Modern policing is being transformed by new technologies that help solve, prevent, and enable new forms of crime. Surveillance cameras are becoming more widespread and advanced, using facial recognition and the ability to track suspects. New forensic techniques like DNA analysis and digital evidence collection are helping identify criminals. The role of intelligence analysts is growing to understand new threat environments and develop police strategies. Wearable cameras on officers and digital recordings of interrogations are increasing transparency and accountability.
Computer crime and the adequacy of the current legal framework in sri lankaVishni Ganepola
The slide set gives a brief idea as to what is computer crime,types of computer crimes, Existing Legal Framework on Computer Crimes in Sri Lanka, Effectiveness of the current legal framework and also provides few recommendations for further advancement in law.
You can access the video in the second page via the following link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDRIGOJk0D4&t=7s
Utilizing Internet for Fraud Examination and InvestigationGoutama Bachtiar
1st Session titled Redefining Fraud, Examination, Investigation and Cyber Crime delivered for Indonesia's Risk Management Certification Agency named Badan Sertifikasi Manajemen Resiko (BSMR).
The seminar itself titled 'Preventing Fraud within E-Channels in Banking Sector'.
Cyber Crimes: The Transformation of Crime in the Information AgeVishni Ganepola
The research paper attempts to provide a definition on cyber-crimes and has also identified few types of cyber-crimes that have been internationally recognized.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING CYBER-CRIMES IN SRI L...Vishni Ganepola
In compliance with the Budapest Convention, the CCA has recognised almost all the cyber-crime offences that are provided in the convention. Mere fact that the legal system recognises certain cyber-offences or that it provides a special mechanism to conduct investigations does not render the legislative framework effective. For the legislative framework to be considered effective, it should be capable of achieving the objective for which it was established. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the contemporary legislative framework shall be assessed based on its success in identifying and preventing cyber-crimes, conducting investigations, enforcing the enacted laws and in protecting human rights and liberties which are the objectives behind the enforcement of the cyber-crime legislative framework.
Existing Sri Lankan Legal Framework on Cyber CrimesVishni Ganepola
What are the offences that are considered to be cyber-offences under the Sri Lankan law?
What would be the consequences, if a person commits such cyber-crime in Sri Lanka? In order
to find the answers for the above questions, one need to analyse the provisions of the Sri
Lankan legislative enactments which provides for the identification and prevention of cyber
crimes and the provisions which provide the investigation procedure to be adapted in tracing
the criminals. The law governing the cyber-crimes is mainly found in the Computer Crimes Act
No.24 of 2007 (CCA) while few other legislative enactments such A provide for the
identification of various other offences. With regard to admissibility of computer evidence,
Evidence (Special Provision) Ordinance and Electronic Transaction Act No.19 of 2006 (ETA)
provide the requirements that need to be established before the courts in order for the
evidence to be accepted as relevant.
Cyber
RECOMMENDATIONS AND LESSONS FROM OTHER JURISDICTIONS TO ENHANCE THE EFFECTIV...Vishni Ganepola
When compared with certain other jurisdictions, Sri Lankan legal framework on cyber-crimes is much effective. Yet, there is much potential for it to develop into a more effective legal framework. The chapter suggested certain measures that can be implemented to national level as well as in international level to provide for the irregularities that exist in system while giving examples from few main jurisdictions. Legal measures in order to identify existing and new offences, to provide interpretations for undefined yet commonly used terms and measures to implement lenient measures in relation to admissibility of computer evidence were suggested while social measures to increase public awareness and IT literacy and measures to provide required training expertise to investigators were also suggested. Base of ICT Law is technology. Therefore, answers to certain irregularities could also be found through technology. Thus, technical measures such as implementing national encryption policy and monitoring and surveillance system were recommended. Recommendations were proposed for the international community on how to enhance mutual legal assistance and on empowering international criminal justice system on cyber-crimes.
Presentation made by Dr Tabrez Ahmad in Biju Pattanaik State Police Academy Bhubaneswar. To train DSP,s on Cyber Crime Investigation and Cyber Forensics.
10 Criminology in the FutureCriminology in the FutureKristop.docxhyacinthshackley2629
10 Criminology in the Future
Criminology in the Future
Kristopher Freitag, Javielle Watson, Michael Westphal, Starcia Zeigler
CJA/314
April 7, 2014
Judy Mazzucca
Technology is advancing in every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of the crimes. Crime fighting methodologies have the potential to greatly assist law enforcement in the war on crime. Some experts even think that some software and tools will be able to help prevent crime. (Yeung, n.d.). Methodologies, such as mandating DNA collection programs, biometrics, and implementing cybercrime spyware programs are on the list of the next big things of the future, when it comes to fighting crime. DNA testing helps law enforcement investigate and prosecute crimes, as well as clear the names of those who have been wrongfully convicted. There are currently about twenty states with laws requiring DNA collection at the time of the person’s arrest. The federal government also has this requirement. As, with any controversial subject, DNA testing has its critics. Some are saying that DNA testing is in violation of the Fourth Amendment, especially for those who have not been convicted of a crime. Others are concerned that DNA testing may open the doors for abuse of the genetic information being stored in the databases. (Berson, n.d.). Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Some of the features measured using biometrics are handwriting, voice, iris, hand geometry, vein, retinal, and fingerprints. Biometric based solutions provide personal data privacy, and confidential financial transactions, and are starting to become the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. The need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is great, due to the increased number of transaction fraud and security breaches. This need is especially great in the areas of local, state, and federal governments. Infrastructures such as electronic banking, health and social services, law enforcement, and retail sales are already taking advantage of, and seeing the benefits of biometric technology. ("The Biometrics Consortium", n.d.).
As we become more and more dependent on technology, the increase of cybercrimes are skyrocketing, which has forced law enforcement to figure out ways of combatting cybercrimes. We have become extremely vulnerable to many cybercrimes, including social media fraud, which consists of cyber criminals using social media to steal the identities of unsuspecting people; and luring people to download malicious materials, or reveal their passwords; corporate security breaches, which consists of cyber criminals exploiting company employees via scams; and phishing, which involves cyber criminals targeting company employees by sending emails that appear to be from someone within the company. ("Homeland .
Computer crime and the adequacy of the current legal framework in sri lankaVishni Ganepola
The slide set gives a brief idea as to what is computer crime,types of computer crimes, Existing Legal Framework on Computer Crimes in Sri Lanka, Effectiveness of the current legal framework and also provides few recommendations for further advancement in law.
You can access the video in the second page via the following link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDRIGOJk0D4&t=7s
Utilizing Internet for Fraud Examination and InvestigationGoutama Bachtiar
1st Session titled Redefining Fraud, Examination, Investigation and Cyber Crime delivered for Indonesia's Risk Management Certification Agency named Badan Sertifikasi Manajemen Resiko (BSMR).
The seminar itself titled 'Preventing Fraud within E-Channels in Banking Sector'.
Cyber Crimes: The Transformation of Crime in the Information AgeVishni Ganepola
The research paper attempts to provide a definition on cyber-crimes and has also identified few types of cyber-crimes that have been internationally recognized.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING CYBER-CRIMES IN SRI L...Vishni Ganepola
In compliance with the Budapest Convention, the CCA has recognised almost all the cyber-crime offences that are provided in the convention. Mere fact that the legal system recognises certain cyber-offences or that it provides a special mechanism to conduct investigations does not render the legislative framework effective. For the legislative framework to be considered effective, it should be capable of achieving the objective for which it was established. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the contemporary legislative framework shall be assessed based on its success in identifying and preventing cyber-crimes, conducting investigations, enforcing the enacted laws and in protecting human rights and liberties which are the objectives behind the enforcement of the cyber-crime legislative framework.
Existing Sri Lankan Legal Framework on Cyber CrimesVishni Ganepola
What are the offences that are considered to be cyber-offences under the Sri Lankan law?
What would be the consequences, if a person commits such cyber-crime in Sri Lanka? In order
to find the answers for the above questions, one need to analyse the provisions of the Sri
Lankan legislative enactments which provides for the identification and prevention of cyber
crimes and the provisions which provide the investigation procedure to be adapted in tracing
the criminals. The law governing the cyber-crimes is mainly found in the Computer Crimes Act
No.24 of 2007 (CCA) while few other legislative enactments such A provide for the
identification of various other offences. With regard to admissibility of computer evidence,
Evidence (Special Provision) Ordinance and Electronic Transaction Act No.19 of 2006 (ETA)
provide the requirements that need to be established before the courts in order for the
evidence to be accepted as relevant.
Cyber
RECOMMENDATIONS AND LESSONS FROM OTHER JURISDICTIONS TO ENHANCE THE EFFECTIV...Vishni Ganepola
When compared with certain other jurisdictions, Sri Lankan legal framework on cyber-crimes is much effective. Yet, there is much potential for it to develop into a more effective legal framework. The chapter suggested certain measures that can be implemented to national level as well as in international level to provide for the irregularities that exist in system while giving examples from few main jurisdictions. Legal measures in order to identify existing and new offences, to provide interpretations for undefined yet commonly used terms and measures to implement lenient measures in relation to admissibility of computer evidence were suggested while social measures to increase public awareness and IT literacy and measures to provide required training expertise to investigators were also suggested. Base of ICT Law is technology. Therefore, answers to certain irregularities could also be found through technology. Thus, technical measures such as implementing national encryption policy and monitoring and surveillance system were recommended. Recommendations were proposed for the international community on how to enhance mutual legal assistance and on empowering international criminal justice system on cyber-crimes.
Presentation made by Dr Tabrez Ahmad in Biju Pattanaik State Police Academy Bhubaneswar. To train DSP,s on Cyber Crime Investigation and Cyber Forensics.
10 Criminology in the FutureCriminology in the FutureKristop.docxhyacinthshackley2629
10 Criminology in the Future
Criminology in the Future
Kristopher Freitag, Javielle Watson, Michael Westphal, Starcia Zeigler
CJA/314
April 7, 2014
Judy Mazzucca
Technology is advancing in every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of the crimes. Crime fighting methodologies have the potential to greatly assist law enforcement in the war on crime. Some experts even think that some software and tools will be able to help prevent crime. (Yeung, n.d.). Methodologies, such as mandating DNA collection programs, biometrics, and implementing cybercrime spyware programs are on the list of the next big things of the future, when it comes to fighting crime. DNA testing helps law enforcement investigate and prosecute crimes, as well as clear the names of those who have been wrongfully convicted. There are currently about twenty states with laws requiring DNA collection at the time of the person’s arrest. The federal government also has this requirement. As, with any controversial subject, DNA testing has its critics. Some are saying that DNA testing is in violation of the Fourth Amendment, especially for those who have not been convicted of a crime. Others are concerned that DNA testing may open the doors for abuse of the genetic information being stored in the databases. (Berson, n.d.). Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Some of the features measured using biometrics are handwriting, voice, iris, hand geometry, vein, retinal, and fingerprints. Biometric based solutions provide personal data privacy, and confidential financial transactions, and are starting to become the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. The need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is great, due to the increased number of transaction fraud and security breaches. This need is especially great in the areas of local, state, and federal governments. Infrastructures such as electronic banking, health and social services, law enforcement, and retail sales are already taking advantage of, and seeing the benefits of biometric technology. ("The Biometrics Consortium", n.d.).
As we become more and more dependent on technology, the increase of cybercrimes are skyrocketing, which has forced law enforcement to figure out ways of combatting cybercrimes. We have become extremely vulnerable to many cybercrimes, including social media fraud, which consists of cyber criminals using social media to steal the identities of unsuspecting people; and luring people to download malicious materials, or reveal their passwords; corporate security breaches, which consists of cyber criminals exploiting company employees via scams; and phishing, which involves cyber criminals targeting company employees by sending emails that appear to be from someone within the company. ("Homeland .
Crime and violence are inherent in our political and social system. With the moving pace of technology, the
popularity of internet grows continuously, with not only changing our views of life, but also changing the
way crime takes place all over the world. We need a technology that can be used to bring justice to those
who are responsible for conducting attacks on computer systems across the globe. In this paper, we present
various measures being taken in order to control and deal with the crime related to digital devices. This
paper gives an insight of Digital Forensics and current situation of India in handling such type of crimes.
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha ...
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha.
The 5 Biggest Tech Trends In Policing And Law EnforcementBernard Marr
Police and law enforcement organizations are being transformed by new technologies, such as AI, big data analytics, robots, and extended reality. Here we look at the five biggest trends and how they are changing policing.
This paper examined technologies being used in crime prevention and detection with a view to
identifying such technologies, legal issues and the challenges involved in the application of these technologies
and attempted to forge an acceptable legal framework for the use of technologies in crime prevention and
detection in Nigeria. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Primary sources include books,
journal, publications, dailies, conventions and a host others. Secondary sources include materials sourced from
the internet. The study revealed that though there are quite a good number of technologies for crime prevention
and detection, the major issues involved are the human right abuse and the challenges of training the staff who
are expected to apply these technologies among others. The study concluded that though there is need to
employ sophisticated technologies in view of the alarming rate of crime commission worldwide and particularly
in Nigeria , however, these technologies need to be reviewed to soften the hardship and human right abuses
which are found in the application of the technologies. This can be achieved by putting in place an acceptable
world standard and robust legal framework that would help in the mitigation of hardship and human abuses
that are embedded in the application of the technologies.
Running Head CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
In the wake of technological advances, the use of computers has played a major role especially in criminal justice (Moriarty, (2017). This paper has focused on the use of computer application technologies in criminology and the potential it has in legal systems. From enabling easy access for witnesses to search for accused peoples’ photographs on the screen and go through the whole court procedural activities. Moreover, criminals’ records can be monitored using databases and it is easy to make a follow-up on crimes they have committed in the past and the charges against them. Forensics can also be conducted and investigations can now be carried out easily and very fast. Also, when one is linked to cases, they can be easily identified using forensics and fingerprints. Portable laptops have also helped police officers in getting information and any important details related to a crime at any place without having to go back to their working stations. James (2017), argues that unlike in the past, investigations are done faster due to internet connections and ease of communication between community members and investigative officers through the use of phone gadgets.
Computers have broad variance in usage which has been enhanced by computer applications. For instance, massive record keeping systems have relied for reference on criminal accounts, case records and unresolved warranties. Incorporation of technology in criminology has just made the career easy and also improved livelihoods. Many police units now use computerized applications to keep up with the ever-rising crimes. There are different applications being used nowadays, from mobile technology, to use in-car computers, CCTV camera installations and also software such as the Computer Aided Dispatch. Investigators often use programmed record management systems to monitor information they obtain and guard it properly. With the current technology, it is possible to detect impending crimes, track stolen goods and the culprits, tell which time a crime occurred and also who committed it and where.
Computer applications:
1. In-Car Computer installations in police cars.
Blumstein (2018), contends that this application that allows traffic patrol police to effectively carry out their activities especially when vehicles violate traffic rules. In the current world, things are drifting toward being more computerized than handwritten (Maxfield & Babbie, 2014). Thus event arrest reports are being typed. It also means that after traffic references are written down, they are generated by the computers installed duplicating a copy to the person who breaks the rules. This is seen to reduce paperwork and improve the efficiency of police officers' work.
2. Computer Aided Dispatch
In the past, correspondents would use hand.
Digital Footprints_ Investigating Digital Evidence in Online Crime Cases.pptxwebb00704
Have you ever stopped to consider the trail of breadcrumbs you leave behind every time you browse the internet? From social media posts to online purchases, your digital footprint is expanding with each click. But what if I told you that this seemingly harmless virtual path holds immense significance in solving online crime cases? In an era where cybercriminals are growing more sophisticated by the day, understanding the importance of digital footprints has become crucial for law enforcement agencies and individuals alike. Get ready to dive into a world where every keystroke could be a potential clue in unraveling complex web-based crimes.
The Jamstack Revolution: Building Dynamic Websites with Static Site Generator...Softradix Technologies
In this infographic, the Jamstack architecture emphasizes pre-rendered content and decoupling the frontend from the backend. It leverages static site generators (SSGs) to create fast-loading HTML files and APIs for dynamic functionality. Benefits include improved performance, enhanced security, scalability, and ease of deployment. Real-world examples include Netlify, Gatsby, and Contentful. https://softradix.com/web-development/
Maximizing Efficiency with Integrated Water Management SystemsIrri Design Studio
Integrated water management systems are essential for improving irrigation design sustainability and efficiency. Irri Design Studio helps customers maximize water consumption, reduce waste, and encourage responsible stewardship of water resources by utilizing cutting-edge technology like drone-based construction updates and BIM modeling. The increasing issues of water shortage and environmental protection require an all-encompassing strategy to water management. Irrigation systems may be planned to optimize water consumption efficiency while guaranteeing the safety of people and the environment by putting new ideas and concepts into practice. Visit our website https://www.irridesignstudio.com/ for more information.
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UPVC Bathroom Doors Price in Kerala
When renovating or designing a bathroom, the choice of doors plays a pivotal role in ensuring both functionality and aesthetics. In Kerala, UPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride) bathroom doors have gained popularity for their durability, water resistance, and modern designs. This article delves into the pricing of UPVC bathroom doors in Kerala and why they are a preferred choice for homeowners.
#### Benefits of UPVC Bathroom Doors
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#### Price Range of UPVC Bathroom Doors in Kerala
The cost of UPVC bathroom doors in Kerala varies depending on factors such as size, design, and additional features. Here's a general overview of the price range:
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#### Conclusion
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Seamless gutters live up to their name: they are uncomplicated gutters that flow freely without needless joins or seams. They do have seams, but they are limited to the downspouts and corners. Painted metal is used to make seamless gutters. If you're wondering why seamless gutters could be preferable to traditional ones, keep reading this ppt for the advantages.
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In the world of modern logistics, the courier and package tracking system stands as a pivotal tool, offering transparency and efficiency throughout the shipping process. Let’s delve into the intricacies of courier and package tracking systems and explore how INTARGOS plays a key role in this domain.
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1. MODERN TRENDS IN POLICING
Introduction
1. The policing will be transformed far more in the ten years between 2015 and
2525 than in several preceding generations. The most significant trend will continue
to be the application of technology to law enforcement, manifest in nearly every facet
of policing. Technology will help solve crimes, prevent crimes, and facilitate crimes
that haven’t yet been conceived. Evolving human factors will equally impact law
enforcement as the nation’s population ages.
2. One major key element of our society is the Scientific and technological
progress Police responsibilities and the way they are performed should always be
viewed in economic circumstances and developments. Any changes in these areas
are very much likely to lead to subsequent changes in the general framework for the
police service and police work. The police service as an organization needs to react
to that. This paper deals with the challenges that the future holds for the police.
3. The police being integrated into society are also involved in this process of
change. Changes affect police responsibilities. In other words: challenges and
expectations regarding the way in which the police should perform their duties. New
challenges and new phenomena should be identified in time and should be analyzed,
whether there are new forms of crime, changing security needs of the general public,
coping with new societal trends, migration or changes in the internal organization.
Aim
4. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the modern trends in police
Preview
5. The subject matter will be dealt with in the following parts :-
(a) Part I: Modern trends in policing.
(b) Part II: Modern techniques in investigation.
(c) Part III: Recommendations.
2. 2
PART I : MODERN TRENDS IN POLICING
Hi-tech Crime Fighting
6. Almost every high-level police, the core of intelligence-led policing is
identification of specific criminal activities or specific criminal populations and
targeted enforcement against the highest-risk crimes or criminals to achieve overall
reduction in the impact of crime in a community
7. The human element of intelligence-led policing involves the intelligence
analyst. As we move into the next decade, intelligence analysts will become more
common at smaller- and mid-sized police agencies, and are already absolute
requisites for effective larger agencies. The hi tech terror attacks and subsequent
terrorist efforts awoke police to the need to understand the infrastructures in
community food and water supplies, power grids, telecommunications, transportation
systems, and even financial institutions as those entities will became prime terror
targets.
8. Not only does that mean that police administrators and command staff must
develop new areas of familiarity and forge new networks, but it also implies that the
increasingly professional intelligence analyst will continue to gain prominence in the
police agency. As police agencies make basic changes in gathering, assessing,
communicating and sharing information, the analyst will be at the center of systems
development and management.
SURVEILLANCE CAMERA
9. The decrease in cost and increase in quality of surveillance cameras, coupled
with a greater public acceptance of street surveillance, will push the trend toward
more cameras in high population centers and particularly in high vehicle- and
pedestrian-traffic areas. Great Britain, with an estimated four million public
surveillance cameras in operation, has led this trend. A spree of Irish Republican
Army bombings in the early nineties fed the appetite for mass public surveillance. In
some areas of Great Britain, a new camera cluster called The Bug is undergoing
extensive testing. This device features an array of eight cameras. The cameras are
supported by software that prompts them to scan for suspicious behavior, such as
running or sudden and violent body movements, and then lock on the suspect and
track the suspect on camera. How long will it be before we see similar devices in
metropolitan subways and busy street corners in major Indian cities?
USE OF NANO TECH
10. What lies ahead in video surveillance? Among other things, there will be
surveillance systems a generation beyond ‘The Bug’ that recognize the patterns of a
particular crime, such as an assault or robbery, and instantly dispatch police officers.
Facial recognition systems that identify known criminals or wanted persons and
telegraph their location and travel direction to officers are already available. One
developer is working on small surveillance drone aircraft that can actually follow
3. 3
suspects and record and transmit their movements and actions. Also under
development are nanotechnology devices that will detect the components of
explosive, chemical and biological weapons. These devices would be deployed in
high-threat target areas and would function as constant, real-time passive detectors.
DNA TECH
11. Though perhaps the trend has moderated, the public has become increasingly
tolerant of privacy intrusions following 9/11. Courts are just beginning to struggle with
the legal implications of new privacy intrusions. Lawyers and judges are trying to
shape new provisions in evidence rules to accommodate the expansion of electronic
surveillance and security searches. The Innocence Project estimates that mistaken
eyewitness identification contributed to the wrongful conviction in 75 percent of the
cases where DNA evidence conclusively exonerated the convicted defendant. This
has lead courts to carefully scrutinize how police administer line-ups and show-ups
and to promote the use of technology to record identification procedures.
MOBILE SURVEILLANCE
12. The latest tech in fighting against the crime fighting is mobile surveillance. A
lot criminal has been caught because of this tech. Despite the fact that it is intrusion
in the privacy of a common man
IN-CAR VIDEO SYSTEMS
13 Though in-car video systems have been around for some time, several
agencies in Great Britain and Europe are experimenting with wearable video
recording devices that are capable of recording an officer’s activity for an entire shift.
Constant electronic recording of police activity may become the new core of police
accountability. TASER International launched the AXON “tactical computer” that
features a tiny, high-quality wearable camera that snugs around the ear, much like a
wireless cell phone headset. The camera can also be mounted on other parts of an
officer’s uniform or equipment. Whatever the officer sees in front of him, the AXON’s
camera captures. One prosecutor recently credited the AXON for clearing an officer
involved in a fatal shooting of a man who pointed a gun at him during a domestic
violence call. So more and more hi tech wearable cameras will soon be available.
COURT RULES ARE ALREADY RAPIDLY CHANGING IN THIS AREA.
14. Police officers are trained to remember that “if it isn’t in the report, it didn’t
happen.” Soon, perhaps, the new maxim will be, “if it isn’t on your daily video log, it
didn’t happen.” In the past few years, the courts have strongly encouraged audio or
video recording of interrogations. In the coming years, it is expected that this trend
will grow.
4. 4
PART II: MODERN TECHNIQUES IN INVESTIGATION
Forensic Informatics
15. In today's society, most people have at least one computer in their home, and
that has become another forensic tool for investigating crimes and catching
perpetrators. A computer trail can be likened to leaving digital footprints in a sense.
Child pornography rings can be located through people's use of Internet sites, for
example, and examining a person's hard drive can uncover other evidence to crack a
case. In murder investigations where pre-meditation is suspected, the forensic team
may find evidence of searches on how to kill people or on poisons, or they may find
incriminating email communication that helps to convict a suspect.
Computer forensic
16. Computer or digital forensics is the study of how technology is used to commit
crimes. Computer forensic specialists use computer hardware and software to
recover information from machines that could be used in criminal trials.
Crime Scene Investigation
17. Crime Scene Investigation is the field of collecting information from a crime
scene for the goal of recreating a crime and using the evidence in criminal trials.
Cyber Security
18. Cyber Security is the area of forensics that is devoted to actively protecting
information. Cyber security specialists use computer hardware and software to track
data thieves, thwart e-terrorists and protect sensitive electronic information.
Forensic Accounting
19. A forensic accountant uses basic accounting and investigative skills to find
defects in financial statements that may be indicative of criminal activity. They
perform audits on financial and legal files and present their findings in trials.
Forensic nursing
5. 5
20. Forensic nurses learn how to identify and treat victims of violent acts such as
abuse and rape. Forensic nurses are also trained on how to gather and present
evidence of these actions in court.
Forensic Science
21. Forensic Science is the general study of how science can be used for legal
purposes. Forensic scientists range from biological researchers to psychologists and
have many specialized skills.
Forensic Psychology
22. The study of Forensic Psychology specializes in how criminals and their
victims behave and how it affects them emotionally and mentally. Forensic
psychologists are often asked to present findings in court, especially in cases where
mental illness could be a cause of violent acts.
TECHNIQUES
Automated Fingerprint Identification System
23. It is much easier to identify fingerprints left at crime scenes in modern times
thanks to the automated fingerprint identification system, also known as AFIS. In the
past, suspects were fingerprinted using black ink. The updated method involves
rolling fingers and palms of suspects onto a glass plate on a scan terminal. An
identification technician sends the print images to the AFIS to be compared with
millions of fingerprints in a database. The AFIS identifies any matches to a person
that was previously arrested or someone who has a warrant out on them within a
matter of minutes.
Body fluid test
24. A variety of tests are used in cases of sexual assault and homicide to identify
body fluids at the scene of a crime. Body fluids include saliva, semen and blood.
Forensic technicians test for semen using acid phosphatase. When this enzyme is
applied to semen, it will turn a purple colour. Blood is identified by applying the
"Kastle-Meyer" test. This involves using phenolphthalein, which is clear but turns pink
when blood is detected. Another modern blood detection chemical is luminol. Crime
investigators will spray luminol around a room and then turn the lights off. Even tiny
droplets of blood will be revealed. To test for the presence of saliva, technicians use
the Phadebas Amylase test. When saliva is present on an article of clothing or
bedding, a blue dye is released due to the amylase being present.
6. 6
DNA Analysis
25. One of major updates in criminal investigation methods is the use of DNA
analysis. Since the late 1980s, advances involving DNA technology have helped to
convict criminals and eliminate innocent suspects from suspicion. DNA analysis is
used on skin tissue, blood, saliva, semen and hair and is now considered a reliable
tool in linking criminals to crimes they committed. DNA analysis is used today by
defence lawyers, prosecutors, police and courts.
Computer forensics
26. The latest tech of checking cyber crime is digital copy of HDD, digital foot
print, incriminating mtrl/mail and search history
Trace evidence
27. It is the importance facet of crime scene investigation which includes residual
traces like gunshot, paint, glass and traces of illicit drugs
Conclusion
28. The emergence of new and unforeseen security threats has led to a breaking
down of Boundaries between police and military. New internal security threats
include the need to maintain social inclusion in a rapidly changing society, by
addressing entrenched social problems and behaviours. If the above reqmts are met,
not only will the police be better prepared but also be a much more motivated force
which would also contribute to the overall health of society
7. 6
DNA Analysis
25. One of major updates in criminal investigation methods is the use of DNA
analysis. Since the late 1980s, advances involving DNA technology have helped to
convict criminals and eliminate innocent suspects from suspicion. DNA analysis is
used on skin tissue, blood, saliva, semen and hair and is now considered a reliable
tool in linking criminals to crimes they committed. DNA analysis is used today by
defence lawyers, prosecutors, police and courts.
Computer forensics
26. The latest tech of checking cyber crime is digital copy of HDD, digital foot
print, incriminating mtrl/mail and search history
Trace evidence
27. It is the importance facet of crime scene investigation which includes residual
traces like gunshot, paint, glass and traces of illicit drugs
Conclusion
28. The emergence of new and unforeseen security threats has led to a breaking
down of Boundaries between police and military. New internal security threats
include the need to maintain social inclusion in a rapidly changing society, by
addressing entrenched social problems and behaviours. If the above reqmts are met,
not only will the police be better prepared but also be a much more motivated force
which would also contribute to the overall health of society