insulin
action and insulin secretion, or both
• By definition, the specific reasons for the
development of these abnormalities are not
yet known.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 8
9. 3. Gestational Hyperglycemia and Diabetes
• Gestational diabetes is carbohydrate
intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia with
onset or first recognition during pregnancy.
• It does not exclude the possibility that the
glucose intolerance may antedate pregnancy
but has been previously unrecognized.
• The definition applies irrespective of whether
or not insulin is used for treatment or the
condition persists after pregnancy.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 9
10. 4. Other specific types
• Other specific types are currently less
common causes of diabetes mellitus, but are
those in which the underlying defect or
disease process can be identified in a
relatively specific manner.
• for example, fibrocalculous pancreatopathy,
• a form of diabetes which was formerly
classified as one type of malnutrition–related
diabetes mellitus.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 10
11. Clinical features
• Type 1 diabetic patients tend to be much more
symptomatic than type 2 diabetic patients
• polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia
• Fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss
• Blurred vision
• Recurrent skin infections
• Recurrent itching of the vulva (candida infections)
• Numbness, Foot abnormalities (ulcer, ischemia,
deformity) if complicated.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 11
12. Investigations and diagnosis
For New diagnosis
• Clinical features
FBS/RBS, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Urine ketones, Urine albumin, Blood urea and creatinine
Fasting lipid profile
In diagnosed patients, follow up investigations
Glycemic control: HbA1c, FBS/RBS
Screening for complications: Urine albumin/protein,
retinal screening by ophthalmologist, serum creatinine
and urea.
Other cardiovascular risk screening: Lipid profile.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 12
16. A. Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT): general guidance
1. Principles of nutritional therapy
Focus on supporting the patient on choosing
healthy eating behaviors
Consider the literacy of the individual, access to
food, and willingness
Try to maintain the pleasure of eating as much as
possible
Respect and address the individual preferences,
cultural, and religious choices.
Be nonjudgmental / decision is left for the pt.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 16
17. Be practical
Limit food choices when only supported by
scientific evidences
Help overweight and obese individuals to
decrease body weight
Help to attain individualized glycemic, blood
pressure, and lipid goals.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 17
18. 2. General advice
• Avoid refined sugars: soft drinks with sugar, or
adding sugar/honey to teas/other drinks.
• Carbohydrate - Reduce overall carbohydrate intake
• Proffered whole grains, non-starchy vegetables,
fruits, and dairy products
• Reduce saturated fat (animal fat) intake: butter,
fatty cuts of meat
• Mono-saturated and polyunsaturated vegetable
oils are preferred
• Protein - Should be left to the individual choice.
• When there is chronic kidney disease, reduction
(not stopping) protein intake.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 18
19. B. Exercise
• Regular moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity : for
at least 30 minutes at least 5 days a week (at least 150
min/week)
• Encourage resistance training three times per week.
C. Weight management
• For obese and overweight individuals - Eating plans
(focusing on reduction of overall carbohydrate intake)
and exercise
D. Stop smoking
E. Moderation of alcohol intake
F. Self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM)
G. Screening for micro and macro vascular complications
6/8/2023 Honelet D 19
21. Management of blood sugar
A. Target blood glucose
Target should be individualized
In young patients with recent diagnosis, without
significant chronic complications, tight glycemic control
should be encouraged.
History of severe hypoglycemia
The elderly and those limited life expectancy
Established cardiovascular disease
Advanced micro vascular disease e.g. chronic kidney
disease
comorbid conditions e.g. liver disease, malignancy
Long duration of diabetes
6/8/2023 Honelet D 21
22. B. Target in most non-pregnant adults without
significant comorbidities:
6/8/2023 Honelet D 22
23. C. Blood glucose lowering medicines
First line:
• Metformin Initial dose 500mg to 1000mg/day daily or
in two divided doses with meals.
• Titrate dose every two weeks depending on the fasting
blood sugar Maximum dose = 2000mg/day (1000mg
BID) –
• The major side effects of metformin are
gastrointestinal intolerance: bloating, abdominal
discomfort, and diarrhea.
Metformin is contraindicated in patients with advanced
chronic kidney disease
6/8/2023 Honelet D 23
24. 2. Alternative to Metformin
If Metformin is contraindicated a sulfonylurea
can be started
Basal insulin can also be started as an alternative(
see for indications for starting insulin in type 2
diabetes)
3. Add on to Metformin
If glycemic target is not achieved by metformin
alone after three months, add either of the
following. oSulfonylureas : Glibenclamide,
Glimepiride, Gliclazide OR o Basal insulin
6/8/2023 Honelet D 24
25. 4. Sulfonylureas
• Glibenclamide (Glyburide)
Starting dose is 2.5-5mg/day, 30 minutes before breakfast.
Titrate dose slowly to maximum of 20mg/day - When 10mg/day
is needed, divide the total dose into two, with the larger dose in
the morning.
Avoid in the elderly and patients with renal impairment.
• Glimepiride
Starting dose is 1-2 mg/day, 30 minutes before breakfast.
Titrate dose slowly to maximum of 8mg/day
• Gliclazide,
Starting dose 30mg/day
Titrate the dose slowly to a maximum dose 120mg/day
• The major side of sulfonylureas is hypoglycemia.
• - Individuals should be educated about the risk, manifestations,
prevention and treatment of hypoglycemia.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 25
26. 5. Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes
Indications for insulin therapy
Failure to control blood glucose with oral medicines
Temporary use for major stress, e.g. surgery, medical
illness
Severe kidney or liver failure
Pregnancy
In patients difficult to distinguish type 1 from type 2
diabetes
Ketonuria
Unexplained weight loss accompanied by poorly
controlled blood sugar
Initial therapy for a patients presenting with very high
blood sugar o HbA1C >10% or fasting blood glucose >250
mg/dl or random glucose consistently >300 mg/d
6/8/2023 Honelet D 26
27. • Dosing basal insulin in type 2 diabetes
If started on as an add on therapy to Metformin
Starting dose = NPH 10 units at bed time
A higher dose might be started for higher blood
glucose ▪ Dose increment 2-4 units in 3-7 days with
self-monitoring of blood sugar
If started as a replacement for oral agents ▪ Starting
dose = NPH 15 -20 units at bed time
A higher dose might be started for higher blood
glucose
For doses above 20units divided in two ( about 2/3
in the morning and 1/3 in the evening)
Dose increment 2- 4 units in 3-7 days with self-
monitoring
6/8/2023 Honelet D 27
28. • Addition of prandial regular insulin
Indications to start regular insulin before meal
If FBS is well controlled but HbA1c is above target
If HbA1c is above target despite increasing basal
insulin to >0.5 unit/Kg/day
• Dosing prandial regular insulin
Starting dose of prandial insulin : Regular insulin
4units
Preferred time : before the largest meal of the day
Dose increment 1-2 units in 2-3 days with self-
monitoring of the next pre-meal blood glucose
6/8/2023 Honelet D 28
29. D. Management of other
cardiovascular(CV)risks
1. Cardiovascular risk calculation
All patients 10 year cardiovascular risk factor
needs to be calculated
2. Blood pressure management
3. Lipid lowering therapy
4. Antiplatelet therapy
6/8/2023 Honelet D 29
30. Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Non pharmacologic treatment
Similar to that of management type 2
Diabetes
6/8/2023 Honelet D 30
31. Pharmacologic
• Insulin is the main stay of treatment in type 1 diabetes
• Conventional insulin therapy
It encompasses simpler non-physiologic insulin regimens.
These include single daily injections, or two injections per
day
• Intensive insulin therapy
It describes treatment with >3 injections/day or
continuous insulin infusion
• Designing insulin therapy
Total insulin dose per day Initiation, 0.2 to 0.4 units/kg/day
Maintenance – highly variable roughly 0.6 to 0.7
units/kg/day
6/8/2023 Honelet D 31
33. Acute Complication of DM
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
• hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)
6/8/2023 Honelet D 33
34. • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a condition in
which there is a severe deficiency of insulin
resulting in very high blood glucose.
Fat is broken down as an alternative source of
energy with ketones/ketoacids as a byproduct.
This state of severe hyperglycemia and ketone
body production results in severe metabolic, fluid
and electrolyte abnormalities.
DKA often occurs in type 1 diabetes patients but
may also occur in type 2 diabetes.
The most common settings in which DKA occurs
include:
6/8/2023 Honelet D 34
35. • Clinical features Symptoms
Excessive urination
Excessive thirst and drinking of water
Nausea, vomiting
Abdominal pain
Symptoms of infection or other precipitants Signs
Deep and fast breathing
Low blood pressure
Fast and weak pulse
Alteration in sensorium or collapse
Dehydration with dry skin, reduced skin turgor or sunken
eyes
Fruity' breath (smell of acetone) in DKA
Evidence of infection, recent surgery, stroke etc.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 35
36. Diagnosis
• Diagnosis of DKA or HHS is made with the presence of
severe hyperglycemia, clinical features and ketone in the
urine (in case of DKA)
• Investigations
Random blood glucose : usually >300mg/dl)
Urine glucose (usually >3+)
Urine ketones (usually >2+)
BUN and Creatinine
Serum electrolytes, particularly serum potassium
Investigations for precipitants: CBC, blood film for malaria
parasites and others based on the suspected precipitating
factors
6/8/2023 Honelet D 36
37. Treatment
• Objectives of treatment
Replace fluid losses
Replace electrolyte losses and restore acid-
base balance
Replace deficient insulin
Seek the precipitating cause and treat
appropriately
6/8/2023 Honelet D 37
38. • Replace fluids
Individualize fluid needs based on the patient
hydration status
• Administer short-acting insulin Regular Insulin
10units IV and 10 units IM, stat,
Then If there is perfuser: 0.1units/kg per hour by
continuous IV infusion.
If there is no perfuser: 5 units, I.M, every hour.
• Potassium
All patients with DKA have potassium depletion
irrespective of the serum K+ level.
If the initial serum K+ is 5.3 mmol/l, do not
supplement K until the level reaches < 5.3.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 38
39. Precipitant identification and treatment
Noncompliance, infection, trauma, infarction.
Initiate appropriate workup for precipitating event
(cultures, CXR, ECG)
Follow up of response
Blood glucose every 1–2hrs o Urine ketones every
4hr o Electrolytes (especially K+) every 6 h for first
24 h.
• Continuation of treatment
The above treatment should continue until the
patient is stable, clinically acidosis improves, and
patient is able to take oral feeding.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 39
40. • Transition
Once the patient is able to take oral feeding
and clinically the acidosis improved.
Reduce regular insulin : 2-3 units hourly (5
units every 2 hour) or for continuous infusion
by 0.05/kg per hour
Overlap regular insulin with subcutaneous
NPH insulin for 2-3 hours
6/8/2023 Honelet D 40
41. Chronic complication of DM
• Microvascular
Diabetic kidney disease,
retinopathy and nephropathy
• Macrovascular
coronary artery disease, stroke and peripheral
vascular disease
• Diabetic foot disease is also a major complication
which results from multifactorial causes
6/8/2023 Honelet D 41
42. • Prevention of these complications can be
achieved through optimal glycemic control,
optimal blood pressure management, lipid
control, quitting smoking and maintaining a
healthy life style.
6/8/2023 Honelet D 42
43. References
• Brunner and Suddarth
• STG 2020
• Harrisons principle of internal medicine
6/8/2023 Honelet D 43