The document summarizes several common endocrine disorders including those of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and pancreas. Specifically, it discusses: 1. Gigantism and acromegaly, which are caused by excess growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland, with the difference being whether it occurs in childhood or adulthood. 2. Disorders like pituitary dwarfism, hyperprolactinemia, and diabetes insipidus which result from underproduction of hormones by the pituitary gland. 3. Thyroid disorders including hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, thyroiditis and goiters, which can be due to overproduction or underproduction of thyroid hormones.

1. DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE
GLANDS
BY
RANI I. GURUDASANI
M.PHARM

2. DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE
GLANDS
•Endocrine disorders are commonly caused by
tumours or autoimmune diseases and their
effects are usually the result of:
• hypersecretion (overproduction) of
hormones, or
• hyposecretion (underproduction) of
hormones.

3. DISORDERS OF PITUITARY GLAND
Gigantism Acromegaly
Gigantism is the disorder in which
excess amounts of growth hormone
are secreted from the pituitary gland
during a person’s childhood.
Acromegaly is the over secretion of
growth hormone from the pituitary
gland starting at some time between the
ages of 20 and 40 years.
This occurs in children This Occurs in adults
In gigantism the jaw becomes
prominent and the forehead
protrudes.
In acromegaly, the tongue often
changes size and shape, the jaw also
protrudes and the lips thicken.
A person with gigantism does have
increased height because they are
children who are still growing.
A person with acromegaly does not
experience an increase in height
because the condition starts in
adulthood.
The gonads (reproductive organs) are The gonads (reproductive organs) are
1. Gigantism and acromegaly
The most common cause is prolonged hypersecretion of growth hormone.

4. DISORDERS OF PITUITARY GLAND
2. Pituitary dwarfism:
• This is caused by Hypo secretion of Growth Hormone,
• Pituitary disorder in children characterized by stunted
growth.
• Stunted skeletal growth
• Maximum height approximately 3 feet
• Head becomes slightly larger in relation of body
• Mental activity is normal without any deformity

5. DISORDERS OF PITUITARY GLAND
3. Hyperprolactinaemia
• This is caused by a tumour that secretes large amounts
of prolactin.
• It causes galactorrhoea (inappropriate milk secretion),
• amenorrhoea (cessation of menstruation)
• sterility in women and impotence in men.

6. DISORDERS OF PITUITARY GLAND
4.Diabetes insipidus
• This is a condition usually caused by hypo-secretion
of ADH due to damage to the hypothalamus
• Water reabsorption by the renal tubules is impaired,
leading to excretion of excessive amounts of dilute
urine, often more than 10 litres daily, causing
dehydration and extreme thirst.

7. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND

8. •Hypothyroidism
• It resulting from decrease in level of T3 and T4 in blood
1. Myxoedema: Myxodema is caused in adults due to the
deficiency of thyroid hormones.
• The patient attains puffy appearance and lacks alertness,
intelligence and initiative.
• Other symptoms are lethargy, weight gain, fatigue, depression,
and cold sensitivity.
DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND

9. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
2. Cretinism: Cretinism is hypothyroidism in children.
• Failure of thyroid secretion causes retardation of
growth of all forms (physical, mental and sexual) in
young ones.
• Symptoms of cretinism are lack of weight gain,
stunted growth, fatigue, lethargy, poor feeding,
thickened facial features, abnormal bone growth and
mental retardation.

10. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
3. Thyroiditis:
• It is an inflammation (not an infection) of the
thyroid gland.
•When our immune system attacks the thyroid
gland this causes inflammation (the body’s
response to injury) and damages the thyroid cells.

11. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
Hyperthyroidism:
•It resulting from increase in level of T3 and T4
in blood
•Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are nervousness,
anxiety, rapid heartbeat, hand tremor,
excessive sweating, weight loss, and sleep
problems

12. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
4. Graves’ disease:
•Graves’ disease is a type of autoimmune
problem that causes the thyroid gland to
produce too much thyroid hormone.
•Graves’ disease is often the underlying cause of
hyperthyroidism.

13. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
Symptoms include:
• Weight loss—despite increased appetite
• Anxiety, restlessness, tremors, irritability, difficulty sleeping
(insomnia)
• Heat intolerance, sweating
• Chest pain, palpitations
• Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing
• Increased stool frequency (with or without diarrhoea)
• Irregular menstrual periods
• Muscle weakness

14. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
5. Goitre:
• A goitre, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an
enlarged thyroid gland.
• Goitre caused by decrease in level of T3 and T4 in
blood that stimulate secretion of TSH, resulting in
hyperplasia (increase in size) of gland.
•Main reason of goitre is low intake of iodine.

15. DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLAND
1.Addison disease:
• It is chronic disorder in which adrenal glands does not
produce enough adrenal hormones
• Addison's is an autoimmune disease—a condition in
which the immune system attacks the body's own
tissues and cells, this reaction results in damage to the
adrenal glands. In the long term, this damage can get
worse until eventually the adrenal glands stop working.
• Common symptoms are abdominal pain, weakness, and

16. DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLAND
2. Cushing’s syndrome
• Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a rare problem caused when
the adrenal gland(s) makes too much of a hormone called
cortisol.
• CS is most often due to a tumor or mass found in the
pituitary gland, but can also be caused by tumors in the
adrenal glands themselves

17. DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLAND
• Symptoms of Cushing’s syndromes
• Moon face" (round and full face),
• "Buffalo hump" (fat bulge between the shoulders),
• Gaining weight around your belly,
• Skin becomes thin.,
• Lack of muscle strength (difficulty standing up from a
seated position
• Sexual abnormalities,
• More body hair,
• Menstrual changes in women

18. DISORDERS OF PANCREAS:
Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic condition
of hyperglycemia caused by complete or partial insulin
deficiency and its actions.
• Type 1 DM (previously referred to as Juvenile Onset
Diabetes): T1DM is due to autoimmune destruction of
pancreatic beta cells resulting in insulin deficiency.

19. DISORDERS OF PANCREAS:
•Type 2 DM: T2DM is typically due to
insulin resistance with some B-cell
impairment. The insulin resistance can be
observed at the level of skeletal muscle,
liver, and adipose tissue, but can result in
actual insulin deficiency.

20. Thank you