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Diseases of buccal cavity &
Mucosa
Ishtiaq ahmed
 Feed in mouth of cadaver is abnormal except Ruminants
 In horses indicate encephalitis, leukoencephalo- malacia,
hepatic encephalopathy.
 Feed poorly masticated
 Bones indicate pica
 Foreign body stomatitis in dog occur due to plant fibers,
burrs or quills, especially in long hair breeds
 Sharp foreign bodies induce laceration, necrotic deep
stomatitis
Foreign bodies
 Pharyngitis
 Glossitis
 Gingivitis
 Tonsillitis
 Superficial (only mucosa involved) or deep
(connective tissue involved)
 Paraquat, erosive stomatitis, dogs
 Dieffenbachia Plant
 Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, and spirochetes normal flora
 Oral mucosa resistant to infection because
 Squamous mucosa
 Antimicrobial salivary contents e.g. lysozyme
 Immunoglobulins e.g. IgA
 Rich submucosal vascular network
 Inflammatory cells
Superficial stomatitis
 Usually involve caudal fauces, gingivitis
 often develops in the course of debilitating diseases.
 Hyperemia, edema, lymphoid tissue proliferation
 Thrus/oral candidiasis occur in dog, foals,pigs
 Patchy pale-gray pseudomembranous material on oral
mucosa and back of tongue
 Stachybotrys alternans causes catarrhal & necrotic
stomatis
Catarrhal stomatitis
 Vesicles, bullae, erosion
 Virus e.g. FMD virus,
 Rinderpest, BVD, MCF produce erosive/ulcerative lesions
 Bullous immune skin diseases do have oral lesions e.g
pemphigus vulgaris (desmoglein 3, suprabasilar acantholysis,
clefts,bullae)
 Bullous pemphigoid; Subepidermal blistering/cleft; IgG, IgE
against basement membrane antigens
 Mucous membrane pemphigoid most common.
 Collagen XVII or laminin-5, and basement membrane-
 fixed immunoglobulin
Vesicular stomatitides
 Feline calicivirus
 Erosive and ulcerative stomatitides
 Phenylbutazone intoxication in horses may cause oral
ulcers
 Feline ulcerative stomatitis and glossitis; cause unknown
 Feline plasma cell gingivitis-pharyngitis: Raised
erythematous, proliferative lesions, plasma cell infiltration,
elevated polyclonal serum gamma-globulin level
 Oral eosinophilic granuloma, dog, young Siberian
Huskies.
 Ulcerated raised plaques, yellow exudate, on lateral
or ventral surface of tongue
 Microscopically foci of collagenolysis, histiocytic
granulomatous infiltration, giant cells, eosinophils.
 Feline rhinotracheitis and uremia (dirty gray
brown)also induce ulcerative stomatitis
Oral necr0bacill0sis
Deep stomatitides
 Fusobacterium necrophorum
 Necrotizing lesions in upper, lower alimentary tract &
liver as well
 Occurs as a secondary invader
 Endotoxins: leukocidins, hemolysins, and a
cytoplasmic toxin
 Coagulative necrosis
 Calf diphtheria: Necrotizing, ulcerative inflammation
of oral cavity, pharynx and necrotizing laryngitis
 Trauma, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and papular
stomatitis are predisposing factors
 Fatal in youngs, localized in adults
 Early lesions:Large, well-demarcated, yellow-gray, dry
areas of necrosis, surrounded by a zone of hyperemia.
 Necrotic tissue slightly raised, friable, adherent
 Histologically: Necrotic tissue surrounded by vascular
reaction, thin rim of leucocytes & encapsulating
granulation tissue
 Bacteria arranged in long filaments at leading edge of
lesion
 Aspiration penumonia (due to spread from oral foci),
septicemia, pituitary and cerebral abscessation
 Fusobacterium necrophorum : Another syndrome in
calves with necrotic stomatitis, enteritis, and
granulocytopenia
 Nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia,
hypoproteinemia, and increased fibrinogen levels
 Along with characteristic oral lesions marked
depletion of lymphoid tissues and necrotic enteritis.
 Rapidly spreading Pseudomembranous/gangerenous
stomatitis
 Normal flora e.g. fusobacteria and spirochetes
 Predisposing: Mucosal trauma, debility
 Small tattered ulcer of the cheek or gum, spread
rapidly
 Intensely fetid, necrotic area surrounded by acute
inflammatory cells
Noma
 Cattle, sheep, and pigs
 Stomatitis, glossitis, lymphadenitis, sometimes
pyogranulomas in the wall of the forestomachs
 Actinobacillus lignieresi
 Pyogranulomatous inflammatory loci centered on
club colonies containing gram-negative coccobacilli.
 Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Actinomyces bovis,
Staphylococci, Nocardia may also cause
pyogranulomas.
Actinobacillosis
 Typically a disease of soft tissue, spreading as a
lymphangitis, lymph nodes
 wooden tongue
 Grossly: Individual inflammatory focus appear as a
nodular, firm, pale, fibrous mass a few millimeters to 1
cm in diameter, containing in the center minute
yellow "sulfur" granules, which are the club colonies.
 Microscopically: Pyogranuloma, centered on a mass
of coccobacilli, surrounded by radiating eosinophilic
clubs made up of immune complexes.
 Club colonies surrounded by neutrophils,
macrophages, giant cells
 Lymphocytes, plasmacytes in surrounding fibrous
reactive stroma
 Dermatophilus congolensis
 Exudative dermatitis in many spp but in cat oral
granulomas
 Tongue and tonsillar crypt
 DDX: SCC
Oral dermatophitosis of cats
 Sarcosporidiosis
 Cysticercosis
 Trichinella spiralis
 Gongylonema spp
 Gasterophilus spp. in the horse
 Oestrus ovis in sheep
 Halicephalobus gingivalis
Parasitic diseases of the oral cavity
 Prominent and protrude slightly from the tonsillar
fossa in the dog and cat.
 In horses tonsillar tissues are dispersed over
pharyngeal and epiglottic mucosal surfaces
 Immune surveillance in the oropharynx
 Tonsillitis may occur include pasteurellosis in sheep
and pigs, Actinomyces and Tonsillophilus in tonsils of
swine, and necrobacillosis in all species
Diseases of the tonsils
 Scrapie-associated prion protein in the center of
primary and secondary lymphoid follicles
 Primary replication site for Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's
disease)
 Involution of B-dependent tonsillar lymphoid follicles
due to viral lymphocytolysis in many viral infections
e.g. feline panleukopenia, canine parvoviral enteritis,
CD, BVD, RP virus,
 Epulis is a generic clinical term for tumor-like masses on
the gingiva
 Pyogenic granuloma: Bright red or blue mass on the
gums of dogs
 Extremely vascular granulation tissue covered by
gingival epithelium
 Exaggerated response to local irritation and infection
Reactive and hyperplastic lesions
 Peripheral giant cell granuloma; Gingival masses
dogs and cats
 Red, smooth, sessile,or pedunculated
 Gingival epithelium is hyperplastic or ulcerated, extends deeply
into the underlying mass
 Fibrous hyperplasia: Generalized and diffuse, or focal, localized
to one or more teeth
 Mature fibrous tissue with low cellular density, foci of hard
tissue and epithelial nests may be present
 Plasma cells band in the gingival stroma adjacent to epithelium
 Benign epithelial tumors ("warts") in dogs, cats, and cattle
 Papillomaviruses
 The virus is host- and fairly site-specific
 Infection of basal epithelium of the squamous mucosa,
mitosis
 viral genome replicates in the differentiating keratinocytes
of the stratum spinosum and granulosum, viral assembly
and expression in superficial squamous layers
Oral papillomatosis
 Incubation period 2 months
 Multiple, proliferative cauliflower like,firm, white to
gray growths
 Microscopically: Lesions is typically verrucous,
 Thick keratinizing squamous epithelium covering
thin, branching, often pedunculated cores of
vascularized proprial papillae.
 Basophilic intranuclear viral inclusions may be found in
cells in the outer spinose layers
 Ameloblastoma is a slowly progressive invasive but
nonmetastatic tumor, consisting of proliferating
odontogenic epithelium in a fibrous stroma
 Amyloid-producing odontogenic tumors: characterized by
dental epithelium, with deposits of amyloid
 Acanthomatous ameloblastoma:Tumor arising from the
mucosal epithelium or epithelial rests of the
gingiva of dogs
 gray-pink papillary to sessile gingival masses,
Tumors of dental tissue
 Histologically: Sheets, nodules, and anastomosing
cords of polyhedral epithelium bordered by a row of
cuboidal to columnar cells with round to oval nuclei
and moderate amounts of cytoplasm
 Feline inductive odontogenic tumor: Osteolytic
masses in the rostral maxilla, causing tooth loss or
facial distortion
 Complex and compound odontomas
 Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin;
Peripheral odontogenic neoplasm
 Indistinguishable clinically from fibrous hyperplasia,
 Most common in dogs, stromal tumor with interwoven
bundles of cellular fibroblastic tissue.
 Most common oral malignancy in cats
 Occur on the ventral surface of the tongue and
gingiva
 Locally invasive, especially into bone and local soft
tissues
 Grossly: Irregular, slightly nodular, red-gray, friable
masses, often with an ulcerated surface that bleeds
easily
 In dog, occur in tonsils
Squamous cell carcinomas
 Most common oral tumors in dogs
 Malignant, spread to regional lymph nodes
 Arise from melanocytes in the mucosa or superficial
stroma, mainly on the gingiva and labia
 Histologically: Melanomas varies greatly, from a fairly
well differentiated heavily pigmented type, to a highly
anaplastic amelanotic type
 Anaplastic cells show junctional activity
Melanomas
 Round or polyhedral cells with a large nucleus and
extensive cytoplasm with well-demarcated borders
 Some have spindle shaped cells with oval nuclei
containing small nucleoli
 Most frequently there is a characteristic mixture of
epithelial-like and spindle-shaped cells, which have a
marked tendency to form nests
 DOPA-positive, vimentin 100%, melan A >90%

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Diseases of buccal cavity & mucosa

  • 1. Diseases of buccal cavity & Mucosa Ishtiaq ahmed
  • 2.  Feed in mouth of cadaver is abnormal except Ruminants  In horses indicate encephalitis, leukoencephalo- malacia, hepatic encephalopathy.  Feed poorly masticated  Bones indicate pica  Foreign body stomatitis in dog occur due to plant fibers, burrs or quills, especially in long hair breeds  Sharp foreign bodies induce laceration, necrotic deep stomatitis Foreign bodies
  • 3.
  • 4.  Pharyngitis  Glossitis  Gingivitis  Tonsillitis  Superficial (only mucosa involved) or deep (connective tissue involved)
  • 5.  Paraquat, erosive stomatitis, dogs  Dieffenbachia Plant  Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, and spirochetes normal flora  Oral mucosa resistant to infection because  Squamous mucosa  Antimicrobial salivary contents e.g. lysozyme  Immunoglobulins e.g. IgA  Rich submucosal vascular network  Inflammatory cells Superficial stomatitis
  • 6.  Usually involve caudal fauces, gingivitis  often develops in the course of debilitating diseases.  Hyperemia, edema, lymphoid tissue proliferation  Thrus/oral candidiasis occur in dog, foals,pigs  Patchy pale-gray pseudomembranous material on oral mucosa and back of tongue  Stachybotrys alternans causes catarrhal & necrotic stomatis Catarrhal stomatitis
  • 7.  Vesicles, bullae, erosion  Virus e.g. FMD virus,  Rinderpest, BVD, MCF produce erosive/ulcerative lesions  Bullous immune skin diseases do have oral lesions e.g pemphigus vulgaris (desmoglein 3, suprabasilar acantholysis, clefts,bullae)  Bullous pemphigoid; Subepidermal blistering/cleft; IgG, IgE against basement membrane antigens  Mucous membrane pemphigoid most common.  Collagen XVII or laminin-5, and basement membrane-  fixed immunoglobulin Vesicular stomatitides
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.  Feline calicivirus  Erosive and ulcerative stomatitides  Phenylbutazone intoxication in horses may cause oral ulcers  Feline ulcerative stomatitis and glossitis; cause unknown  Feline plasma cell gingivitis-pharyngitis: Raised erythematous, proliferative lesions, plasma cell infiltration, elevated polyclonal serum gamma-globulin level
  • 14.  Oral eosinophilic granuloma, dog, young Siberian Huskies.  Ulcerated raised plaques, yellow exudate, on lateral or ventral surface of tongue  Microscopically foci of collagenolysis, histiocytic granulomatous infiltration, giant cells, eosinophils.  Feline rhinotracheitis and uremia (dirty gray brown)also induce ulcerative stomatitis
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 18.  Fusobacterium necrophorum  Necrotizing lesions in upper, lower alimentary tract & liver as well  Occurs as a secondary invader  Endotoxins: leukocidins, hemolysins, and a cytoplasmic toxin  Coagulative necrosis
  • 19.  Calf diphtheria: Necrotizing, ulcerative inflammation of oral cavity, pharynx and necrotizing laryngitis  Trauma, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and papular stomatitis are predisposing factors  Fatal in youngs, localized in adults  Early lesions:Large, well-demarcated, yellow-gray, dry areas of necrosis, surrounded by a zone of hyperemia.
  • 20.
  • 21.  Necrotic tissue slightly raised, friable, adherent  Histologically: Necrotic tissue surrounded by vascular reaction, thin rim of leucocytes & encapsulating granulation tissue  Bacteria arranged in long filaments at leading edge of lesion  Aspiration penumonia (due to spread from oral foci), septicemia, pituitary and cerebral abscessation
  • 22.  Fusobacterium necrophorum : Another syndrome in calves with necrotic stomatitis, enteritis, and granulocytopenia  Nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, hypoproteinemia, and increased fibrinogen levels  Along with characteristic oral lesions marked depletion of lymphoid tissues and necrotic enteritis.
  • 23.  Rapidly spreading Pseudomembranous/gangerenous stomatitis  Normal flora e.g. fusobacteria and spirochetes  Predisposing: Mucosal trauma, debility  Small tattered ulcer of the cheek or gum, spread rapidly  Intensely fetid, necrotic area surrounded by acute inflammatory cells Noma
  • 24.  Cattle, sheep, and pigs  Stomatitis, glossitis, lymphadenitis, sometimes pyogranulomas in the wall of the forestomachs  Actinobacillus lignieresi  Pyogranulomatous inflammatory loci centered on club colonies containing gram-negative coccobacilli.  Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Actinomyces bovis, Staphylococci, Nocardia may also cause pyogranulomas. Actinobacillosis
  • 25.  Typically a disease of soft tissue, spreading as a lymphangitis, lymph nodes  wooden tongue  Grossly: Individual inflammatory focus appear as a nodular, firm, pale, fibrous mass a few millimeters to 1 cm in diameter, containing in the center minute yellow "sulfur" granules, which are the club colonies.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.  Microscopically: Pyogranuloma, centered on a mass of coccobacilli, surrounded by radiating eosinophilic clubs made up of immune complexes.  Club colonies surrounded by neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells  Lymphocytes, plasmacytes in surrounding fibrous reactive stroma
  • 29.  Dermatophilus congolensis  Exudative dermatitis in many spp but in cat oral granulomas  Tongue and tonsillar crypt  DDX: SCC Oral dermatophitosis of cats
  • 30.  Sarcosporidiosis  Cysticercosis  Trichinella spiralis  Gongylonema spp  Gasterophilus spp. in the horse  Oestrus ovis in sheep  Halicephalobus gingivalis Parasitic diseases of the oral cavity
  • 31.  Prominent and protrude slightly from the tonsillar fossa in the dog and cat.  In horses tonsillar tissues are dispersed over pharyngeal and epiglottic mucosal surfaces  Immune surveillance in the oropharynx  Tonsillitis may occur include pasteurellosis in sheep and pigs, Actinomyces and Tonsillophilus in tonsils of swine, and necrobacillosis in all species Diseases of the tonsils
  • 32.  Scrapie-associated prion protein in the center of primary and secondary lymphoid follicles  Primary replication site for Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease)  Involution of B-dependent tonsillar lymphoid follicles due to viral lymphocytolysis in many viral infections e.g. feline panleukopenia, canine parvoviral enteritis, CD, BVD, RP virus,
  • 33.
  • 34.  Epulis is a generic clinical term for tumor-like masses on the gingiva  Pyogenic granuloma: Bright red or blue mass on the gums of dogs  Extremely vascular granulation tissue covered by gingival epithelium  Exaggerated response to local irritation and infection Reactive and hyperplastic lesions
  • 35.  Peripheral giant cell granuloma; Gingival masses dogs and cats  Red, smooth, sessile,or pedunculated  Gingival epithelium is hyperplastic or ulcerated, extends deeply into the underlying mass  Fibrous hyperplasia: Generalized and diffuse, or focal, localized to one or more teeth  Mature fibrous tissue with low cellular density, foci of hard tissue and epithelial nests may be present  Plasma cells band in the gingival stroma adjacent to epithelium
  • 36.
  • 37.  Benign epithelial tumors ("warts") in dogs, cats, and cattle  Papillomaviruses  The virus is host- and fairly site-specific  Infection of basal epithelium of the squamous mucosa, mitosis  viral genome replicates in the differentiating keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and granulosum, viral assembly and expression in superficial squamous layers Oral papillomatosis
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.  Incubation period 2 months  Multiple, proliferative cauliflower like,firm, white to gray growths  Microscopically: Lesions is typically verrucous,  Thick keratinizing squamous epithelium covering thin, branching, often pedunculated cores of vascularized proprial papillae.  Basophilic intranuclear viral inclusions may be found in cells in the outer spinose layers
  • 41.
  • 42.  Ameloblastoma is a slowly progressive invasive but nonmetastatic tumor, consisting of proliferating odontogenic epithelium in a fibrous stroma  Amyloid-producing odontogenic tumors: characterized by dental epithelium, with deposits of amyloid  Acanthomatous ameloblastoma:Tumor arising from the mucosal epithelium or epithelial rests of the gingiva of dogs  gray-pink papillary to sessile gingival masses, Tumors of dental tissue
  • 43.  Histologically: Sheets, nodules, and anastomosing cords of polyhedral epithelium bordered by a row of cuboidal to columnar cells with round to oval nuclei and moderate amounts of cytoplasm
  • 44.  Feline inductive odontogenic tumor: Osteolytic masses in the rostral maxilla, causing tooth loss or facial distortion  Complex and compound odontomas  Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin; Peripheral odontogenic neoplasm  Indistinguishable clinically from fibrous hyperplasia,  Most common in dogs, stromal tumor with interwoven bundles of cellular fibroblastic tissue.
  • 45.
  • 46.  Most common oral malignancy in cats  Occur on the ventral surface of the tongue and gingiva  Locally invasive, especially into bone and local soft tissues  Grossly: Irregular, slightly nodular, red-gray, friable masses, often with an ulcerated surface that bleeds easily  In dog, occur in tonsils Squamous cell carcinomas
  • 47.
  • 48.  Most common oral tumors in dogs  Malignant, spread to regional lymph nodes  Arise from melanocytes in the mucosa or superficial stroma, mainly on the gingiva and labia  Histologically: Melanomas varies greatly, from a fairly well differentiated heavily pigmented type, to a highly anaplastic amelanotic type  Anaplastic cells show junctional activity Melanomas
  • 49.
  • 50.  Round or polyhedral cells with a large nucleus and extensive cytoplasm with well-demarcated borders  Some have spindle shaped cells with oval nuclei containing small nucleoli  Most frequently there is a characteristic mixture of epithelial-like and spindle-shaped cells, which have a marked tendency to form nests  DOPA-positive, vimentin 100%, melan A >90%

Editor's Notes

  1. found on the sides or dorsal groove of the tongue, on the cheeks, gums, palate, and pharynx, especially the recesses beside the larynx.
  2. Junctional activity of anaplastic cells infiltrating the junction between the basilar epithelial cells and the submucosa