This document discusses the digestive systems of various animals. It describes the multi-chambered stomach and digestive process of ruminants, which have four compartments including the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. Nonruminants are described as having a single-compartment stomach. The document also discusses cecal fermenters, which have a large cecum allowing them to consume moderate levels of roughage, with bacteria present to digest roughages.

1. LOREM IPSUM
Book Title
DOLOR SET AMET
McKenna Chase Monday, December 1, 2014 at 10:16:44 AM Pacific Standard Time 70:cd:60:8b:aa:a6

2. CHAPTER 1
Digestive
System
McKenna Chase Monday, December 1, 2014 at 10:16:44 AM Pacific Standard Time 70:cd:60:8b:aa:a6

3. SECTION 1
Ruminants
4 COMPARTMENTS:
1. Rumen
2. Reticulum
3. Omasum
4. Abomasum
Reticulum:
-Inner walls are lined with membranes that are divided
into honeycomb like compartments
-foreign matter such as nails and wires are filtered by
the Reticulum
-it acts as a collection site for metal objects
Omasum:
-contains many folds of tissue that line the interior
-absorbs water and decreases the size of food particles
Abomasum:
-secretes digestive enzymes
-function is similar to the stomach of a non-ruminant
-Functions as digestive unit of calves until several
months old when rumination begins
2
Functions:
Rumen:
-largest compartment
-takes up 80% of the stomach’s capacity
-contains bacteria and microorganisms that partially
break down food
-Bacteria transforms low-quality protein and nitrogen
compounds into essential amino acids
-Food is regurgitated from the Rumen, rechewed in the
form of a cud, and swallowed for further digestion
McKenna Chase Monday, December 1, 2014 at 10:16:44 AM Pacific Standard Time 70:cd:60:8b:aa:a6

4. SECTION 2
Nonruminants
1. Food is passed from the mouth to the
esophagus to a single compartment stomach
2. The stomach breaks down food by muscular
movement and digestive juices
3. Digestive juices break down proteins and fats
3
Intestines:
-the primary site for digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids,
and proteins is the small intestine
-Undigested food passes from the small intestine to the large intestine
where water is absorbed and lubricating mucus is added to aid the pas-sage
of material through the large intestine
McKenna Chase Monday, December 1, 2014 at 10:16:44 AM Pacific Standard Time 70:cd:60:8b:aa:a6

5. SECTION 3
Cecal Fermenters
4
Cecum:
-They have a large cecum allowing them to consume moderate levels
of roughages
-Bacteria are present in the cecum to digest roughages
McKenna Chase Monday, December 1, 2014 at 10:16:44 AM Pacific Standard Time 70:cd:60:8b:aa:a6

6. SECTION 4
Digestive Process
5 Processes:
1. Mechanical
2.Peristalsis
3.Chemical
4.Absorption
5.Metabolism
5
Mechanical:
-digestions begins in the mouth
-food is chewed and broken down into smaller pieces
*poultry use a gizzard to grind food*
Peristalsis:
-a muscular contraction of the digestive system
-causes food to move through the digestive tract
-this occurs as a wavelike movement
Chemical:
-involves enzymes and acids to reduce food particle size and
change food particles into forms that the animal can use
-some chemical digestion occurs in the mouth with saliva
-Most takes place in the stomach and small intestines
Absorption:
-nutrients move from the digestive tract into the blood stream
-takes place mainly in the small intestine through villi
-In ruminants, some absorption takes place in the rumen
-occurs through diffusion and osmosis
Metabolism:
-removes nutrients from the blood stream and allows different
organs of the body to use nutrients
-responsible for growth of bone, muscle, fat, skin, and hair
-maintains body temperature and proper functioning of or-gans
-aids in repair of body tissue, production of milk and perform-ance
McKenna Chase Monday, December 1, 2014 at 10:16:44 AM Pacific Standard Time 70:cd:60:8b:aa:a6

7. 6
Cecal Fermenter
McKenna Chase Monday, December 1, 2014 at 10:16:44 AM Pacific Standard Time 70:cd:60:8b:aa:a6