1. This document announces a workshop titled "Criminal Law as Social Change: Intentions and Consequences" to be held on February 5, 2013 at the University of Toronto.
2. The workshop will examine how social movements have increasingly turned to criminal law as a tool for social change and the intended and unintended consequences of these efforts. Panels will discuss issues like prostitution, HIV disclosure, victims' rights movements, disparities in criminal punishment, and overrepresentation of certain groups in the criminal justice system.
3. The goal is to develop a more realistic understanding of criminal law and social change processes by analyzing evidence of under and over enforcement, disparities, and sometimes counterproductive effects of criminal prohib
Criminal Justice Goal - Ultimate goal of convicting the guilty while protecting the innocent by limiting governmental power and respecting individual rights.
OCA Endorses New Updates to Hate Crime LawJesse Cheng
Holding a bachelor of arts in Asian American Studies from the University of California, Irvine, Jesse Cheng works with Assura Public Relations in Anaheim, California. Additionally, Jesse Cheng is a longtime member of the Organization of Chinese Americans (OCA).
In February 2020, OCA lent its official support to bipartisan legislation introduced by Republican senator Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Democratic senator Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota aimed at making it easier to prosecute hate crimes. Dubbed the “Justice for Victims of Hate Crimes Act,” the bill would change the criteria for determining what constitutes a hate crime, more clearly defining the term to avoid a loophole that exists in the current law.
Currently, a prosecutor must establish that an element of bias was the only reason a person committed the crime in order for the law to apply. The new bill would allow for other motives alongside the bias while still giving prosecutors the power to charge an individual with a hate crime. OCA is urging Congress to take up and pass the legislation.
Criminal Justice Goal - Ultimate goal of convicting the guilty while protecting the innocent by limiting governmental power and respecting individual rights.
OCA Endorses New Updates to Hate Crime LawJesse Cheng
Holding a bachelor of arts in Asian American Studies from the University of California, Irvine, Jesse Cheng works with Assura Public Relations in Anaheim, California. Additionally, Jesse Cheng is a longtime member of the Organization of Chinese Americans (OCA).
In February 2020, OCA lent its official support to bipartisan legislation introduced by Republican senator Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Democratic senator Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota aimed at making it easier to prosecute hate crimes. Dubbed the “Justice for Victims of Hate Crimes Act,” the bill would change the criteria for determining what constitutes a hate crime, more clearly defining the term to avoid a loophole that exists in the current law.
Currently, a prosecutor must establish that an element of bias was the only reason a person committed the crime in order for the law to apply. The new bill would allow for other motives alongside the bias while still giving prosecutors the power to charge an individual with a hate crime. OCA is urging Congress to take up and pass the legislation.
https://www.homeworksimple.com/downloads/cjus-320-midterm-answers/
For answers, click link above or link in the description
Liberty CJUS 320 Midterm Answers
Which is NOT one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems?
During the 1900s, prisoners served set amounts of time in crowded prisons, with little emphasis on rehabilitation or preparation for release.
About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons?
Which of the following is the process during which officials determine whether a juvenile case should be dismissed, handled informally, or referred to the juvenile court?
Crime is closely linked to which of the following?
I. Race
II. Poverty and drug use
III. Lack of opportunity for legitimate economic success
Which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?
Which of the following sentencing options authorized in state penal codes requires an offender to pay a fine or do community service in exchange for a waiver on jail time?
During the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective.
On which model is shock probation based?
Keynote Jeremy Travis Columbia speech 4.29.16seprogram
Solutions to Post-Incarceration Employment and Entrepreneurship: The Role of Businesses and Universities
Jeremy Travis, President
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Running head: ISSUES AND TRENDS 1
ISSUES AND TRENDS 8
ISUES AND TRENDS 7
ISSUES AND TRENDS
Andrea Dixon
Saint Leo University
Abstract
The criminal justice system is the set of agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate laws. There is no single criminal justice system in the United States however similar, individual systems. How the criminal justice system works in each area depends on the jurisdiction in charge be that of city, state, county, federal or tribal government or military installation. Various jurisdictions have different laws, agencies, and ways of managing criminal justice processes. In the criminal justice system there are corrections institutions which are housing facilities for those individuals who have violated the law (The Criminal Justice System, 2015). Currently, there is a great deal of money being spent in the United States on those who are incarcerated. For example, over 2.3 million Americans which is about one percent of the population are incarcerated, the cost is about twenty three thousand dollars per year to house and feed each prisoner (Muraskin, 2010). In addition, the criminal justice system is faced with a plethora of issues in terms of punishments imposed, deterrence and in the correctional institutions, issues that involve the care and treatment of offenders. In this paper I will discuss punishment, forecasted issues and trends and whether or not there is a danger to the community.
The government has spent millions of dollars in attempting to find ways to deter crime. They have implemented various programs both educational and community –based. I believe that the concept is to reduce recidivism, deter crime and at the same time prepare offenders while incarcerated, to return to society and become productive members. In American prisons the two most widely used modes of treatment are education and work programs. The occurrence of these programs reflects the permanent belief that educational, work skills and good habits learned in acquiring such skills plays an integral role for offenders securing employment and becoming productive citizens.
Although the results are not clear, the existing research generally suggests that the programs do have an impact in reducing post release recidivism, especially when targeted particularly at inmates who possess low skills and when part of a broader strategy –a multi-model approach which is behavior therapy in psychotherapy to rehabilitating offenders (Rehabilitation- Corrections in The United States, 2015). I think that there are some people in society who would argue that spending millions on criminals is a waste of taxpayers’ dollars because they are a lost cause. I would have to disagree because they have to start somewhere. Sadly, for some the starting point is while incarcerated. I believe that by acquiring an education coupled with learning skills and participa.
Running head CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICECULTURAL DIV.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2
Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Alternative theory and strategy in the criminal justice system
There is no doubt that restorative justice is one strategy of avoiding the stereotyping of the individuals in the criminal justice system. According to restorative justice is a process through which parties to a particular criminal offense come to a collective resolution of how best to deal with the aftermath of the criminal offense as well as the impact in the near future. The one aspect of restorative justice is the reintegrative shaming theory that refers to the use of shaming as a form of sanction in the criminal justice system that results in strengthening the bond between the criminal offender and the community from which theoffenders comes from. The theory is the best alternative to the labeling theory as itcomprises of two different process namely stigmatic and reitegrative shaming. While the first results in ruined ties between the offender and the society, the latter involves bringing back the offender to the society as a reformed member of the society.
The major tenets of concern under the reintegrative theory include the tolerance of the fact that crime worsens things, disrespectful, and outlasting shaming of crime worsens the crime and reintegrative shaming, or disapproval of the act within a continuum of respect for the offender, disapproval terminated by rituals of forgiveness, prevents crime.That means that the failure by parenting that is permissive to disapprove and confront the children’s misconduct as well as authoritarian parentingbothresults in delinquency. Therefore, restorative justice mainly makes things easy since it provides the moral rezoning for the families concerning the nextcourse of action concerning the crime being an alternative punishment from the state.
The good thing about the restorative justice is that there are conferenceswhere both the offender and the victims are invited together with the closealleys for discussion concerning the consequences of the crime. The discussion culminates in both parties drawing out the feelings of the harmed persons aswellas how best to repair the harm andthe step0s necessary in preventing reoffending. Particularly, reintegrative theory would focus on the shame of the most respected and trusted personsinvolved in the crime. That means that the conference structure comprises of the discussion of the consequences of the crime to the victims and thosein support of the offender structures’ reintegration into the society.
There are various scholarly studies attest to the fact that reintegrative theory results in the offenders experiencing more remorse and more forgiveness as compared to the court process. The reformed “offenders” have another leaf tomingle with the society andcarry out meaningful development having been taught the ...
https://www.homeworksimple.com/downloads/cjus-320-midterm-answers/
For answers, click link above or link in the description
Liberty CJUS 320 Midterm Answers
Which is NOT one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems?
During the 1900s, prisoners served set amounts of time in crowded prisons, with little emphasis on rehabilitation or preparation for release.
About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons?
Which of the following is the process during which officials determine whether a juvenile case should be dismissed, handled informally, or referred to the juvenile court?
Crime is closely linked to which of the following?
I. Race
II. Poverty and drug use
III. Lack of opportunity for legitimate economic success
Which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?
Which of the following sentencing options authorized in state penal codes requires an offender to pay a fine or do community service in exchange for a waiver on jail time?
During the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective.
On which model is shock probation based?
Keynote Jeremy Travis Columbia speech 4.29.16seprogram
Solutions to Post-Incarceration Employment and Entrepreneurship: The Role of Businesses and Universities
Jeremy Travis, President
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Running head: ISSUES AND TRENDS 1
ISSUES AND TRENDS 8
ISUES AND TRENDS 7
ISSUES AND TRENDS
Andrea Dixon
Saint Leo University
Abstract
The criminal justice system is the set of agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate laws. There is no single criminal justice system in the United States however similar, individual systems. How the criminal justice system works in each area depends on the jurisdiction in charge be that of city, state, county, federal or tribal government or military installation. Various jurisdictions have different laws, agencies, and ways of managing criminal justice processes. In the criminal justice system there are corrections institutions which are housing facilities for those individuals who have violated the law (The Criminal Justice System, 2015). Currently, there is a great deal of money being spent in the United States on those who are incarcerated. For example, over 2.3 million Americans which is about one percent of the population are incarcerated, the cost is about twenty three thousand dollars per year to house and feed each prisoner (Muraskin, 2010). In addition, the criminal justice system is faced with a plethora of issues in terms of punishments imposed, deterrence and in the correctional institutions, issues that involve the care and treatment of offenders. In this paper I will discuss punishment, forecasted issues and trends and whether or not there is a danger to the community.
The government has spent millions of dollars in attempting to find ways to deter crime. They have implemented various programs both educational and community –based. I believe that the concept is to reduce recidivism, deter crime and at the same time prepare offenders while incarcerated, to return to society and become productive members. In American prisons the two most widely used modes of treatment are education and work programs. The occurrence of these programs reflects the permanent belief that educational, work skills and good habits learned in acquiring such skills plays an integral role for offenders securing employment and becoming productive citizens.
Although the results are not clear, the existing research generally suggests that the programs do have an impact in reducing post release recidivism, especially when targeted particularly at inmates who possess low skills and when part of a broader strategy –a multi-model approach which is behavior therapy in psychotherapy to rehabilitating offenders (Rehabilitation- Corrections in The United States, 2015). I think that there are some people in society who would argue that spending millions on criminals is a waste of taxpayers’ dollars because they are a lost cause. I would have to disagree because they have to start somewhere. Sadly, for some the starting point is while incarcerated. I believe that by acquiring an education coupled with learning skills and participa.
Running head CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICECULTURAL DIV.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2
Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Alternative theory and strategy in the criminal justice system
There is no doubt that restorative justice is one strategy of avoiding the stereotyping of the individuals in the criminal justice system. According to restorative justice is a process through which parties to a particular criminal offense come to a collective resolution of how best to deal with the aftermath of the criminal offense as well as the impact in the near future. The one aspect of restorative justice is the reintegrative shaming theory that refers to the use of shaming as a form of sanction in the criminal justice system that results in strengthening the bond between the criminal offender and the community from which theoffenders comes from. The theory is the best alternative to the labeling theory as itcomprises of two different process namely stigmatic and reitegrative shaming. While the first results in ruined ties between the offender and the society, the latter involves bringing back the offender to the society as a reformed member of the society.
The major tenets of concern under the reintegrative theory include the tolerance of the fact that crime worsens things, disrespectful, and outlasting shaming of crime worsens the crime and reintegrative shaming, or disapproval of the act within a continuum of respect for the offender, disapproval terminated by rituals of forgiveness, prevents crime.That means that the failure by parenting that is permissive to disapprove and confront the children’s misconduct as well as authoritarian parentingbothresults in delinquency. Therefore, restorative justice mainly makes things easy since it provides the moral rezoning for the families concerning the nextcourse of action concerning the crime being an alternative punishment from the state.
The good thing about the restorative justice is that there are conferenceswhere both the offender and the victims are invited together with the closealleys for discussion concerning the consequences of the crime. The discussion culminates in both parties drawing out the feelings of the harmed persons aswellas how best to repair the harm andthe step0s necessary in preventing reoffending. Particularly, reintegrative theory would focus on the shame of the most respected and trusted personsinvolved in the crime. That means that the conference structure comprises of the discussion of the consequences of the crime to the victims and thosein support of the offender structures’ reintegration into the society.
There are various scholarly studies attest to the fact that reintegrative theory results in the offenders experiencing more remorse and more forgiveness as compared to the court process. The reformed “offenders” have another leaf tomingle with the society andcarry out meaningful development having been taught the ...
Dynamics of Criminal Law_ Importance and Engaging Criminal law research topic...Assignment Help
Criminal law, a cornerstone of legal systems worldwide, plays a pivotal role in shaping societal norms, maintaining order, and ensuring justice. This article delves into the essence of criminal law and its paramount importance in fostering a just and orderly society. Law assignment help underscore the multidimensional aspects of criminal law and the support mechanisms available for students navigating this intricate field. Additionally, it will explore engaging criminal research topics that delve into the complexities and evolving dynamics of this legal domain.
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1 Cour.docxikirkton
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define terms related to corrections.
1.1 Define terms related to sentencing and diversion.
2. Assess the purpose, implementations, and effectiveness of corrections.
2.1 Identify the seven goals of criminal sentencing.
2.2 Examine the concept of diversion.
2.3 Analyze the concept of probation and the job of the probation officer.
8. Appraise the legal rights of inmates and the use of capital punishment.
8.1 Discuss various landmark cases referenced in the book and how they
apply to the current correctional system.
8.2 Match various landmark cases to their outcomes.
Unit Lesson
The general public has an expectation that those people that cannot conform to the
basic rules and law of society be punished for their lack of regard for the law. The
concept of punishment versus reform is one that has been constantly debated for
hundreds of years. In this unit, we discuss the goals of sentencing as they relate to
punishment.
There are seven goals of punishment that you need to understand in this unit. They
are as follows:
revenge,
retribution,
just deserts,
deterrence,
incapacitation,
rehabilitation or reformation, and
restoration.
There are also five sentencing options available to the offender:
fines and other monetary sanctions,
probation,
intermediate sanctions,
incarceration, and
death penalty.
One question we need to ask ourselves is, “do the five sentencing options fit into the
seven goals of punishment?” The death penalty does provide revenge, but does it
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 3:
Sentencing: To Punish or
to Reform?
Chapter 4:
Diversion and Probation:
How Most Offenders are
Punished
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Absconding
2. Conditional diversion
3. Correctional
econometrics
4. Determinate
sentencing
5. Diversion
6. Equity
7. Just deserts
8. Mandatory
sentencing
9. Restorative justice
10. Revocation hearing
11. Social debt
12. Unconditional
diversion
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Sentencing, Diversion, and Sanctions
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 2
provide deterrence? Most would say that it does not provide any deterrence at all.
People are still committing crimes that justify the use of the death penalty in every
state in the country. When we look further into criminal activity like sex crimes, or more
specifically Internet sting operations where law enforcement makes contact with
individuals seeking to engage in sexual acts with minors, we see that the threat of
incarceration and years of probation have no effect on the goals of deterrence or
reform. The shame associated with being displayed on the television show “To Catch
a Predator” would seem to provide some sort ...
What are the Characteristics and Benefits of Criminal Law.pdfAssignment Help
Criminal laws specify the kinds of offenses that act against the state or society. The government prosecutes individuals or entities whose acts violate criminal statutes. It is a general term for criminal behaviors that involve stealing, drugs, and crimes like homicide, violence, robbery, and fraud. While criminal law is about the class of offenses against the government or society, its fundamental purposes are to express principles of justice, protect constitutional values, and punish wrongdoers. Therefore, the course of law and its assignments become a challenging experience due to studying complicated legal regulations, abstract concepts, and the requirement for developing legal arguments and academic research. The law assignment help services are helpful for students who have legal assignments with professional assistance from legal experts through research assistance.
Discussion 1In Chapter 7 of Crime Prevention, Robinson states th.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion 1
In Chapter 7 of Crime Prevention, Robinson states that "Rational choice and deterrence theories are two related theories that help understand why criminal justice – including crime control and crime prevention activities of police, courts, and corrections – should help us reduce crime in society" (2012). Answer one of the following questions:
THIS ASSIGNMENT HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE ABOVE. THE NEXT ASSIGNMENT YOU NEED TO DO IS PROVIDE FEEDBACK ON TWO CLASSMATES POSTS. THE LENGTH MUST BE 200 WORDS EACH POST. THERE ARE TWO FEEDBACKS YOU MUST DO. MUST BE POSITIVE FEEDBACK, PROPER GRAMMAR/SENTENCE STRUCTURE, AND ANY OUTSIDE SOURCES YOU USE THAT RELATES TO THE FEEBACK FROM THE STUDENT MUST BE PROPERLY CITED/SCHOLARY SOURCE.
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.
Robinson discusses many theories in Chapters 3 through 7. Some of these theories are: Biological Theories, Psychological Theories, Integrated Theories, Social Learning Theories, Social Control Theories, Routine Activity Theories, Crime Pattern Theories, Anomie Theories, Strain Theories, Institutional Anomie Theories, Contextual anomie and strain theories, Cultural deviance or subcultural theories.
Select a theory other than rational choice or deterrence theories, and compare and/or contrast it to the post of your classmates’ and/or your instructor.
Does one of these theories clarify your understanding of the crime or criminal issue you intend to examine in your Final Project?
DISCUSSION RESPONSE FROM STUDENT ONE JAYMES W.
Rational choice theories are among the fastest growing theories in social science today. Many sociologists and political scientists defend the claim that rational choice theory can provide the basis for a unified and comprehensive theory of social behavior. What distinguishes rational choice theory from other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds of action other than the purely rational and calculative. All social action can be seen as rationally motivated, as instrumental action, however much of it may appear to be irrational or non-rational.
General deterrence strategies focus on future behaviors, preventing individuals from engaging in crime or deviant by impacting their rational decision making process. Specific deterrence focuses on punishing known deviants in order to prevent them from ever again violating the specific norms they have broken. Through the rational use of punishment as a negative sanction, problematic behavior can be cut down dramatically. Some examples are: shock sentencing, corporal punishment, mandatory arrests for certain behaviors.
Specific deterrence strategies, focuses on punishing known deviants in order to prevent them from ever again violating the specific norms they have broken. The concern here is that motives and rationales that lie behind the original behavior can, perhaps, never be delineated, but through the rational use of punishment as a negative sanction, problematic beh.
Running Head CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY .docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY 1
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY 2
Criminal justice and community
Brian Zanca
American InterContinental University
Thesis statement
Criminal justice and community is a topic within Criminal Justice which is entitled in ensuring that citizens receive justice from crimes that arise within a society. The topic is meant to equip students in ways in which they can ensure justice prevails within a society; that is, all offenders and defendants are punished accordingly, within the justice system while the innocent are left to be free.
Hypothesis
One of the best ways of ensuring there is criminal justice within any society is by coming with rules and regulations that govern the society. Laws can be classified into two, that is, public law and private law whereby public law will involve matters that always affect a society as a whole while private laws also known as civil laws deals with relationships between or among people. With introduction of these laws and regulations there will be a solution towards criminal justice and community which is seen in the various importance of having laws within any given society. For instance, laws are to regulate or totally change the behavior of individuals of a society; this is as a result of the consequences associated with the breaking of any law established by the government or people of a community. Other than that, it is very common to observe arguments and disputes within every society where people are present. Even though, it is important to know that these issues or disputes that arise will always be solved by law which provides the guidelines to be followed in order to arrive into an agreement. Lastly, laws will ensure fairness within a society since the people concerned with solving crime issues within a society will always tend to lean on the laws that provide ways in which a case should be judged thus ending up into fairness to all individuals. To sum up, introduction of laws will ensure there is criminal justice in every society.
Measurement and analysis approach
The key points to be addressed in this research will include the top most crimes carried by the people of the society; the top most being the issue of murder. Murder has become a very big problem within the society which being attributed to be as a result of greed and jealousy among the people of the society (Grisham 2006). In addition, murder also results in places of riots whereby the police officers or any other government authority in charge of crimes may shoot into to the air to disperse the crowd thus resulting into death of some innocent citizens. Another key issue is the issue of drug taking and drug trafficking as well as the underage alcohol taking, which has been mostly observed to affect most of the teenagers and also the ...
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1 Cour.docxJASS44
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define terms related to corrections.
1.1 Define all relevant vocabulary related to the correctional system within
the unit.
1.2 Define and understand professionalism in corrections.
2. Assess the purpose, implementation, and effectiveness of corrections.
2.1 Identify standards, training, and skills of correctional officers.
2.2 Identify what organizations exist that set standards in the field.
3. Trace the historical evolution of the correctional system.
3.1 Identify key people that have helped to reform the correctional system
over time.
Unit Lesson
The statistics currently indicate that crime has declined since the 1990s; however, the
number of people incarcerated or under some sort of correctional supervision has
continued to steadily increase. There are four reasons behind this phenomenon:
1. The tough on crime laws like three-strikes-laws have kept repeat offenders
incarcerated for extended lengths of time.
2. The War on Drugs has led to many arrests and convictions that have
increased incarcerated populations in every jurisdiction in the country.
3. Parole authorities now fear liability for inmates released early that re-offend.
4. Those that are out of jail and prison and on probation are more likely to violate
probation.
As the incarceration rate rises, it is important to realize that employment rates of
correctional officers and support staff will also continue to rise. In 1950 there were
approximately 27,000 people employed as correctional officers. Current statistics
indicate that number is now at 490,000 correctional officers. If you were to factor in the
increase in juvenile detention centers, probation and parole officers, administrators,
and other professionals in the correctional field, the number jumps to 748,000 people
employed in the correctional field (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015).
Corrections Place in the Criminal Justice System
Once a person is arrested, he or she is booked into jail. Law enforcement must then
present evidence to the prosecutor and the decision will be made to file formal
charges or release the person from custody. If a person is charged with a crime, he or
she must go before a judge in an initial, or first, appearance in court. At this time he or
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 1:
Corrections: An Overview
Chapter 2:
Punishments: A Brief
History
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Adjudication
2. Arraignment
3. Community
corrections
4. Corporal punishment
5. Cost-benefit analysis
6. Criminal law
7. Evidence-based
corrections
8. Hedonistic calculus
9. Institutional
corrections
10. Mores
11. Nolo contendere
12. Noninstitutional
corrections
13. Penal law
14. Sustainable justice
15. Utilitarianism
...
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Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
Agrarian Reform Policies in the Philippines: a quiz
Invitation and program_-_scholars_workshop
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Trudeau Scholars’ Workshop
Criminal Law as Social Change: Intentions and Consequences
Tuesday 5 February 2013, 9:00am to 5:00pm
Free admission – registration compulsory
Register at coleenlisa@gmail.com
Centre for Ethics, University of Toronto, Room 200
Gerald Larkin Building, 2nd
Floor
15 Devonshire Place, Toronto, ON M5S 1H8
In recent decades, social movements in Canada and beyond have turned to the criminal
law as a vehicle for social change. Feminists, victims’ rights advocates, law and order
conservatives, and child protection groups have pursued criminal law reforms on several
fronts and with a range of motives. In Canada, this turn to criminal regulation can be
seen in the elevation of the age of sexual consent, amendments to young offender
legislation, HIV-disclosure case law, domestic violence and sexual assault law reforms,
anti-trafficking laws, the addition of mandatory minimum sentences to drug laws, and an
enhanced role for victims in the criminal justice process.
Expanding criminal liability and lengthening prison sentences can be an effective means
of appealing to popular sentiment, particularly on complex social problems that present
few easy solutions. But the success of criminal law campaigns may come at the expense
of other opportunities for social transformation. Greater emphasis on criminal law
campaigns often coincides with shifts in resource allocation away from social welfare
toward criminal justice – a turn some scholars have called a move from the “welfare
state” to the “penal state.”
This Trudeau scholars’ workshop takes as a starting point the sense that some actors in
these social movements maintain a formalist view of criminal law, whereby black letter
criminal prohibitions are presumed to lead more or less straightforwardly to the actual
reduction or abolition of an impugned activity. This view elides the realities of under-
and over-enforcement, disparities in criminal surveillance and punishment, and the
sometimes counter-productive and unintended consequences of criminal prohibitions.
The workshop aims to develop a more realist vision of both criminal law and processes of
social change.
In the first two panels, participants will analyze the intended and unintended
consequences of the criminal law in action. We first focus on two areas where competing
social movements have advocated both for and against criminalization: prostitution and
HIV-disclosure. How does criminal law and enforcement affect the bargaining power of
parties to sexual encounters, paid and unpaid? What does social science evidence reveal
about the efficacy of criminal law in achieving its official aims of public safety or crime
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control? How can courts and legislatures balance the moral and expressive functions of
crime and punishment, alongside evidence of its negative impacts? What other
emancipatory or regulatory tools might criminalization be distracting us from, whether in
labour law, public health law, welfare law, or tax law?
Next, we discuss contemporary “victims’ rights movements.” We will consider some of
the cautionary lessons Canada might learn from the United States, where populist
victims’ rights movements have played an important role in the rise of mass
incarceration. Since the 1980s, the experiences and concerns of American crime victims
have become central to penal legislation and decision-making. Some research suggests,
however, that populist representations of victims’ needs are often at odds with the
interests of actual crime victims and their communities. Until recently, Canadian
governments had generally limited the influence of crime advocacy groups, relying
instead on federal and provincial bureaucratic expertise for victim policy reform. We
will discuss whether recent federal crime initiatives spell a sea change in this regard. We
will conclude by considering the potential of other justice mechanisms to recognize and
restore the losses incurred by victims of crime.
In the next two panels, we focus on dysfunction in criminal law outcomes, and disparities
between particular populations when it comes to criminal law detection, enforcement,
and punishment. First, we examine the prison system, and the question of how criminal
sentences are administered. Is there a close relationship between the putative goals of the
criminal justice system and the reality of punishment as it is delivered on the ground?
How and why do conditions of imprisonment impact particular classes of prisoners
differently? Do the front-end justifications for the use of criminal law match the back-
end punishment outcomes? What impacts does the technique of imprisonment have on
the individuals and communities most affected?
In the final panel, we consider how criminal law can subject particular communities to
disproportionately intense criminal regulation and enforcement. The classical conception
of criminal law is that it targets individual acts of intentional wrongdoing. But for those
who are homeless or mentally ill, the application of criminal law can be triggered by a
status rather than an act. Key questions here include: What factors contribute to the over-
representation of certain groups – the homeless, mentally ill, Aboriginal and visible
minority Canadians – in the criminal justice system? How do material and legal
entitlements, such as privacy or the burden of proof in criminal trials, contribute to class
and other disparities in detection, enforcement, and prosecution of offences? How do
rates of conviction, and lengths and types of sentences, differ among classes of
defendants? What reforms could resolve the puzzle of a society that is formally
committed to substantive equality but that produces discriminatory outcomes in the
application of criminal law?
This interdisciplinary workshop convenes Canadian scholars, advocates, and
policymakers to analyze the criminal law in action, in an attempt to discern the social
costs and benefits of using criminal law as a tool of social change. We hope to foster a
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critical dialogue about the full range of legal and regulatory tools available for achieving
social change.
Day’s Program
9:00 – 9:15am
Introductory Remarks
Lisa Kelly, Doctoral Candidate, Harvard University; 2010 Trudeau Scholar
Lisa Kerr, Doctoral Candidate, New York University; 2012 Trudeau Scholar
9:15 – 10:45am
Sex, Risk, and the Criminal Law
Angela Campbell, Associate Professor, McGill University, Faculty of Law
Richard Elliott, Executive Director, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network
Chanelle Gallant, Maggie’s: Toronto Sex Workers Action Project
Katrina Pacey, Litigation Director, Pivot Legal Society
10:45– 11:00am: Break
11:00 – 12:30pm
Victims, Security, and the Meaning of Criminal Law
Anthony Doob, Professor, Univ. of Toronto, Ctr. for Criminology & Sociolegal Studies
Justice Catherine Kane, Federal Court of Canada
Kent Roach, Professor, University of Toronto, Faculty of Law
12:30 – 1:30pm: Lunch
1:30 – 3:00pm
Who is Punished, and How?
Cindy Blackstock, Executive Director, First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of
Canada; Associate Professor, University of Alberta; 2012 Trudeau Mentor
Kelly Hannah-Moffatt, Professor of Sociology, University of Toronto
Karlan Modeste, JD Candidate, Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University; Nova
Scotia Legal Aid
Bernard Richard, Ombudsman, Child and Youth Advocate and Right to Information &
Privacy Commissioner for New Brunswick; 2012 Trudeau Mentor
3:00 – 3:30pm: Break
3:30 – 5:00pm
De Facto Criminalization: Homelessness, Mental Illness, Addiction and Poverty
Benjamin Berger, Associate Professor, Osgoode Hall Law School
Lindsey Richardson, Post-Doctoral Fellow, University of British Columbia; 2009
Trudeau Scholar
Justice Richard Schneider, Ontario Court of Justice; Chairman, Ontario Review Board
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5:00pm: Brief Concluding Comments
To register for the workshop, please contact Lisa Kerr: coleenlisa@gmail.com