The document discusses the rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech in English. It provides examples of direct speech and the corresponding indirect speech for sentences using various verb tenses including past simple, past perfect, past continuous, past perfect continuous, and passive voice. The tenses that can change in indirect speech include the verb tense, pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and sometimes the word order.

1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
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PRESENTED BY : HUMA MALIK
INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMAR : ( ENG- 1 )

2. PAST TENSE
RULES
Past simple past perfect
Past continuous past perfect continuous
Past perfect past perfect
Past perfect continuous past perfect continuous

3. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Past indefinite tense
Active voice
Ahmad said, ‘’ I wrote a letter to my
father’’.
We said,’’ Usman was in the class
when we entered it’’.
He said to me,’’ I stayed in Peshawar
for three days’’.
Past perfect tense
Active voice
Ahmad said that he had written a
letter to his father.
We said that Usman had been in
the class when we entered it.
He told me he had stayed in Peshawar
for three days.

4. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Past indefinite tense
Passive voice
•The gatekeeper said to me,
‘’ the gate was locked at 10
p.m.
• They said, ‘’our valuables
were stolen on Sunday.’’
•She said to me, ‘’ you were a
fault.’’
Past perfect tense
Passive voice
•The gatekeeper told me that the gate
had been locked at 10 p.m.
•T they said that our valuables had
been stolen on Sunday.
• .She told me that I was a fault.

5. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Past continuous tense
Active voice
They said, ‘’we were going to school on
foot.
•The old man said, ‘’ it was falling rain
very heavily.’’
•She said to me, ‘’ your parents were
waiting for you.’’
Past perfect continuous
tense
Active voice
•They said that we had been going
to school on foot.
•The old man said that it had
been falling rain very heavily.
•She told me that my parents had
been waiting for me.

6. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Past continuous tense
passive voice
He said, "Tahir was being
punished at night”
She said to me, "we were
being insulted for nothing.”
She said, "I was being taught
English.”
Past perfect continuous
tense
Passive voice
He said that Tahir was being
punished at night .
She said to me that we were being
insulted for nothing.
She said that she was being taught
English.

7. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Past perfect tense
Active voice
The doctor said, ‘’ I had already
seen my patient’’.
He said to me, ‘’ I had returned
your book by noon’’.
Ahmad said, "I had taken his lunch.
Past perfect tense
Active voice
The doctor said that he had already seen
his patient
He told me that he had returned my
book by noon
Ahmad said that he had taken his lunch.

8. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Past perfect tense
Passive voice
The postman said,”the mail had benn
delivered by 4 o’ clock.”
The inspector said,” the murdere
had been arrested before 12pm.
He said,”the book had been retured
before 9 am.”
Past perfect tense
passive voice
The postman said that the mail had been
delivered by 4 o’ clock.
The inspector said that the murderer
had been arrested before 12 pm.
He said that the book had been returned
before 9 am.

9. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Past perfect continuous
tense
active voice
Ahmad said to me, "I had been
planning for 3 months”.
I said to him,” he had been waiting for
you for many hours”.
He said to me,” I had been teaching for
three years.”
Past perfect continuous
tense
active voice
Ahmad said to me that he had been
planning for 3 months.
I told him that he had been
waiting to him for 3 hours.
He told me that he had been teaching
for 3 years.