Redevelopment of Mother India Temple to Boost Tourism in Varanasi

DISSERTATION
ON
REDEVELOPMENT OF MOTHER INDIA TEMPLE FOR
TOURISM ENHANCEMENT, VARANASI
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of degree of
Masters of Architecture
Submitted by
RISHI AGRAWAL
Guided by
PROF. S.M. AKHTAR
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025
2015-2016

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS,
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI
Certificate
In the partial fulfilment of the Masters of Architecture degree program, this is to
certify that ‘RISHI AGRAWAL’ has worked on the Dissertation entitled
“REDEVELOPMENT OF MOTHER INDIA TEMPLE FOR TOURISM ENHANCEMENT,
VARANASI” under my guidance and supervision.
Prof. S.M. Akhtar Prof. S.M. Akhtar
Thesis Guide Dean
External Examiner 1
External Examiner 2
External Examiner 3

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS,
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI
Declaration
I RISHI AGRAWAL hereby declare that the Dissertation entitled
“REDEVELOPMENT OF MOTHER INDIA TEMPLE FOR TOURISM ENHANCEMENT
AT VARANASI” submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Masters of Architecture is my original Design / Research
work and the information taken from secondary sources is given due citations and
References.
(Signature)
Rishi Agrawal
Roll. No- 15-MAT 4012
M. Arch. 1st
Semester
2015-16

Acknowledgements
I am grateful to every person who was helpful during the process of this Research
work for their precious contribution. But most importantly I would like to thank
The Almighty for giving me the opportunity to experience such a discipline in life
as Architecture, and for making it such a nice Journey for me. I truly believe that
without His watchful gaze upon me I would have perished a long time ago. His
blessings were all conveyed to me through my teachers. I would also like to thank
my parents for supporting me. Finally I would like to give special thanks to my
Guide Prof. S.M. Akhtar for constant guidance, without whom it wouldn't be
possible to bear this Dissertation.

Abstract
This Dissertation is done in order to understand the meaning of recreation and
Enhancing tourism at Mother India Temple, Varanasi.
Mother India Temple in Varanasi is the only temple in India that doesn’t have any
idol of god or goddess for worshipping, instead it has a huge topographically
carved map of India, which itself is devoted to ‘mother goddess Earth’.
The carved map here always remained a piece of interest for foreigners and
domestic travellers, whether (s) he is a geographers, a mountaineers, or a
students. With the rapid urbanisation and modernisation the temple is losing its
prestigious value. Certain recommendations & proposals have been made for the
Temple complex so that it may regain its value and gain visitors.
Varanasi is famous for its silk, local handicrafts, street food and sweets. So it will
be wise to promote the local handicrafts and street foods here which together
will become a reason for tourist boom here.

Contents
1. Introduction ______________________________________________________________1
1.1. Background
1.2. Aim
1.3. Objectives
1.4. Scope and Limitations
1.5. Methodology
2. Literature Study ___________________________________________________________3
2.1. Journal
3. Recreation ________________________________________________________________4
3.1. What is Recreation?
3.2. Forms of Recreational Activities
3.3. Types of Recreation
3.4. Activities according to gender, age and class
4. Recreational activities in heritage building _____________________________________14
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Importance & Values of Recreation in Heritage Building
4.3. Values of Heritage Building
4.4. Conclusion
5. Mother India Temple ______________________________________________________16
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Importance of Mother India Temple
5.3. Photographs of Mother India Temple
5.4. Location & Connectivity
5.5. Tourism
5.6. Activities in Mother India Temple
5.7. Inferences
5.8. Identification of Issues
6. Analysis & Findings _____________________________________________________________32
7. Recommendations ________________________________________________________33
8. SWOT Analysis ___________________________________________________________ 35
Annexures ________________________________________________________________________36
References _______________________________________________________________________ 37
Bibliography ______________________________________________________________________39

List of Figures
Figures 1: Psychological needs[2] _________________________________________________7
Figures 2: Push and Pull factors [2] ________________________________________________7
Figures 3: Recreation and tourism phases [2] _______________________________________8
Figures 4: Importance of Recreation [6] ____________________________________________9
Figures 5: Mother India Temple (Interior & Exterior) ________________________________18
Figures 6: Mother India Temples around country___________________________________19
Figures 7: Mother India Temple at Varanasi_______________________________________ 20
Figures 8: Mother India Temple Location [8] _______________________________________ 21
Figures 9: Worshipping Mother India____________________________________________ 25
Figures 10: Topography of Map_________________________________________________25
Figures 11: Gathering of people ________________________________________________ 26
Figures 12: Ground used for games _____________________________________________ 26
Figures 13: Main Building of complex____________________________________________ 26
Figures 14: Ground near entrance & Front Garden_________________________________ 27
Figures 15: Vidyapeeth Entrance _______________________________________________ 27
Figures 16: Market___________________________________________________________28
Figures 17: Local Shops_______________________________________________________ 28
Figures 18: Sajan Cinema______________________________________________________28
Figures 19: Indraprastha Mall __________________________________________________28
List of Tables
Table 1: Recreation activities by Age (Order of popularity)[2] [6] _______________________ 11
Table 2: Recreation According To Gender (Order of Popularity)[2] [6] ___________________ 12
Table 3: Recreation according To Class (order of popularity)[2] [6] ______________________13
Table 4: Varanasi: Tourist Influx_________________________________________________22
Table 5: Varanasi: Responding Tourists by the Purpose of visit________________________ 23
Table 6: Varanasi: Responding Tourists by Sites of Attractions ________________________ 23
Table 7: Varanasi: Nationality wise Foreign Tourist arrivals___________________________ 24

Redevelopment of Mother India Temple for Tourism Enhancement
Varanasi
2015-16
Redevelopment of Mother India Temple
for Tourism Enhancement, Varanasi
1.0Introduction
1.1 Background
The Mother India Temple or Bharat Mata Temple is located at the Mahatma
Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth campus, Varanasi and dedicated to the Bharat Mata
(Mother India). It was constructed by the Babu Shiv Prasad Gupt and inaugurated
by the Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1936. The statue of the Mother India is made
up of the marble and looks like a model which symbolizes the entire India,
represents mountain, plains and oceans of the India. The Bharat Mata temple
does not have a traditional statue of Gods or Goddess but it has a real map of
the Mother India.
Importance of the Bharat Mata Temple
Bharat Mata Temple is a unique, has an attractive and huge map of the Mother
India on the ground denoting the statue of mother of India. The statue has
inimitable design which indicates the Goddess of India for all the religious deities,
freedom fighters and leaders. The temple is a kind of admiration to all those who
take part in the formation of India as it was built before the partition of the India.
1.2 Aim
To study the activities & spaces of Bharat Mata Temple at Varanasi. In order to
achieve this, the study asks certain questions which form the objectives of this
work.
1.3 Objectives
 To understand its cultural impact & importance in the city.
 To analyse activities of and around the complex.
 To regain its Heritage value & develop it as a tourists recreational space.
1.4 Hypothesis
 Enhancement of Tourist count in Mother India Temple through
Redevelopment.
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1.5 Scope & Limitations
 Local handicrafts will attract international tourists which may later become
a source of economy.
 The un-tidiness around the site may be the week point of the project.
1.6 Methodology
 To make framework guidelines on the basis of topic which will be needed
during intervention.
 Research Evidence: The balance between types of evidence investigated can
distinguish research projects, thus authentication and analysis would be
done.
 Research Knowledge: The character of enquiry is determined more than
anything by the nature of knowledge it generates, thus objective and
subjective evidence will be separated.
 Research Journey: The evidence generated will be analysed as it move from
general to specific or vice versa and the best data will be used.
 On the basis of above points finally a set of guidelines or design may be
proposed.
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2.0Literature Study
2.1 Journal [6]
2.1.1 Background to the City Personality
Author: Rana P. B. Singh
Source: Varanasi (India): Perspectives and Visions of Strategic Urban
Development of a Heritage City
Varanasi, known as the Cultural Capital of India, records a settlement history since
ca 800 BCE. However, the present city has grown during the early 18th century.
Varanasi acquired status of a million city in 1991 with a population of 1,211,749 in
2001, and ranked 23rd in the hierarchy of million cities in India. The main city
spreads over an area of 84.55 km2, and is inhabited by 1.21 million people.
Additionally, everyday about 40,000 commuters visit the city, which increases to
60,000 during festive season. There are 3000 Hindu sanctuaries, and 1388 Muslim
shrines. Existence of 6 Universities and similar institutions, 150 Muslim schools, 100
Sanskrit schools, and 50 Inter and Degree colleges make the place as “City of
Learning”. The vividness & multiplicity and diversity & unity are easily envisioned in
its religion, culture, society and economy – altogether making a cultural mosaic, in
which festivities play a major role.
The city has continued to become increasingly congested with visitors, trade &
commerce.
2.1.2 Outdoor Recreation in the hyper productive society [7]
Author: Roger Revlle.
Source: America’s changing environment, [Vol. 96, No. 4 (fall, 1967), pp. 1171-1191]
Abstract
At the young age all Mammals they play particularly. Those we like to think
intelligent, plays throughout their lives. Man as a tool maker works in order to fight
and win against the need of the society and thinks of the future. To get relax from
these tensions and mind stress people use to do recreation activities.
The recreation of people and percentage of recreation can only be assumed at a
point but cannot be scientifically prove as it is a state of mind, depending upon
person to person, children, teen agers, old people, student, young un married
person, married couples with and without children’s, various economic groups,
people at various levels of education, person who work at night or in the day time,
manual workers, gender, society, culture and so forth.
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3.0Recreation
3.1 What is Recreation? [1][2]
Recreation is about activities, pastimes, and experiences which are freely chosen.
They are usually undertaken in free time and produce feelings of well-being,
fulfilment, enjoyment, relaxation and satisfaction.
They are opportunities to express creativity, achieve and master new things and
feel good about doing so. Community based recreation offers an opportunity to
meet people while enjoying a range of social, cultural or physical activities.
The words – play, leisure and recreation are frequently used and are
interconnected and interchangeable. Thus, these words need to be explained in
order to understand the term.
Play – as it is described as childish activity, it is not completely true. It has been
agreed today by physiologist and anthropologist that plays is an important
element in human health development.
Leisure – A block unoccupied time often referred to as a spare time or free time.
A time free from work. It can be used as rest or recreation. It can involve
extensive activity or no activity
Recreation – Recreation shares some common elements with play, may differ
from its sense of physical activities such as reading, attending social or cultural
events, listening music etc. It is understood that its meaning lies beyond the
phenomena of just physical involvement or participation.
It is a fusion between play and leisure. Thus it is most important concept that
provides the overall view of joy. The point is often expressed.
“Recreation's purpose is not to kill time, but to make life, not to keep a person
occupied, but to keep them refreshed; no to offer an escape from life, but to
provide a discovery of life.”
- Anonymous
De Grazia writes
“Recreation is activity that rests men from work, Often by giving them a change
(distraction, diversion) and restores (re-creates) them from work. When adults
play as they do, or of course, with persons, things and symbols – they play for
recreation. Like the romans, our own conception of leisure is mainly recreation.
But this definition is not completely acceptable today, as. Today most of the work
demand is through their mental labour. Thus their body needs some physical
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activity to use their stored energy and stay physically fit. The younger generation
of today’s world involve in bungee jumping, paragliding, river rafting etc. as a
recreational activity.
Recreation as Activity or Experience
Most definitions, particularly those advanced by authors within the field, treat
recreation form of activity or experience. Thus, Neumeyer and Neumeyer write
that
“Recreation is any activity pursued during leisure, either Individual or collective,
that is free and pleasureful, having its immediate appeal, not impelled by a
delayed reward beyond itself or by any immediate necessity”.
A second definition, offered by Hutchinson, includes the element of social
acceptability:
Recreation is a worthwhile, socially accepted leisure experience that provides
satisfaction to the individual who voluntarily participates in an activity.
Traditional Views: Other definitions offered over the past several decades have
included the following elements-
• Recreation is widely regarded as activity (including physical, mental, social,
or emotional involvement) as contrasted with sheer idleness or complete
rest.
• Recreation may include an extremely wide range of activities, such as sports,
games, crafts, performing arts, fine arts, music, dramatics, travel, hobbies,
and social activities.
• They may be engaged in by individuals or by groups, and may involve single
or episodic participation or sustained and frequent involvement throughout
one’s lifetime.
• The choice of activity or involvement is voluntary, free of compulsion or
obligation.
• Recreation is prompted by internal motivation and the desire to achieve
personal satisfaction, rather than by extrinsic goals or rewards.
• Recreation is dependent on a state of mind or attitude; it is not so much what
one does as the reason for doing it, and the way the individual feels about
the activity, that makes it recreation.
• Although the primary motivation for taking part in recreation is usually
pleasure-seeking, it may also be meeting intellectual, physical, or social
needs. In some cases, rather than provide “fun” of a light or trivial nature,
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recreation may involve a serious degree of commitment and self-discipline
and may yield frustration or even pain.
3.2 Forms of Recreation Activities [2][6]
In addition to varied forms that recreation may take, it also meets a wide range
of individual needs and interests. There are two types of recreation: Active and
Passive.
Active Recreation includes activities that an individual must directly participate
in, such as dancing, playing the piano or scuba diving.
Passive Recreation only requires one to observe, such as listening to music or
watching a basketball game.
Other individuals take part in leisure activities that involve community service or
that permit them to provide leadership in fraternal or religious organizations.
Still others take part in activities that promote health and physical fitness as a
primary goal.
A steadily growing number of participants enjoy participation in the expanding
world of computer-based entertainment and communication, including CD-
ROMs, Internet games, video games, and personal digital assistants with games,
iPods, the Internet, and much more. Others are deeply involved in forms of
culture such as music, drama, dance, literature, and the fine arts. Exploring new
environments through travel and tourism or seeking self-discovery or personality
enrichment through continuing education or religious activity represent other
important leisure drives.
FORMS OF RECREATION
Active Recreation Passive Recreation
Sports Reading
Hiking Fishing
Jogging Playing Music
Aerobics Listening Music
Rock Climbing Gardening
Water-based Activities Playing Computer Games
Theme Parks Watching Television or Movie
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Why people Recreate or Travel?[2]
 Psychological needs
Figure 1; Psychological needs
 Surface Factors
• Physical motivators: related to health (sport, maintenance & preventive
health program, tension releasers
• Cultural motivators: desire to learn more about culture, architecture, food,
art and folklore other people. Conformation and curiosity
• Interpersonal motivators: escape from familiar environment (family). Prime
motivators is to see or escape from family
• Status and ego factors: need for recognition, attention, appreciation, and
good reputation
Self
Actualization
Ego (Self Esteem,
Self Respect)
Social (Love, Affection,
Belonging)
Safety (Home, Job)
Physiological Needs-Individual Will Satisfy Lowest
Motivational Needs
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 Push and pull factors
Figure 2; Push and pull factors
 Recreation and tourism phases
Figure 3; Recreation and tourism phases
 Importance of Recreation [6]
• PHYSICOLOGY- Recreation is like a rain shower during the days of scorching
heat. It is like a ray of moonlight in the dreadful darkness-emotional balance
(balance between work and play)
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• PHYSICAL AND HEALTH MAINTENANCE- Research has shown that recreation
on a daily basis reduces risks of diabetes and hypertension, enhances physical
and mental health and improves the quality of life.
• Feel fresh and relaxed.
• Recreation brings you close to the nature.
• Enhancement of your interpersonal and intrapersonal skills.
• Physical health and maintenance.
Figure 4; Importance of Recreation
3.3 Types of Recreation [6]
Recreation can be spectator type and participant type. In spectator people spend
their time watching the event and derive enjoyment from it while in participant
people do not gain enjoyment merely by watching; they do so by joining the
activity.
There is active and passive type of recreation. In active people have to function
effectively in performing the action while in passive people have no excessive
movement in performing the task or action. Then we classify recreation in the
following basic categories -
• Physical,
• Social,
• Cultural: Art,
• Intellectual,
• Mental: Reading, Watching Television etc.
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In physical, people exerts efforts and bodily functions in performing activities like
sports games etc. It is a participant type of recreation. It helps in maintaining the
health and makes the person active.
Social recreation is basically in which people use to meet with each other for
interacting or having some good and quality time together like parties, parlour
games, performing dance etc. cultural recreation includes art and crafts, dramas,
cultural programs and functions etc.
Intellectual recreation, also termed as educational, includes songs, poetry, essay
or story writing, answering puzzles and chess etc. and mental recreation is in
which the mind is doing the functions with less body movement.
We have enlisted some recreational activities in random order, categorized into
two groups namely, indoor and outdoor activities. There are many more which
could be added to the lists but these are the first things that come to mind when
one thinks of recreating outdoors or indoors.
 Outdoor Activities
Volleyball, basketball, baseball, river rafting, bungee jumping, hiking, scuba
diving, swimming, golf, lawn tennis, team games, nature walk, cycling, surfing,
horse riding, boating, traveling, fishing, pet training, beach games, museum visit,
amusement park, photography and more...
 Indoor Activities
Listening music, dance, watching movies, video games, internet browsing, art
activities, knitting, painting, indoor gardening, reading, table tennis, writing,
craft making, watching TV, badminton, cooking, playing cards, chess , skincare
regime, aerobics, bowling, billiards and more...
Video games, computer games and surfing the Internet are some other examples
of recreational activities most of us like to engage in. Tourism, partying,
shopping, visiting parks, museums and places of historical importance are the
means of recreation for many.
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3.4 Activities according to age, gender and class [2][6]
Recreation activities by Age
Table 1; Recreation activities by Age (Order of popularity)
Participation in many recreational activities is very strongly related to age. Table
above have shown some of the recreational activities for each age group.
Under 25 25-34yr 35-49yr 50-64yr 65 above
Watching T.V.,
Walking/ Jogging/
Running,
Swimming,
Gym Workout,
Dance,
Basketball,
Attending Sports
Events,
Video Games,
Arts & Crafts,
Camping,
Picnics,
Internet Surfing,
Movies,
Listening Music
Paintings,
Reading,
Story & Poetry
Writing,
Going To Clubs, etc.
Watching T.V.,
Walking/ Jogging/
Running,
Driving, Swimming,
Gym Workout,
Yoga/ Aerobics,
Cycling,
Billiards/ Snooker,
Board Games
(Chess, Scrabble,
Etc.),
Photography,
Dance,
Shopping,
Days Out,
Painting,
Internet Surfing,
Movies,
Listening Music
Partying, Going To
Clubs, Bars, etc.
Watching T.V.,
Walking, Driving For
Pleasure,
Swimming,
Gym Workout,
Jogging/ Running,
Yoga,
Board Games
(Chess, Scrabble,
Etc.),
Billiards/ Snooker,
Social Activities
Painting,
Internet Surfing,
Camping,
Movies,
Gardening,
Family Fun,
Going To Clubs,
Bars, etc.
Watching T.V.,
Walking,
Yoga,
Board Games
Jogging/ Running,
Reading,
Story Telling,
Internet Surfing,
Camping,
Movies,
Gardening, etc.
Watching T.V.,
Walking,
Yoga,
Jogging/ Running,
Reading,
Relaxing,
Story Telling,
Picnicking,
Live Theatres,
Gardening, etc.
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Recreation activities by Gender
Outdoor recreation activities are age and gender specific: men dominate hunting
(high risk) activities and women dominate gathering activities. These
predications are based on gender from our evolutionary past. The result support
these predication because younger men involved in high risk outdoor activities
like mountain climbing, parachute jumping, while activities like hunting and
fishing were more similarly distributed among age group. All gathering activities
were female dominated, no age related pattern was found in female.
Male Female
Watching Television,
Walking / Jogging / Running,
Equipment Based Exercise,
Outdoor Sports (Cricket,
Basketball, etc.)
Swimming,
Video Games,
Overnight Camping / Night Outs,
Internet Surfing,
Attending Sports Events,
Movies, Listening To Music
Social Activities,
Going To Clubs / bars / pubs, Etc.
Paintings,
Reading, etc.
Walking / Jogging /Running,
Swimming,
Dance, singing
Shopping, day outs, Picnics,
Internet Surfing,
Movies, Listening To Music
Paintings,
Reading,
Indoor games & board games
Arts & Crafts,
Social activities,
Cultural programmes,
Going To Clubs / bars / pubs, etc.
Table 2; Recreation According To Gender (Order of Popularity)
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Recreation activities by Class
Although there are several activities that transcend all social classes such as
watching television , reading , or socializing and many others could be placed
within each social class almost exclusively for example yachting, attending the
symphony ,or having a second home in the Hamptons would be most likely be
assigned to the upper class. Whereas a trip to Disney world, camping trip would
more likely be activity choices of the middle class.
Table 3; Recreation according To Class (order of popularity)
1
1 Source: Activities according to age, gender and class taken from- Lifestyles & Social Participation by
Calta Seddon, Office for National Statistics
Upper Class Middle Class Lower Class
Swimming,
Outdoor Sports
(Cricket, Basketball, etc.)
Shopping,
Day Out With Friends,
Going To Clubs / Bars / Pubs,
etc.
Overnight Camping / Night
Outs,
Internet Surfing,
Social Activities,
Attending Sports Events,
Dance, Movies,
Listening Music,
Video Games,
Paintings, Reading, etc.
Outdoor Sports
Swimming,
Video Games,
Overnight Camping / Night
Outs,
Internet Surfing,
Attending cultural Events,
Movies, Listening Music,
Social Activities,
Going To Clubs / bars / pubs,
etc.
Paintings,
Reading, etc.
Outdoor Sports
Swimming,
Video Games,
Dancing, singing,
Paintings, writing, Reading,
Picnicking, camping
Internet Surfing,
Social activities
Movies, Listening Music
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4.0Recreational activities in Heritage Building [4][5]
4.1 Introduction
To understand the full range of values that people attribute to historic buildings,
places, and landscapes requires the perspective of social scientists, such as
anthropologists and sociologists, who are familiar with studying the subjective
realm of human experience. In particular, these disciplines’ methodologies are
critical to opening preservation’s black box of significance and reveal how
everyday people value historic places. Once assessed, these values can be used
to balance the traditional, objective values of experts such as historians,
architects, and architectural historians.
4.2 Importance and value of Recreation in Heritage Building
The first step in understanding contemporary, social, cultural, and experiential
values is to define these values in relation to authenticity because the perceived
“realness” of an historic place directly influences how people value it.
Authenticity, therefore, is a definition of what is “real” and what is “fake.”
Authenticity is traditionally defined in historic preservation through an objective
analysis of extant building or landscape materials. This material or fabric based
perspective demands that sufficient fabric must exist from certain periods of
time; with insufficient fabric there is a lack of authenticity.
4.3 Value in Heritage building
4.3.1 Historical positivism value
This value refers to the systematic gathering of “facts” to support a given
historical association in a methodological framework that assumes these facts
can exist independently of relativistic or pluralistic interpretation. For instance,
one creates a National Register nomination by assembling historical facts that
must prove that a property is associated with an event or person from the past
(i.e., criteria “A” and “B” and to some extent, criterion “C”) through explicating
broad themes and patterns. The greater the number of these facts, such as a
notable person lived in a house during a certain period of time, the more
historically significant the property is.
4.3.2 Recreational value
The English Heritage describes recreational activities in historic places as being
“a vital part of people’s everyday life and experiences.” Many heritage
landscapes offer a variety of recreation activities. The grounds of Independence
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Hall in Philadelphia, for instance, are frequently utilized by large numbers of
people.
4.3.3 Spiritual/ Religious value
Certain places are connected with the religious beliefs of people. Associated with
indigenous peoples, this value can be potentially applied to any cultural group.
4.3.4 Use value
Perhaps one of the most important values to be ascribed to buildings and places,
this value is defined as the ability of a building, place, or landscape to provide a
benefit that is typically linked to an economically justifiable purpose.
4.4 Conclusion
As heritage facilitates cohesion and understanding among a certain group of
people, heritage tourism helps reinforce identity through the preservation of
cultural heritage. With the growing popularity of heritage tourism, however,
some of its negative repercussions have been observed as well.
Environmental degradation and loss of traditions and habits have been
documented, making the preservation and proper management of cultural
heritage not only important but also extremely imperative.
Tourism must not destroy the very heritage that attracts visitors. The challenge
now is to align heritage tourism with the goals of sustainable development. This
involves the conservation of cultural resources, accurate interpretation of
heritage, and sensitive and responsible ways of revenue generation. The impact
of heritage tourism, not only on the actual sites themselves but the local people
as well, should also be a key focus of stakeholders.
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5.0Mother India Temple
5.1 Introduction [3][4]
Varanasi often referred to as “City of Temples and Learning. “The ancient city of
Varanasi is believed to have existed since beginning of the earth and finds its
mention in the Arthavedas.
The culture of Varanasi is deeply related with the river Ganga and the river's
religious importance. Varanasi is known mainly for its Ghats and is the religious
bathing place for the pilgrims. The city has been a cultural and religious centre in
northern India for thousands of years. Varanasi is famous as a centre of music,
arts, crafts, education and learning and has its own style of classical Hindustani
music, and has produced prominent philosophers, poets, writers and musicians
in Indian history.
It is the oldest living city and is heterogeneous with multiple layers of religion,
culture, art forms, believes nature, profiles and individualities. It is a sacred and
holy place to Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Muslim religion. Apart from the Ghats,
there are around 2000 temples & 300 Mosques throughout the city. Many
important temples are located along the Ghats of Ganga River, adding to the
religious value to the holy river. Some of the important temples are Kashi
Vishwanath temple, Sankat Mochan temple, Tulsi Manas temple, Kal Bhairav
temple, Bharat Mata temple and Mritunjaya temple. All the temples here are
known for a particular Devi or Devta and their specified way of worshipping and
performing rituals.
Some of the famous temples are discussed here-
Kashi Vishwanath Temple located almost centrally on the west bank of River
Ganga, this is the most important temple in the city. It is also known as the
Golden Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, the founder of the city.
Sankat Mochan Temple is one of the sacred temples of Varanasi. It is located in
the southern part of Varanasi, near the Banaras Hindu University. It is dedicated
to the Hindu God, Hanuman. The word "Sankat Mochan" means one who helps
in removing sufferings i.e. Lord Hanuman. The temple was founded by Tulsidas.
Tulsi Manas temple is one of the most famous temples of Varanasi. It is also an
important tourist attraction of the holy city. The Tulsi Manas temple is located
near the famous Durga temple. It was built in white marble in the year 1964. The
temple has been made more charming by the magnificent landscaping around it.
The Tulsi Manas temple is dedicated to lord Ram. It is believed that temple is
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built at the same place where Tulsidas wrote the famous Indian epic,
Ramcharitamanasa. The walls of the Tulsi Manas temple are engraved with
verses and scenes from the Ramcharitamanasa, the Hindi version of the
Ramayana.
Other than the above discussed temples this is not a religious temple for any
particular caste, but it is open to everyone who wish to worship Mother India.
Bharat Mata temple at Varanasi does not have a traditional statue of Gods or
Goddess but it has a real map of the Mother India. The Bharat Mata Temple is
located at the Kashi Vidyapeeth campus, Varanasi and dedicated to the Bharat
Mata. It was constructed by the Babu Shiv Prasad Gupt and inaugurated by the
Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1936. The statue of the Mother India is made up of
marble and looks like a model which symbolizes the entire India, represents
mountain, plains and oceans of the India. Gandhi’s philosophy for the temple was
concerned for the universal mother, not just restricted to the mother that is India.
A little under fifty years later, Swami Satyamitranand Giri founded a Bharat Mata
temple in Haridwar. Unlike its Benaras precursor2, this temple contains an
anthropomorphic statue of its deity. Here, Bharat Mata holds a milk urn in one
hand and sheaves of grain in the other, and is accordingly described in the temple
guide book as "signifying the white and green revolution that India needs for
progress and prosperity."
5.2 Importance of Mother India Temple
Bharat Mata Temple is a unique and the only temple dedicated to Mother India.
It has an attractive huge map of the Mother India on the ground denoting the
statue of mother of India. The statue has inimitable design which indicates the
Goddess of India for all the religious deities, freedom fighters and leaders. The
temple is a kind of admiration to all those who take part in the formation of India
as it was built before the partition of the India. It is made out of marble and took
6 years to construct. It is so people can worship their mother land.
2 Precursor- a person or thing that comes before another of the same kind; a forerunner.
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3
Figure 5; Mother India Temple (Above); Map of India denoting the Statue of Mother India
(Below)
3
Source: Self photographed(above) & Varanasi heritage(below)
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5.3 Photographs of Mother India Temple
4Figure 6; Anthropometric statues of the deity (Bharat Mata) of different temples in India
other than at Varanasi.
4 Source: Wikipedia
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Photographs of Mother India Temple at Varanasi
5
Figure 7; Interior of Mother India Temple
5 Source: Self Photographed; Bottom Right Wikipedia
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5.4 Location & Connectivity [8]
Situated on the banks of the holy River Ganges, Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh is one
of the world’s oldest living cities. A major cultural and religious centre in northern
India, Varanasi is steeped in tradition and mythological legacy and is a much
revered pilgrimage destination for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.
Varanasi flaunts a well-developed transport network which connects the city to
all major cities and states in India by air, rail and road.
How to Reach the Bharat Mata Temple
Bharat Mata Temple is located 8 km distance from the BHU, 2 km distance from
the Cantt Varanasi and 3 km west to the Godaulia. You can easily reach the
Temple by taking the Auto rickshaw from Varanasi Railway Station or Bus Stand,
it will take only 10 minutes. You can also take the Rickshaw and reach there by
spending 15 minutes of time.
6
Figure 8; Google Map
6 Source: Google Map (16th October 2015)
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5.5 Tourism
5.5.1 Top Tourist Destinations in Varanasi 7
The number of visits to each destination under study is either obtain from ticket
sold (for ticketed destinations) or determined through enumeration by survey
team on entry and exit point. The top destination in Varanasi has been
mentioned in table below.
Nationality 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Indian 4,54,832 4,96,539 5,34,269 5,97,543 7,92,630 14,55,492 25,52,365 29,32,446
Foreign 1,08,546 86,267 89,658 1,21,942 1,65,714 2,89,010 4,00,320 5,12,395
Total 5,63,378 5,82,806 6,23,927 7,19,485 9,58,344 17,44,502 29,52,685 34,44,841
Growth % +1.4 +3.4 +7.1 +15.3 +33.2 +82.0 +69.3 +16.7
Table 4; Varanasi: Tourist Influx (in tabular & graphic form)
The tally of Indian and Foreign tourist inflow is increasing at a steady pace
resulting in greater impact on fluidity of local economy. Interesting fact is that
post the year 2005 the influx has increased rapidly for both Indian and Foreign
tourist inflow giving local economy huge boost. Among important tourist
attractions Dasaswamedh Ghat area attracts maximum tourists visiting Varanasi
followed by Durga temple and Bharatmata temple. Ramnagar fort, BHU, etc. also
shoes very tourist influx.
7 Source: UP Tourism, Varanasi
0
5,00,000
10,00,000
15,00,000
20,00,000
25,00,000
30,00,000
35,00,000
Indian Foreign
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Purpose Of Visit
International Tourists
(%)
Domestic Tourists
(%)
2001 2002 2001 2002
1. Pilgrimage/ Spiritual tour 22.7 23.3 31.3 36.7
2. Education/ Research 36.0 41.1 12.0 16.0
3. Cultural activities 7.3 3.3 12.7 15.3
4. Leisure/ Pleasure/ Recreation 18.0 20.0 14.0 8.0
5. Visiting Friends & Relatives 8.0 6.7 10.0 12.0
6. Package Tour 2.7 2.7 6.0 4.0
7. Bussiness/ Project 5.3 2.7 10.0 6.0
8. Other 0.7 0.7 4.0 2.0
Table 5; Varanasi: Responding Tourists by the Purpose of visit (shown in %)
It is obvious from data that ‘Education and Research’ is the first priority by
international tourist, and ‘Pilgrimage/Spiritual tour’ is the main reason that
attracted maximum percentage of domestic tourists. In general about one-third
tourists visited the city for pilgrimage and related purpose.
Pleasure and recreation is another significant reason for travel to Banaras. The
city possessed enough sacred sites and images together with scenic beauty of
the Ganga River and nearby hilly areas. These attract tourists to have experience
of sacred scape and serenity of nature. Cultural activities are also other means
of attraction.
More than 38 lakhs tourists visits Varanasi every year out of which more than 6
lakhs are international tourists.
Sites of Attractions
International Tourists Domestic Tourists
2001 2002 2001 2002
Grp. Indv. Grp. Indv. Grp. Indv. Grp. Indv.
1. Ghats 100 100 100 100 98 99 96 98
2. Vishavnath Temple 16 22 16 25 90 94 96 92
3. Bharat Mata Mandir 38 26 36 31 7 10 4 16
4. B.H.U. Birla Temple 32 48 34 47 35 40 40 32
5. Sarnath 70 65 73 71 27 46 31 48
6. Ramnagar Fort 6 8 4 2 18 15 15 13
7. Old City 60 72 8 13 20 18 28 16
Table 6; Varanasi: Responding Tourists by Sites of Attractions, (each category refers to 100.)
Bharat Mata Temple is among one of the most visited tourist places in Varanasi.
The carved map of India denoted and Mother India make it special and attracts
both domestic and International Tourists.
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5.5.2 Place Of Origin 8
Country
1986 2000 2006 2008
Total % Total % Total % Total %
Japan 1248 2.1 18568 15.0 35490 12.28 61795 12.06
France 2318 3.9 13888 11.22 26358 9.12 49651 9.69
U.K. 4160 7.0 13121 10.6 24219 8.38 42273 8.25
U.S.A. 4873 8.2 8108 6.5 21271 7.36 42170 8.23
Germany 2258 3.8 8665 7.0 17948 6.21 30385 5.93
Italy 1545 2.6 3342 2.7 12688 4.39 22955 4.48
Mauritius 4754 8.0 3340 2.7 13497 4.67 22648 4.42
Thailand 2496 4.2 1438 1.16 10289 3.56 21879 4.27
Sri Lanka 2674 4.5 1659 1.34 9017 3.12 18344 3.58
Australia 1457 2.45 4295 3.47 9711 3.36 18139 3.54
Spain 980 1.65 2008 2.44 6243 2.16 15064 2.94
Netherlands 2674 4.5 1232 1.00 7514 2.60 13937 2.72
Switzerland 1188 2.0 3095 2.50 6705 2.32 12041 2.35
Poland 2377 4.0 1139 0.92 7081 2.45 11478 2.24
Canada 1248 2.1 2191 1.77 5838 2.02 9121 1.78
Israel 327 .55 591 0.47 3699 1.28 6917 1.35
Malaysia 1426 2.4 718 0.58 5809 2.01 6046 1.18
Iran 3209 5.4 87 0.07 3410 1.18 5944 1.16
Saudi Arab 1070 1.8 62 0.05 260 0.09 564 0.11
Others 19145 32.21 34231 27.65 61963 21.44 101044 19.72
Table 7; Varanasi: Nationality wise Foreign Tourist arrivals
In 2008 largest Population of Tourist came from Japan followed by France & U.K.
Most of the Domestic Tourists visits Varanasi from Southern part of India
specially to see Temple & Ghats. People also visit Varanasi to get fine quality of
fabrics especially silk that is used to produce Banarasi sarees and Carpets.
8 Source: UP Tourism, Varanasi & Dept. of Tourism
24

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5.6 Activities in Mother India Temple
In 1936 after inauguration of this temple it became one of the most important
place for every Indian, it became the symbol of patriotism. Green spaces, trees
and pedestrian was enjoyed. Population growth and footfall raised the diverse
activities and spaces around temple, capturing the residential, green and
movement spaces, around Temple. The use and purpose of area is completely
changed in the present scenario, effecting the quality space for the visitors.
5.6.1 Mother India Temple
Several activities have emerged at Mother India Temple with the change of time.
Some of those activities are listed below-
a. Worshipping
This temple is a place of worship
for every Indian. People come
here to worship and to see the
beautifully carved map of
Mother India on Marble.
Usually there is not much crowd
in the temple but, on special
occasions like Independence
Day, 2nd October and on other
such events, crowd can be seen.
The temple is usually open on all week
days.
Figure 9; Worshipping Mother India
SssssSal Gatherin
b. Educational Tour
School students can be seen
here on their educational tour
usually to study the topography
of the continent.
Figure 10; Topography of Map
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Varanasi
2015-16
c. Gathering space
People used to spent time here
by gathering and casually sitting
in the garden enjoying greenery
around the temple. Although
this complex is located very near
to the city square with lot of
rush around it the greenery here
provides ultimate relief to the
visitors from the surrounding
traffic.
d. Games
Local children used to play
various games like cricket,
kabaddi and various others in
the large unused ground near to
the entrance (shown alongside).
e. Research & Projects
Students & Researchers from
various parts of the world visit
this temple for their research
work on various subjects like Art
& Architecture, History,
Geography and many others.
Figure 11; Gathering of people
Figure 12; Ground used for games
9
Figure 13; Main Building of complex
9
Source: Self Photographed (Fig. 11,12 & 13)
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5.6.2 Open Spaces
Open spaces or garden areas are available along with Mother India Temple. Large
ground near entrance is used for playing cricket, flying kites, etc. by the local
children.
Figure 14; Ground near entrance (left); Front Garden (Right)
Other green spaces and garden areas are all round the temple building. These
gardens are good in size but is not well maintained. Some of the problems are-
a. Unmanaged grass in the garden (weed).
b. Improper waste disposal.
c. Overgrazing of animals disturbs greenery.
5.6.3 Activities outside Temple
a. Kashi Vidyapeeth Campus
On the north side of the temple
complex University named
Mahatma Gandhi Kashi
Vidyapeeth exists. People from
all over the world come here to
study various subjects, one of
the most important is Sanskrit.
10
Figure 15; Main Entrance
10
Source: Kashi Vidyapeeth (website)
27

Varanasi
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a. Markets
On the southern part is a Sigra
square there are shops of
various things here like fancy
lights, mobile & electronic,
motorcycle, Clothes & Shoes
and many others.
b. Restaurants
There are restaurants and shops
of various food items like South-
Indian, Chinese and local food
Items. In most of the shops
there is no sufficient space to sit
and eat so people can be seen
eating here standing outside the
shops.
Figure 16; Market
Figure 17; Local Shops
c. Theatre
On the south west part of
temple near to the square lies
Sajan Cinema this is one of the
oldest cinema hall in Varanasi
people of usually middle and
lower class come here to watch
movies.
d. Shopping Mall
On the south eastern part of the
complex is Indraprastha Mall
accessible directly from the
sigra square.
Figure 18; Sajan Cinema
11
Figure 19; Indraprastha Mall
11
Source: Self Photographed (Figure 16,17,18 & 19)
28

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5.7 Inferences
a. This place is visited due to its Cultural heritage value.
b. For many visitors reason for visiting Mother India Temple is to see the huge
map of Mother India.
c. People of different religion come here but very few pray.
d. Due to its easy approach from Sigra Square, Theatre, Markets, Shopping Mall
& University; people holding shopping bags and University students are
often seen here spending their time.
e. Due to its Heritage value the market around is growing very fast- Shopping
complexes & shops of varieties of items like clothing, footwear, electronic,
etc.
f. Various restaurants & shops with local and regional food items have come
up with increase in number of visitors.
g. The development of the surrounding area is affecting the peace of the
complex, this place is being used as an open area and resting place which is
not the purpose of this Temple.
5.8 Identification of Issues
5.8.1 Issues around the Temple Complex
Mother India Temple is a heritage building and unique in its kind. Buildings that
are very close to the temple complex disturbs as it creates visual & mental
distraction to other things.
Absence of basic amenities especially toilets is disturbing the sanitation of the
place. Grazing of animals also disturbs the greenery.
Absence of organised parking place in and around the Temple Complex and
diversified image of the facades around the heritage area including commercial
hoardings, hanging all around the area are some of the problems faced.
a. Movement Networks
i. Parking of vehicles on road creates traffic problem.
ii. Conflict between motorized, non-motorized vehicles, and pedestrians.
iii. Encroachment by shop owners.
iv. The Hawkers are on the carriage way.
29

Varanasi
2015-16
b. Tourists and related facilities
i. Insufficient tourist infrastructure such as public toilets, drinking water, clean
places to eat, information kiosk and an interpretation centre.
ii. Unhygienic, lack of maintenance & unorganised street activity make a
negative impression.
c. Hawkers & Vendors
i. Large number of hawkers and vendors in the area causes traffic problem.
ii. Hawkers and vendors are also responsible for creating wastes in the form of
disposable plates, napkins, papers and plastic glasses.
d. Street Waste disposal
i. Improper waste disposal that is in front of the temple is affecting the
Heritage value of Mother India Temple.
ii. Disposal of waste creates foul smell in the area that is very unhygienic.
5.8.2 Issues in the Temple Complex
a. Unmanaged Green Spaces
i. The temple has lot of green spaces but is not managed timely.
ii. Animals grazing in the green areas should also be checked.
b. Movement problems outside temple
i. In Summer the stone plinth base around the temple heats up because of
which walking barefoot becomes very tough.
5.8.3 Impacts
a. Social Impacts
i. Increase in Markets & Restaurants- Due to increase in number of visitors per
year, the increase in the food market is seen. Producing economy and
generating jobs for local people.
ii. Unhygienic & Unpleasant Surroundings- The increase in foot fall generates
garbage. Due to low maintenance and improper market expansion in the
surroundings, generate unhygienic surroundings.
30

Varanasi
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b. Economic Impacts
i. Evolution of Different Markets & Shops- Due to increase in footfall every
year different markets are evolved with time with increase in growth of
gathering around Mother India Temple. The new markets are Motor,
footwear, clothing, etc.
ii. Building up of Shopping Malls & Complexes- Increase in visitors and tourists
have resulted in building up of shopping mall and number of complexes in
this area.
31

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6.0Analysis & Findings
Recreation activities are necessary for every individual to avoid mental and
physical fatigue. It can be active or passive. Leisure can be achieved by reading
books or embracing architecture, walking on heritage site etc. It can be resting
in a peaceful environment or bird watching. It is actually giving time to your-self.
Recreation for every individual is understood by him with the passage of time
and experiments. Once, a person feels pleasure in doing something. The activity
is included in his recreation list.
Besides worshipping, Mother India Temple is also a place for passive or passive
appearing recreational activity. These include heritage walk, resting, kites flying,
cricket and gathering of people in evening several impacts are seen due to these
activities which are both positive and negative in different terms. Understanding
the requirement and need of the place, development of the place can widely
help in decreasing negative impacts and increasing positive approach by the
visitors.
If these activities are grown in improper manner they can affect the aesthetical
value of the place. Although there is positive impact such as increase in footfall
creating an economy rich place and generating job opportunity.
32

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7.0Recommendations
After studying about the temple & analysing the visitor’s data the importance of
this place can be understood. To further enhance the importance of the place
few proposals are made here that will attract both local and international
tourists.
Restaurant- Varanasi is very rich for its local foods, sweets & dishes. But there is
a lack of space in the city to serve them. Since Mother India Temple is one of the
most visited heritage site, there can be a restaurant that will serve with the local
dishes and sweets and this will also be a good source of economy and attraction
for tourists.
Shops with local handicrafts- Besides food, Varanasi is also very famous for its
silk fabric works i.e. Banarasi Saree and handicrafts made of wooden, stone and
brass work like Jewellery & toys made of wood; sculpture and decorative items
made of stone; and bells & worshipping items made of brass.
Ceramic toys & crockery works of Chunar is also very famous for its quality and
design which can also be included in the shops for local handicrafts.
Open air Theatre- There can be visual show or performance act related to
patriotism, monuments & social awareness that can be done in the O.A.T., it will
be a part of landscaping and local gathering.
Some other basic requirements at this place are-
a. Basic Amenities
b. Signage
c. Interpretation centre for foreigners
d. Development of green areas
e. Sitting areas in park
These proposals have been made after the through study of the place. As per
study, this project will be fruitful w.r.t. economy and Recreational space.
The site proposals and redevelopment is made not to restrict its beauty just to
visionary senses but to engage all the senses of the visitors in the designed space.
Vision- First impression of the place will be the main temple that can be seen
from the road, there will be well maintained green areas and trees that will
provide peace & shelter to the visitors from the rush.
33

Varanasi
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Aroma & Taste- Proposed restaurant with variety of delicious dishes will
definitely add sense of aroma around the place both physically & mentally. Local
street food like kachori, jalebi, sweets, milk items, pan, etc. will enhance the
sense of taste.
Hearing- Sound of Classical instruments like Shehnai, Sitar, etc. will create a
classical music environment in the site.
Touch- Various textures in the built environment through hardscape & softscape
will let the visitors to feel the surrounding by being a part of it.
34

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8.0SWOT Analysis
Strength
 The site is near to the Sigra city square that will be the advantage for the
temple to regain its popularity.
 Local handicrafts will attract international tourists which may later become
a source of economy.
Weakness
 The un-tidiness around the site may be the week point of the project.
Opportunity
 The proposal of local handicrafts & foods will enhance the opportunities for
the local workers as well as handicrafts.
Threat
 The proposal of handicrafts shops here may be beneficial for local
handicrafts but it may affect the business of other small handicraft shops in
the city.
35

Varanasi
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Annexures
 Drawings-
Design of proposals for Mother India Temple, Varanasi
36

Varanasi
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References
Books/ Journals & Dissertations
1. Hussain, MF 2014, Identification of Recreational Activities in Jama Masjid and its
Skirts, Old Delhi. M. Arch Dissertation, Jamia Millia Islamia.
2. Khan, JA 2014, Interrogation of Multiple Recreation Activities at Bara Imambara
Complex, Lucknow, M. Arch Dissertation, Jamia Millia Islamia.
3. Gaenszle, Martin & Gengnagel, Jorg (Eds) 2006, Visualizing Space in Banaras
images, maps, and the practice of representation, pp. 165-178. Available from:
<https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cMJMNvvpEuYC&pg=PA7&source=gbs_toc_r&c
ad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false>
4. Singh, Rana P.B., 2009, Banaras: Making of India’s Heritage City, Banaras Hindu
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ge&q&f=false>
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Available from:
<http://spa.ac.in/writereaddata/EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-VARANASI.pdf> [25 Nov
2015].
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<http://www.isocarp.net/data/case_studies/1015.pdf> [6th December 2015]
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1171-1191
Links
8. Slide share.com 2015, Recreation.
Available from: <http://www.slide share.com> [12 October 2015].
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Available from: <https://www.google.co.in/maps> [18 September 2015].
37

Varanasi
2015-16
11. Ask.com 2015, Health, Fitness & Exercise.
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bdcbd9f36fd559ea> [12 October 2015].
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(Kashi), India. Available from:
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<http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/various_temples.html>
38

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Complex, Lucknow, M. Arch Dissertation, Jamia Millia Islamia.
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39

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