The document discusses the potential use of distributed ledgers and blockchain technologies for IoT applications. It describes different types of distributed ledgers like blockchains and directed acyclic graphs. It also covers different consensus mechanisms and platforms like Ethereum, Multichain, and IOTA. The document analyzes these platforms based on requirements like transaction scalability, adaptability to diverse devices, and data handling interfaces. It discusses concepts like sidechains and state channels that can help address requirements. Finally, it provides overviews of Ethereum, Multichain, and IOTA for IoT with analyses of their capabilities and challenges.

1. DISTRIBUTED LEDGERS AND
IOT

2. Distributed Ledgers and IoT
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Blockchainsand DLTs – Why?
KeyAttractions
Tamper-proof
Append-onlystorage
Decentralized
Suitable Applications
Heterogeneous Stakeholders
Large Deploymentswith Autonomous
Components

3. Distributed Ledgers and IoT
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Blockchainsand DLTs – What?
Blockchains DirectedAcyclic Graphs(DAG) based
DLTs
DistributedLedger
DecentralizedNetwork
Consensus Mechanisms
Proof-of-Work
Proof-of-Stake
ByzantineFaultTolerance(BFT)
Platforms
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Multichain
Ripple
Consensus Mechanisms
Tangle
Hashgraph
Platforms
IOTA
Hedera

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Decision Points
Platform Requirements
Transaction Scalability
Adaptabilityfor Diverse Device
Platforms
DataHandling Interface
Solution Requirements
DataRequirements
Stakeholder Network Architecture
TrustInterfaces

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Platform Overview
Ethereum
a) Elaborate smart contract support
b) Public and private deployment alternatives
c) Multiple nodeconfigurations1
Multichain
a) First private Blockchain Platform
b) Easy to use API abstraction
c) Good data handlingsupport2
d) No support for smart contracts2
IOTA3
a) DLT Platform usingDAG based consensus, Tangle
b) Uses analternative hashingmechanism based on trytes
c) No miningfees
d) Sensor Data Market
e) Smart Contract support pending
1. https://www.rinkeby.io/#geth
2.https://www.multichain.com/blog/2016/09/introducing-multichain-streams/
3.https://www.iota.org/

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Emerging Concepts to Address Requirements
Sidechains2
a) Application specific blockchains runningparallel to the
primaryblockchain
b) Exchange assets with the primarychain through two-way pegs
Main Blockchain
Sidechain1
Sidechain3
Sidechain2
StateChannels1
a) Move some transactions off-chain to reduce impact of
transaction times
b) Canbe usedto achieveboth scalability and data privacy
A->B
Initiate
Transaction
A B
A->B
Finalize &
Commit
Transaction
State Channel
Data Exchange
1. http://www.jeffcoleman.ca/state-channels/
2. https://hackernoon.com/what-are-sidechains-1c45ea2daf3

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Decision Points
Platform Requirements
Transaction Scalability
Adaptabilityfor Diverse Device
Platforms
DataHandling Interface
Solution Requirements
DataRequirements
Stakeholder Network Architecture
TrustInterfaces

8. THANK
YOU

9. Distributed Ledgers and IoT
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Ethereum for IoT
Light Node
a) Implements Ethereum Light Client Protocol
b) Downloads only block headers for verification
c) Performs on-demandretrievals from remotenodes
d) Relatively low-end devices with RAM>= 512MB
e) “Embedded Node” Configuration for RAM >= 128MB
Challenges
a) No specific adaptations for transactions with real-time
requirements
b) Stream data handlingnot straightforward
c) No specific data access control
Sources:
1. https://www.rinkeby.io/#geth
2. https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Light-client-protocol

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Multichain
DataStreams
a) Data streams with publish-subscribe semantics
b) Flexible access control to individual streams
Challenges
a) Does not support smart contracts, as they are considered to bepart
of application
b) No specific adaptations for real-time requirements
Sources:
1. https://www.multichain.com/developers/data-streams/
2. https://www.multichain.com/blog/2016/09/introducing-multichain-streams/

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IOTA
Scalability
a) Lightweight transaction approval
b) No mining fees
c) Monetization through publish-subscribe of sensor data streams
d) Adaptation to low-end devices similar to Ethereum Light Protocol
Challenges
a) Transaction commit times not deterministic for public network
b) Suspected securityvulnerabilities of the Curlhashing
mechanism
c) Specific adaptations for access control not clear
Sources:
1. https://www.iota.org/research/meet-the-tangle
2. https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/iota-response/