The document discusses Malaysia's national meteorological early warning and coordination system. It outlines several natural hazards that affect Malaysia, including floods, strong winds, drought, and earthquakes. It notes an increase in extreme weather events and more intense tropical cyclones since the 1980s. The system includes over 400 observational stations, radar stations, weather cameras and marine monitoring to issue warnings. Challenges include inadequate coverage, forecasting small storms, and disseminating warnings during peak events. Strategies to improve include expanding observational networks, advanced models, better warning dissemination, and increasing public awareness.
Kerja kursus bagi kertas Pentaksiran Berasaskan Sekolah (PBS) Sejarah STPM (940/4) merupakan salah satu komponen sukatan pelajaran Sejarah ST PM (940). Kerja kursus ini memerlu kan calon menjalankan penyelidikan sejarah berdasarkan tajuk pilihan mereka sendiri. Pada akhir kerja kursus, calon dikehendaki membentangkan esei ilmiah. Panjang esei tersebut adalah antara 2500 hingga 3000 patah perkataan, tidak termasuk kertas cadangan, nota kaki, jadual, rajah, graf, dan bibliografi.
Kerja kursus bagi kertas Pentaksiran Berasaskan Sekolah (PBS) Sejarah STPM (940/4) merupakan salah satu komponen sukatan pelajaran Sejarah ST PM (940). Kerja kursus ini memerlu kan calon menjalankan penyelidikan sejarah berdasarkan tajuk pilihan mereka sendiri. Pada akhir kerja kursus, calon dikehendaki membentangkan esei ilmiah. Panjang esei tersebut adalah antara 2500 hingga 3000 patah perkataan, tidak termasuk kertas cadangan, nota kaki, jadual, rajah, graf, dan bibliografi.
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C3.06: Early Warning of Inundation in the Marshall Islands - Nover JuriaBlue Planet Symposium
The Republic of the Marshall Islands has been experiencing coastal inundation events, primarily during spring tides, that have caused serious problems for the population and their environment. Marshall Islands is a low lying atoll in the Pacific that is on average only two metres above sea level. We have identified several factors that contribute to coastal inundation in Marshall Islands based on research done in collaboration with the Weather Forecast Offices in Guam and Honolulu, and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. We found that the combination of the swell waves coming from the northern Pacific at the time of a spring tide can cause inundations. These swell waves are formed both in the northern hemisphere extra-tropical storm belt, and by northeasterly trade winds. The highest astronomical tides in the Marshall Islands occur between December and March.
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2. SCOPE
Natural Hazards in Malaysia
Monitoring and Early Warning System
Issues and Challenges
Strategies for Improvement
Conclusion
3. Natural Hazards in MalaysiaNatural Hazards in Malaysia
Weather-related Hazards
Flood / Flash Flood
Strong Winds,Rough Seas & Storm Surge
Thunderstorms/ Lightning
Tropical Cyclone/ Typhoon
Forest Fire/Haze
Agricultural Drought
Geophysical Hazards
Earthquake
Local and Regional Tsunami
Landslide
Volcanic Eruption
4. Northeast Monsoon (Nov –
Mar)
Southwest Monsoon
(Jun–Aug)
Intermonsoon
(Apr-May & Sep-
Oct)
Flood
Haze
Flash Flood
Strong Winds & Rough Seas
Typhoon
(May – Nov)
Severe Weather in Malaysia
5. Increase in Natural Hazards
Increase in Extreme Weather Events in Malaysia since the 80s
Severe dry weather in 1998 caused serious water disruptions especially
in the Klang Valley.
In December 2005, heavy moonsonal rains brought about major floods
in Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu.
In February 2006, heavy moonsonal rains caused widespread floods in
Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang.
During the 2006 / 2007 Northeast Monsoon, the southern states of
Peninsular Malaysia especially Johor experienced major floods resulting
in damages to infrastructure and properties of more than one billion RM.
In January and February 2011, more than 50,000 people in Johor were
evacuated when severe flood hit the state.
6. Tropical Cyclones Intensity Increasing
(Winds and Rainfall)
In December 1996, Tropical Storm
Greg hit Sabah.
Typhoon Vamei landed on southwest
Johor in December 2001
Tropical Depression crossed
Malaysian waters and southern
Thailand causing floods in
Perlis and Kedah on 1-2 Nov
2010
7. METEOROLOGICAL
STATION (45)
UPPER AIR STATION (8)
RADAR STATION (13)
GROUND
RECEIVING
STATION (1)
WEATHER CAMERA
STATION (17)
DATA ACQUISITION
AUXILIARY STATIONS(339)
• AWS (141)
• Climatological Station (39)
• Rainfall Station (159)
8. METEOROLOGICAL
STATION (45)
UPPER AIR STATION (8)
RADAR STATION (13)
GROUND
RECEIVING
STATION (1)
WEATHER CAMERA
STATION (17)
DATA ACQUISITION
AUXILIARY STATIONS(339)
• AWS (141)
• Climatological Station (39)
• Rainfall Station (159)
9. RMAF Butterworth
Bayan Lepas
RMAF Gong Kedak
Kota Kinabalu
Kuching
RMAF Kuantan
Subang
KLIA
Central Forecast Office
Petaling Jaya
Main Meteorological Offices
(10)
KLIA Meteorological Office
Central Forecasting Office
Gong Kedak Meteorological Office
Labuan
10. Surface Observational Stations Network
Alor Star
Bayan
Lepas
Gong Kedak
Kota Kinabalu
Kuching
Kuantan
Subang
KLIA
Petaling Jaya
Chuping
P. Langkawi
Labuan
Sandakan
Kudat
Limbang
Tawau
Kapit
Mulu
Bintulu
Miri
Keningau
Sibu
Seri Aman
Batu Embun
Muadzam Shah
Batu Pahat
Kluang
Mersing
Senai
Temerloh
Cameron Highlands
Kota Bharu
K. Trengganu
Sitiawan
Melaka
Lubuk Merbau
Ipoh
Kuala Pilah
Tioman
Butterworth
Prai
Cameron Highlands
Subang
Sitiawan
Alor Star
Kuala Krai
Ranau
Kerteh
23. Forecasts forPort and Ferry Operators
Kuantan
PTP
Bintulu
Miri
K. Kinabalu
South China Sea
Sulu Sea
Penang
Kuching
P. Klang
Johor Bahru
Sandakan
24. Warning
Stages
Criteria
YellowYellow
Possibility of a monsoonal rain in the next 3 – 5 days
Possibility of heavy rains and strong winds/tropical depression
in the next 3 – 5 days
OrangeOrange
Moderate monsoonal rainfall is occurring/will occur in the
next couple of hours. Possibility of flood.
Tropical depression with speeds of 50-60 kmph accompanied with
moderate rains becoming heavy.
RedRed
Widespread heavy monsoonal rainfall is occurring/will
occur in the next couple of hours. Possibility of major
flood.
Tropical storm/typhoon with speeds from 60 kmph accompanied
with moderate rains becoming heavy.
Criteria for Heavy Monsoonal Rain
and Tropical Cyclones
25. Categor
y
Criteria
FirstFirst
Strong winds 40-50 kmph and rough seasStrong winds 40-50 kmph and rough seas
with wave height up to 3.5 metres.with wave height up to 3.5 metres.
SecondSecond
Strong winds 50 – 60 kmph and roughStrong winds 50 – 60 kmph and rough
seas with wave height up to 4.5 metres.seas with wave height up to 4.5 metres.
ThirdThird
Strong winds from 60 kmph and roughStrong winds from 60 kmph and rough
seas with wave height from 4.5 metres.seas with wave height from 4.5 metres.
Criteria for Strong Winds & Rough Seas
Warning
26. Dissemination of Advisories/Warnings on
Heavy Monsoonal Rain, Tropical Cyclone,
Strong Winds & Rough Seas
SMS(VIP, disaster management agencies)SMS(VIP, disaster management agencies)
TV BroadcastTV Broadcast
RTM1 - Selamat Pagi 1Malaysia, 1 pm &RTM1 - Selamat Pagi 1Malaysia, 1 pm &
5 pm Regional News5 pm Regional News
TV CrawlerTV Crawler
Radio Broadcast(Light FM, Radio 24 etc.)Radio Broadcast(Light FM, Radio 24 etc.)
Facsimile(All disaster managementFacsimile(All disaster management
agencies)agencies)
Mass Media (Print and Electronic)Mass Media (Print and Electronic)
Web page:Web page: www.met.gov.my
Social Media NetworkSocial Media Network
Facebook:Facebook: www.facebook.com/malaysiamet
Twitter:Twitter: twitter.com/#!/malaysianmet
27. Visual Strong Wind Warning System
Red Flag (5)
Getting Fishery Complex
Stesen Meteorologi K. Trengganu
P. Chendering Fishery Complex
K. Pahang Fishermen Association
Nenasi Fishermen Association
K. Rompin Fishermen Association
LKIM Mersing
Mukah Fishermen Association
Bintulu Fishermen Association
Miri Fishermen Association
n
South China Sea
StraitsofM
alacca
Sulu Sea
Celebes Sea
Notice Board (7)
MK Kuah Langkawi
Pangkor
28. Dissemination(additional)
Whenever necessary, additional channels are
used especially for Tsunami Advisory/Warning:
- Siren(certain locations only)
-Fixed Line Alert System (FLAS) (ensure the
warnings to evacuate reach the communities)
This mode of dissemination may be extended to
cover meteorological hazards.
30. PENGETAHUAN RISIKO
PEOPLE-CENTRED EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FORPEOPLE-CENTRED EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR
WEATHER, SEA & TSUNAMIWEATHER, SEA & TSUNAMI
OBSERVATION &
WARNING SYSTEM
DISSEMINATION &
COMMUNICATION
RESPONSE CAPACITY
31. Inadequate coverage of observational stations:
siren, seismic, automatic weather stations and
radar.
Lack of scientific understanding on tropical
meteorology: accuracy and lead time of
forecast/warning could not be improved. Small-
scaled weather systems such as thunderstorms &
squall-line could produce substantial damages but
are extremely hard to predict.
Rapid urbanization led to increased localised
convection due to the heat island effect.
CHALLENGESCHALLENGES
33. Disruption in information dissemination system
particularly SMS and Internet during peak
season/hours. For example: The MMD’s webpage hit
could rise from 600,000 to 5 millions per day.
Huge cost of acquiring and maintaining observational
instruments and systems.
Low level of awareness on disaster due to limited
capacity and resources to educate the public.
CHALLENGESCHALLENGES
34. Establishing observational stations at strategic
locations and upgrading existing ones.
Operationalization of advanced weather and marine
numerical models.
Enhancing the dissemination of warnings through
various telecommunication channels.
STRATEGIES FOR
IMPROVEMENT
35. Colloboration with local authority involved in disaster
management on data sharing(Blue Ocean Strategy).
Conducting regular awareness programs.
Forging cooperation with local and international
research agencies.
STRATEGIES FOR
IMPROVEMENT