This document presents a cost-benefit analysis of installing a 5m3 capacity tubular polyethylene digester for small-scale hog farmers in the Philippines over a 10-year period. The analysis finds that the projected costs are fully offset by the projected benefits, resulting in a positive net present value of 185,782. A sensitivity analysis shows the project remains viable even with a 10% reduction in total benefits, but yields a negative NPV with a 45% reduction. The project therefore appears economically worthwhile for small hog farmers.
This document presents a cost-benefit analysis of installing a 5m3 capacity tubular polyethylene digester for small-scale hog farmers in the Philippines. The analysis finds that the projected costs of installation and maintenance over 10 years are outweighed by the projected financial benefits of fuel supply, manure maximization, and savings from reduced medical expenses. A sensitivity analysis shows the project remains economically viable even with a 10% reduction in total benefits but becomes unviable with a 45% reduction. The analysis concludes the digester installation project has a positive net present value and is a worthwhile economic investment.
This thesis examines the energy return and economics of producing pellets from steam pretreated biomass. Chapter 1 introduces the background and objectives of assessing pellet production techniques. Chapter 2 develops process models for producing pellets from forest residues, agricultural residues, and switchgrass, and determines the net energy ratio (NER) of regular and steam pretreated pellet processes. Steam pretreated pellets have a lower NER than regular pellets. Chapter 3 provides a comparative NER analysis of pellets from steam pretreated agricultural residues and switchgrass. Pellets from steam pretreated straw have the highest NER. Chapter 4 develops a techno-economic model to evaluate production costs and determines the minimum cost plant size is 190
The Egg's Global Footprint: Searching for True Sustainability in Global Egg P...Novus International
The document discusses the sustainability of egg production globally. It summarizes that while organic and free-range eggs seem more sustainable, studies have found they actually have a larger carbon footprint than cage eggs due to lower productivity and higher feed consumption of free-range birds. True sustainability means producing more with less land, water and pollution. The largest contributor to egg production's environmental impact is feed, so improving feed efficiency could help make the industry more sustainable. Applying a Life Cycle Assessment shows that shifting U.S. production entirely to organic would increase the carbon footprint by 33% due to lower organic bird productivity requiring more feed and resources. Overall intensified, higher-productivity production may be more sustainable for meeting growing global demand while minimizing environmental
IRJET- Design of Biogas Plant for Food Waste and Evaluation of Biogas Generat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that designed a biogas plant for food waste generated at a college in India and evaluated the efficiency of biogas production from various co-digester mixtures added to the food waste. The researchers conducted a survey that found the college generates an average of 100kg of food waste per day. They designed a fixed dome biogas plant based on this amount of waste with a gas production rate of 24 cubic meters per day. Experiments tested co-digesters of water hyacinth, algae, cow dung, and sugar cane added to food waste in a 1:1 ratio, finding water hyacinth improved overall biogas plant efficiency the most. The study concluded a biogas plant using a
Check the webinar recording here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDgOXqM4MuY
Cultivated meat has the potential to be a sustainable source of animal protein. How it compares to conventional meats depends on various factors, most importantly, the sources of energy used for the facility and the production of medium ingredients. When fully renewable energy is used in these areas, its carbon footprint can compete with ambitious benchmarks of chicken and is lower than that of other conventional meats. Land use of cultivated meat is significantly lower than all conventional meats, resulting from the more efficient conversion of crops into meat. If cultivated meat replaces conventional meats in diets, this means that land is freed up. This land could be used to mitigate climate change, support biodiversity, or provide other societal and environmental benefits, but robust policies are needed to realize this.
Cultivated meat companies should invest in strong supply chain collaborations to drive down the carbon footprint in all parts of the supply chain. Strong climate goals can be set and realized by continuously conducting LCAs to support decision-making and guide technology development.
Techno- economics analysis of microalgal biomass production in a 1 ha green W...Alejandro Roldan
This document provides a techno-economic analysis of microalgal biomass production using Green Wall Panel (GWP) photobioreactors in a 1-ha plant. The analysis finds that Tetraselmis suecica microalgal biomass can be produced at a cost of €12.4 per kg at a productivity of 36 tonnes per year in the 1-ha plant located in Tuscany, Italy. At a 100-ha scale and in more favorable climatic conditions such as in Tunisia, the cost could be reduced to €5.1 per kg and €3.2 per kg respectively, due to economies of scale and higher productivity. The major cost factors are labor for the 1-
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Modeling and analysis of control circuit for biogas electrification technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract For sustainable development, balanced energy portfolio is required that is suited to the economic, social, environment and resource conditions of a specific region or the whole world. Energy resources are fossil fuels, nuclear sources and renewable resources. Conventional energy resources are limited as well as they are subjected to pollution due to combustion and chemical processes. Biogas, one of the renewable resources, is produced from various biomass sources through biochemical process. Electricity and heat can be produced from it with minor clean up. Bangladesh has a plenty biomass resources which can play an important role for country’s development. For electricity generation, control circuit is needed to have desired and controlled output. This paper addresses on biogas, its biochemical processes and electricity generation process from biogas. It also shows the potential and prospects of biogas electrification technology for rural Bangladesh. Paper explore mathematical model and explain actions of control circuits those are connected to the generator though simulation. Key Words: Renewable energy; Biogas; Biochemical process; Electricity generation; Potentials; Mathematical model; Control circuit; DC converter.
This document presents a cost-benefit analysis of installing a 5m3 capacity tubular polyethylene digester for small-scale hog farmers in the Philippines. The analysis finds that the projected costs of installation and maintenance over 10 years are outweighed by the projected financial benefits of fuel supply, manure maximization, and savings from reduced medical expenses. A sensitivity analysis shows the project remains economically viable even with a 10% reduction in total benefits but becomes unviable with a 45% reduction. The analysis concludes the digester installation project has a positive net present value and is a worthwhile economic investment.
This thesis examines the energy return and economics of producing pellets from steam pretreated biomass. Chapter 1 introduces the background and objectives of assessing pellet production techniques. Chapter 2 develops process models for producing pellets from forest residues, agricultural residues, and switchgrass, and determines the net energy ratio (NER) of regular and steam pretreated pellet processes. Steam pretreated pellets have a lower NER than regular pellets. Chapter 3 provides a comparative NER analysis of pellets from steam pretreated agricultural residues and switchgrass. Pellets from steam pretreated straw have the highest NER. Chapter 4 develops a techno-economic model to evaluate production costs and determines the minimum cost plant size is 190
The Egg's Global Footprint: Searching for True Sustainability in Global Egg P...Novus International
The document discusses the sustainability of egg production globally. It summarizes that while organic and free-range eggs seem more sustainable, studies have found they actually have a larger carbon footprint than cage eggs due to lower productivity and higher feed consumption of free-range birds. True sustainability means producing more with less land, water and pollution. The largest contributor to egg production's environmental impact is feed, so improving feed efficiency could help make the industry more sustainable. Applying a Life Cycle Assessment shows that shifting U.S. production entirely to organic would increase the carbon footprint by 33% due to lower organic bird productivity requiring more feed and resources. Overall intensified, higher-productivity production may be more sustainable for meeting growing global demand while minimizing environmental
IRJET- Design of Biogas Plant for Food Waste and Evaluation of Biogas Generat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that designed a biogas plant for food waste generated at a college in India and evaluated the efficiency of biogas production from various co-digester mixtures added to the food waste. The researchers conducted a survey that found the college generates an average of 100kg of food waste per day. They designed a fixed dome biogas plant based on this amount of waste with a gas production rate of 24 cubic meters per day. Experiments tested co-digesters of water hyacinth, algae, cow dung, and sugar cane added to food waste in a 1:1 ratio, finding water hyacinth improved overall biogas plant efficiency the most. The study concluded a biogas plant using a
Check the webinar recording here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDgOXqM4MuY
Cultivated meat has the potential to be a sustainable source of animal protein. How it compares to conventional meats depends on various factors, most importantly, the sources of energy used for the facility and the production of medium ingredients. When fully renewable energy is used in these areas, its carbon footprint can compete with ambitious benchmarks of chicken and is lower than that of other conventional meats. Land use of cultivated meat is significantly lower than all conventional meats, resulting from the more efficient conversion of crops into meat. If cultivated meat replaces conventional meats in diets, this means that land is freed up. This land could be used to mitigate climate change, support biodiversity, or provide other societal and environmental benefits, but robust policies are needed to realize this.
Cultivated meat companies should invest in strong supply chain collaborations to drive down the carbon footprint in all parts of the supply chain. Strong climate goals can be set and realized by continuously conducting LCAs to support decision-making and guide technology development.
Techno- economics analysis of microalgal biomass production in a 1 ha green W...Alejandro Roldan
This document provides a techno-economic analysis of microalgal biomass production using Green Wall Panel (GWP) photobioreactors in a 1-ha plant. The analysis finds that Tetraselmis suecica microalgal biomass can be produced at a cost of €12.4 per kg at a productivity of 36 tonnes per year in the 1-ha plant located in Tuscany, Italy. At a 100-ha scale and in more favorable climatic conditions such as in Tunisia, the cost could be reduced to €5.1 per kg and €3.2 per kg respectively, due to economies of scale and higher productivity. The major cost factors are labor for the 1-
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Modeling and analysis of control circuit for biogas electrification technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract For sustainable development, balanced energy portfolio is required that is suited to the economic, social, environment and resource conditions of a specific region or the whole world. Energy resources are fossil fuels, nuclear sources and renewable resources. Conventional energy resources are limited as well as they are subjected to pollution due to combustion and chemical processes. Biogas, one of the renewable resources, is produced from various biomass sources through biochemical process. Electricity and heat can be produced from it with minor clean up. Bangladesh has a plenty biomass resources which can play an important role for country’s development. For electricity generation, control circuit is needed to have desired and controlled output. This paper addresses on biogas, its biochemical processes and electricity generation process from biogas. It also shows the potential and prospects of biogas electrification technology for rural Bangladesh. Paper explore mathematical model and explain actions of control circuits those are connected to the generator though simulation. Key Words: Renewable energy; Biogas; Biochemical process; Electricity generation; Potentials; Mathematical model; Control circuit; DC converter.
IRJET- Energy Conservation and Generation through Biodegradable Solid Waste- ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on a compact biogas plant designed to treat organic solid waste. Key points:
- A biogas plant was installed using two connected water tanks to digest used tea powder from a canteen.
- The system effectively reduced waste volume and organic load while producing biogas.
- The digester performance and gas production were good, and operation/maintenance was easier than conventional plants.
- The system offers a decentralized organic waste treatment option that generates renewable energy and fertilizer.
Biogas Production Enhancement from Mixed Animal Wastes at Mesophilic Anaerobi...IJERA Editor
In this work, the effect of mixing ratio of cattle dung (CD) and poultry droppings (PD) on biogas generation was
determined. Mixtures of various CD: PD ratios (100% : 0%; 50% : 50%; 60% : 40%; 80% : 20% and 0% :
100%) were prepared, analyzed and then aerobically digested for a period of 40 days. For each mixture,
fermentation was carried out in a 20 L capacity digester. Results showed that biogas was obtained from the
digestion of CD and PD alone, showing the biogas from CD was several times larger than that from PD.
Furthermore, the resulted biogas yields from mixtures were found a function of the CD : PD ratio, the yield from
the ratio 80 : 20 was the maximum. Biogas yields from the prepared mixtures were found and arranged from
larger to lower in the form of (CD : PD) ratios as follow: 80% : 20%; 100% : 0.0%; 60% : 40%; 0.0% :
100%;50% : 50%. Addition of CD to PD enhances the PD production of biogas, while addition of a small
portion of PD to CD gave the maximum yield, a result not determined in literature. In other hand, larger
additions of PD to CD reduced the biogas yield. The effect of pH was also determined and found better around
7.0. These results are in agreement with research work in literature.
Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Digestion of Swine Dung, Plantain Pe...IJCMESJOURNAL
This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: swine dung (SD), plantain peel (PP) and fluted pumpkin stem (PS) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%SD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% PS, Sample D; 50%SD+50%PP and Sample E; 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS. The retention time was 30 days and parameters like pH, pressure, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 11.5L, 35.1L, 39.5L, 46.9L, 59.3L for Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D and Sample E respectively. The flammable time was 15th, 5th, 25th, 26th, 2nd day for sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E respectively. The result revealed that the blend of the 3 substrates i.e. sample E: 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS gave the highest yield of biogas and flamed earlier than the other samples while sample A: 100%SD had the lowest yield of biogas. The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample D: 50%SD+50%PP with 85.6989% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample C to be 79.0996%. The TS, TVS, BOD and VS were seen to be consistently reducing showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days.
Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compostijtsrd
Agricultural activities tend to generate a substantial volume of animal and crop residues. Composting is the most economical and ecologically sustainable option to manage farmyard waste. However, it takes approximately three months to complete decomposition and contains lower plant nutrient percentages than inorganic fertilisers. This study aimed to reduce the decomposition time and improve the nutrient content of compost. Aerobic decomposition was enhanced by aeration inside the pile using a blower with 0.5 l min kg airflow. Paddy straw, poultry manure, goat manure, cattle manure and paddy husk ash were mixed in 3 1 1 1 1 ratio respectively as the raw materials and 3 of Eppawala Rock Phosphate was added to the mixture in weight basis. Six piles 150 X 100 X 80 cm were prepared, and three piles were aerated for six hours per day while other three piles were left to decompose under the ambient condition as the control. According to the results, aerated and control piles took 35 days and 65 days to complete the decomposition. Total N, available P, exchangeable K, C N ratio, pH, EC and CEC were analysed in compost samples from aerated after 35 days and controls, and the results were, 20.5 g kg 1, 1.8 g kg 1, 10.4 g kg 1, 7, 8.8, 4.3 mS cm 1, 19.3 cmol kg 1 and 17.8 g kg 1, 1.5 g kg 1, 9.9 g kg 1, 8.5, 8.8, 3.64 mS cm 1, 21.3 cmol kg 1 respectively. Data were analysed using SAS 9.0 software with a 95 confidence interval. The results revealed a significant increment in total N, exchangeable K, C N ratio, EC and CEC in aerated piles compared to controls. And the nutrient composition of both methods was significantly higher than the commercial compost. Therefore, it can be concluded that decomposition time can be effectively reduced and the nutrient level can be increased by artificial aeration and nutrient enrichment, respectively. However, further studies are recommended to study the economic feasibility. D. M. S. H. Dissanayaka | V. P. T. Dhananjaya | E. J. Kosgollegedara | S. Karthigayini "Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38557.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38557/impact-of-improved-aeration-on-decomposition-rate-of-enriched-compost/d-m-s-h-dissanayaka
A sustainability assessment of biofuel supply chain.pdfAmber Ford
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sustainability of a biofuel supply chain using life cycle assessment and techno-economic optimization. The study analyzed a supply chain for producing ethanol from rice straw in Indonesia. It developed a unified optimization model to evaluate the economic, environmental and social impacts. The model integrated product, process and supply chain design with life cycle assessment. It analyzed material and energy flows from rice fields through production, transportation and fuel combustion. The results showed that integrated product and process design across the supply chain can achieve sustainability goals by creating a circular economy and minimizing environmental impacts.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET - Prefeasibility Study on Biogas Generation from Vegetable WasteIRJET Journal
This document presents a prefeasibility study on biogas generation from vegetable waste. The study involved collecting vegetable waste and cow dung to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion. Proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted on the waste materials. Experimental biogas generation in a lab-scale anaerobic digester produced approximately 0.0763 m3 of biogas per kg of waste, consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. The study found that removing sulfur from the vegetable waste feed could increase the methane content of the biogas. In conclusion, co-digestion of vegetable waste and cow manure can yield useful amounts of biogas as a renewable energy source.
STUDY ON BIO-METHANATION USING POULTRY DROPPING-Abdullah Nasir PulakAbdullah Pulak
This study examined biogas production from poultry droppings through anaerobic digestion with cow dung. Four laboratory reactors were tested with varying ratios of poultry droppings and cow dung. Reactor D2, with 75% poultry droppings and 25% cow dung, produced the highest volatile solid reduction (53%), specific gas yield (0.72 l/g), and methane content (73.2%). Poultry droppings alone were found to be unsuitable due to a low carbon-nitrogen ratio, but mixing with cow dung increased the ratio and improved biogas production. The study suggests anaerobic digestion of poultry droppings mixed with cow dung can effectively produce
Principal Tools for a Cleaner Chemical Technology, presented at the european ...Patrick VanSchijndel
Principal Tools for a Cleaner Chemical Technology, Process improvements have been tremendous in the last century but production volume increase will overshadow these good results in terms of resource use and environmental impact. It will be important to use the right tools in order to achieve the necessary sustainable development within the industry. These tools should be combinations of exergy analysis, LCA and economic analysis. The focus should be on the development of these combinations and on the teaching of these combinations in engineering curricula.
This document discusses biogas production from kitchen waste through anaerobic digestion. It begins with an introduction on the need for renewable energy sources like biogas. It then discusses the characteristics and benefits of biogas. The document outlines the anaerobic digestion process and factors that affect biogas yield. It reviews literature on biogas production from organic waste. The objectives and work plan of the project to set up laboratory-scale biogas digesters using kitchen waste from NIT Rourkela hostels are presented. The document discusses the experimental setup, procedures, results and analyses from the study. It concludes with a case study comparison and analysis of the laboratory-scale biogas production process.
Biofuels provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and are becoming increasingly important. There are several types of biofuels like biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, bioethanol commonly from sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel usually from oils. Countries like Brazil and India have developed biofuel industries using their agricultural resources. New technologies allow extraction of oils from plants like jatropha and algae for biodiesel production. Microalgae have the highest oil yield per hectare and could potentially meet global fuel demands if commercially produced. Overall, biofuels offer environmental and economic benefits but large-scale production faces challenges.
This document outlines the design of an anaerobic digestion system to process food waste from JMU's East Campus Dining Hall. The system aims to reduce methane emissions from food waste disposal by capturing biogas during anaerobic digestion. Analytical modeling indicates the system would produce biogas annually worth $0.01 that could provide 1210 BTUs of energy. A proof-of-concept prototype demonstrated biogas production. The estimated capital cost is $2340 and annual operating cost is $1.32 over a 5-year lifespan. Drawings and a bill of materials were completed to specify system components for potential implementation.
Statistical analysis of green energy power genartion using biogas methanation...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper promotes the inexperienced energy that is being worldwide supported by many countries. inexperienced energy is that
the type of energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources. Technologies that promote inexperienced energy embody renewable
energy sources, like electricity, alternative energy, wind energy, wave power, heat, bioenergy, periodic event power. The paper
has analyzed utilization of bovine dung and human manure waste for electricity generation through a varied case studies on biomethanation
station. There square measure or so twenty Million bovine and a couple of Million human population within the
within the single district of geographic area. Nearly five hundredth of bovine dung and human manure is being sold-out for
agricultural suggests that and also the remaining is drained off into a close-by drain. The drained off bovine dung and human
manure will be used for power generation supporting inexperienced energy while not touching nature and fewer carbon emission.
The paper has studied the political economy of power generation of Biogas methanation station and has found that it's profitable
to utilize the bovine dung and human manure for electricity generation, the capital investment depends on the capability of the
plant and payback amount being most four to six years. Besides electricity generation the plant additionally provides bio-manure.
It additionally checks pollution and emission of greenhouse gases. The study has urged that such plants ought to be established
not solely all told the districts of geographic area however additionally in whole country to assist in electricity generation. the
massive farmers ought to represent Non Govt. Organization (NGOs), Consultancy’s and aid cluster (SHG) to determine such
plants in their various areas. The central and regime provides the required steering and backing for the institution of such plants.
Key Words: Green energy, Bioenergy, Bio-methanation, Non Govt. Organization (NGOs), Self-Help Group (SHG) etc…
The document discusses sustainability in chemical engineering and various methods to make chemical processes more sustainable. It describes cellulosic biofuels which use renewable biomass sources that do not compete with food production. Integrating industrial ecology principles can minimize waste by recycling byproducts. The cradle-to-cradle concept aims to ensure nothing is wasted and products can be recycled or composted. Process intensification techniques like spinning disk reactors can improve mass and heat transfer to make processes more efficient and use smaller reactor volumes.
Indoor Air Pollution & Climate Change ContributeRai Hayn
Rahman Renewable Energy promotes renewable energy technologies like biogas and improved cook stoves in rural Bangladesh. It has installed over 1,385 domestic biogas plants and 129 commercial biogas plants. The organization aims to install 5,000 biogas plants and 10,000 improved cook stoves by 2016. Case studies show that commercial biogas plants for poultry farms can pay for themselves within 1-2 years by providing gas and power and selling bio-slurry as fertilizer.
— Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), mainly Kitchen Waste
(K) with Cow Dung (C) and Fungi Culture (F) can be used to
generate energy which could save on the fossil fuels conventionally
used as source of energy. In this study, the possibility was
explored to mix Cow Dung with Fungi Culture for anaerobic
digestion, so that energy can be generated as biogas and at the
same time digested sludge can be used as fertilizer for agricultural
applications. Pre-treatment of Kitchen Waste was done by alkali
method. Anaerobic digestion (AD) was carried out in mesophilic
temperature range of 30°C to 37°C with different fermentation
slurries of 8 % total solids. Digestion was carried for a retention
period of 60 days. The gas produced was collected by the
downward displacement of water and was subsequently measured
and analyzed. The overall results showed that blending of Kitchen
waste with cow dung and fungi culture (Aspergillus flavus) had
significant improvement on the biogas yield.
This paper is about the feasibility of the biogas plant from kitchen waste generated in KUET campus. There are 7 halls & 3 canteens in the campus. Every day approximately 1508.22 lbs. [field survey] kitchen wastes and 40000 gallons of water are produced in the campus. In this region (southern part) of the country there is no gas line due to excessive rivers. Wood is used as fuel in the dining hall & consequences are the greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation & global warming. Natural gas & firewood greatly cause greenhouse gas emissions. Besides these nonrenewable sources of energy are not sustainable means anymore. Biogas plant may an alternative source of energy on which people can depend on future. It will also reduce the waste in the campus. It can help fulfill the goal of zero waste in the campus, save the energy & reduce the global warming.
Technologies Involved in Biomass to Energy Conversion and its Utilization in ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses biomass conversion technologies used in India to generate energy from biomass. It begins with an introduction to biomass as a renewable energy source and India's growing installed capacity of renewable energy. It then describes the various types of biomass resources available in India, including wood/agricultural waste, solid waste, landfill gas, and biofuels. The major technologies currently used at large scale in India are discussed - co-firing of biomass with coal, gasification of biomass, and anaerobic fermentation to produce biogas. While biomass energy has benefits, issues associated with large-scale usage include potential environmental impacts if forest resources are overexploited and public health impacts if biomass
System design, sustainable production and water quality research for Recircul...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a student project to design a three-stage water filtration system for a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) to increase fish survival rates. The system includes a 1,000 liter culture tank stocked with 100 tilapia fish. Water flows through mechanical, biological, and UV filtration stages before being recirculated. The mechanical filter removes solid waste using various mesh screens and media. The biological filter uses biomedia like bio-ceramic rings to nitrify waste with the help of bacteria. Finally, the UV filter uses a quartz tube to disinfect water with UV light before recirculation. The design was optimized for factors like compactness, efficiency, cost-
This document summarizes an experimental study on generating biogas from kitchen waste and cow dung. The study found that (1) Kitchen waste produced 150.69% more biogas than cow dung alone, showing it is a more efficient substrate. (2) Biogas production initially increased for 3 days then decreased as acid concentration rose, lowering the pH. Adding water increased the pH and biogas production. (3) The pH decreased more rapidly for the kitchen waste setup, indicating it underwent hydrolysis and acidogenesis faster than the cow dung setup. In conclusion, the study found that kitchen waste is a better alternative substrate than cow dung alone for generating more biogas and producing a useful byproduct with better anaer
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In the recent edition, The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024, The Silicon Leaders magazine gladly features Dejan Štancer, President of the Global Chamber of Business Leaders (GCBL), along with other leaders.
IRJET- Energy Conservation and Generation through Biodegradable Solid Waste- ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on a compact biogas plant designed to treat organic solid waste. Key points:
- A biogas plant was installed using two connected water tanks to digest used tea powder from a canteen.
- The system effectively reduced waste volume and organic load while producing biogas.
- The digester performance and gas production were good, and operation/maintenance was easier than conventional plants.
- The system offers a decentralized organic waste treatment option that generates renewable energy and fertilizer.
Biogas Production Enhancement from Mixed Animal Wastes at Mesophilic Anaerobi...IJERA Editor
In this work, the effect of mixing ratio of cattle dung (CD) and poultry droppings (PD) on biogas generation was
determined. Mixtures of various CD: PD ratios (100% : 0%; 50% : 50%; 60% : 40%; 80% : 20% and 0% :
100%) were prepared, analyzed and then aerobically digested for a period of 40 days. For each mixture,
fermentation was carried out in a 20 L capacity digester. Results showed that biogas was obtained from the
digestion of CD and PD alone, showing the biogas from CD was several times larger than that from PD.
Furthermore, the resulted biogas yields from mixtures were found a function of the CD : PD ratio, the yield from
the ratio 80 : 20 was the maximum. Biogas yields from the prepared mixtures were found and arranged from
larger to lower in the form of (CD : PD) ratios as follow: 80% : 20%; 100% : 0.0%; 60% : 40%; 0.0% :
100%;50% : 50%. Addition of CD to PD enhances the PD production of biogas, while addition of a small
portion of PD to CD gave the maximum yield, a result not determined in literature. In other hand, larger
additions of PD to CD reduced the biogas yield. The effect of pH was also determined and found better around
7.0. These results are in agreement with research work in literature.
Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Digestion of Swine Dung, Plantain Pe...IJCMESJOURNAL
This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: swine dung (SD), plantain peel (PP) and fluted pumpkin stem (PS) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%SD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% PS, Sample D; 50%SD+50%PP and Sample E; 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS. The retention time was 30 days and parameters like pH, pressure, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 11.5L, 35.1L, 39.5L, 46.9L, 59.3L for Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D and Sample E respectively. The flammable time was 15th, 5th, 25th, 26th, 2nd day for sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E respectively. The result revealed that the blend of the 3 substrates i.e. sample E: 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS gave the highest yield of biogas and flamed earlier than the other samples while sample A: 100%SD had the lowest yield of biogas. The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample D: 50%SD+50%PP with 85.6989% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample C to be 79.0996%. The TS, TVS, BOD and VS were seen to be consistently reducing showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days.
Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compostijtsrd
Agricultural activities tend to generate a substantial volume of animal and crop residues. Composting is the most economical and ecologically sustainable option to manage farmyard waste. However, it takes approximately three months to complete decomposition and contains lower plant nutrient percentages than inorganic fertilisers. This study aimed to reduce the decomposition time and improve the nutrient content of compost. Aerobic decomposition was enhanced by aeration inside the pile using a blower with 0.5 l min kg airflow. Paddy straw, poultry manure, goat manure, cattle manure and paddy husk ash were mixed in 3 1 1 1 1 ratio respectively as the raw materials and 3 of Eppawala Rock Phosphate was added to the mixture in weight basis. Six piles 150 X 100 X 80 cm were prepared, and three piles were aerated for six hours per day while other three piles were left to decompose under the ambient condition as the control. According to the results, aerated and control piles took 35 days and 65 days to complete the decomposition. Total N, available P, exchangeable K, C N ratio, pH, EC and CEC were analysed in compost samples from aerated after 35 days and controls, and the results were, 20.5 g kg 1, 1.8 g kg 1, 10.4 g kg 1, 7, 8.8, 4.3 mS cm 1, 19.3 cmol kg 1 and 17.8 g kg 1, 1.5 g kg 1, 9.9 g kg 1, 8.5, 8.8, 3.64 mS cm 1, 21.3 cmol kg 1 respectively. Data were analysed using SAS 9.0 software with a 95 confidence interval. The results revealed a significant increment in total N, exchangeable K, C N ratio, EC and CEC in aerated piles compared to controls. And the nutrient composition of both methods was significantly higher than the commercial compost. Therefore, it can be concluded that decomposition time can be effectively reduced and the nutrient level can be increased by artificial aeration and nutrient enrichment, respectively. However, further studies are recommended to study the economic feasibility. D. M. S. H. Dissanayaka | V. P. T. Dhananjaya | E. J. Kosgollegedara | S. Karthigayini "Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38557.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38557/impact-of-improved-aeration-on-decomposition-rate-of-enriched-compost/d-m-s-h-dissanayaka
A sustainability assessment of biofuel supply chain.pdfAmber Ford
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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This document presents a prefeasibility study on biogas generation from vegetable waste. The study involved collecting vegetable waste and cow dung to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion. Proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted on the waste materials. Experimental biogas generation in a lab-scale anaerobic digester produced approximately 0.0763 m3 of biogas per kg of waste, consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. The study found that removing sulfur from the vegetable waste feed could increase the methane content of the biogas. In conclusion, co-digestion of vegetable waste and cow manure can yield useful amounts of biogas as a renewable energy source.
STUDY ON BIO-METHANATION USING POULTRY DROPPING-Abdullah Nasir PulakAbdullah Pulak
This study examined biogas production from poultry droppings through anaerobic digestion with cow dung. Four laboratory reactors were tested with varying ratios of poultry droppings and cow dung. Reactor D2, with 75% poultry droppings and 25% cow dung, produced the highest volatile solid reduction (53%), specific gas yield (0.72 l/g), and methane content (73.2%). Poultry droppings alone were found to be unsuitable due to a low carbon-nitrogen ratio, but mixing with cow dung increased the ratio and improved biogas production. The study suggests anaerobic digestion of poultry droppings mixed with cow dung can effectively produce
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This document discusses biogas production from kitchen waste through anaerobic digestion. It begins with an introduction on the need for renewable energy sources like biogas. It then discusses the characteristics and benefits of biogas. The document outlines the anaerobic digestion process and factors that affect biogas yield. It reviews literature on biogas production from organic waste. The objectives and work plan of the project to set up laboratory-scale biogas digesters using kitchen waste from NIT Rourkela hostels are presented. The document discusses the experimental setup, procedures, results and analyses from the study. It concludes with a case study comparison and analysis of the laboratory-scale biogas production process.
Biofuels provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and are becoming increasingly important. There are several types of biofuels like biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, bioethanol commonly from sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel usually from oils. Countries like Brazil and India have developed biofuel industries using their agricultural resources. New technologies allow extraction of oils from plants like jatropha and algae for biodiesel production. Microalgae have the highest oil yield per hectare and could potentially meet global fuel demands if commercially produced. Overall, biofuels offer environmental and economic benefits but large-scale production faces challenges.
This document outlines the design of an anaerobic digestion system to process food waste from JMU's East Campus Dining Hall. The system aims to reduce methane emissions from food waste disposal by capturing biogas during anaerobic digestion. Analytical modeling indicates the system would produce biogas annually worth $0.01 that could provide 1210 BTUs of energy. A proof-of-concept prototype demonstrated biogas production. The estimated capital cost is $2340 and annual operating cost is $1.32 over a 5-year lifespan. Drawings and a bill of materials were completed to specify system components for potential implementation.
Statistical analysis of green energy power genartion using biogas methanation...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper promotes the inexperienced energy that is being worldwide supported by many countries. inexperienced energy is that
the type of energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources. Technologies that promote inexperienced energy embody renewable
energy sources, like electricity, alternative energy, wind energy, wave power, heat, bioenergy, periodic event power. The paper
has analyzed utilization of bovine dung and human manure waste for electricity generation through a varied case studies on biomethanation
station. There square measure or so twenty Million bovine and a couple of Million human population within the
within the single district of geographic area. Nearly five hundredth of bovine dung and human manure is being sold-out for
agricultural suggests that and also the remaining is drained off into a close-by drain. The drained off bovine dung and human
manure will be used for power generation supporting inexperienced energy while not touching nature and fewer carbon emission.
The paper has studied the political economy of power generation of Biogas methanation station and has found that it's profitable
to utilize the bovine dung and human manure for electricity generation, the capital investment depends on the capability of the
plant and payback amount being most four to six years. Besides electricity generation the plant additionally provides bio-manure.
It additionally checks pollution and emission of greenhouse gases. The study has urged that such plants ought to be established
not solely all told the districts of geographic area however additionally in whole country to assist in electricity generation. the
massive farmers ought to represent Non Govt. Organization (NGOs), Consultancy’s and aid cluster (SHG) to determine such
plants in their various areas. The central and regime provides the required steering and backing for the institution of such plants.
Key Words: Green energy, Bioenergy, Bio-methanation, Non Govt. Organization (NGOs), Self-Help Group (SHG) etc…
The document discusses sustainability in chemical engineering and various methods to make chemical processes more sustainable. It describes cellulosic biofuels which use renewable biomass sources that do not compete with food production. Integrating industrial ecology principles can minimize waste by recycling byproducts. The cradle-to-cradle concept aims to ensure nothing is wasted and products can be recycled or composted. Process intensification techniques like spinning disk reactors can improve mass and heat transfer to make processes more efficient and use smaller reactor volumes.
Indoor Air Pollution & Climate Change ContributeRai Hayn
Rahman Renewable Energy promotes renewable energy technologies like biogas and improved cook stoves in rural Bangladesh. It has installed over 1,385 domestic biogas plants and 129 commercial biogas plants. The organization aims to install 5,000 biogas plants and 10,000 improved cook stoves by 2016. Case studies show that commercial biogas plants for poultry farms can pay for themselves within 1-2 years by providing gas and power and selling bio-slurry as fertilizer.
— Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), mainly Kitchen Waste
(K) with Cow Dung (C) and Fungi Culture (F) can be used to
generate energy which could save on the fossil fuels conventionally
used as source of energy. In this study, the possibility was
explored to mix Cow Dung with Fungi Culture for anaerobic
digestion, so that energy can be generated as biogas and at the
same time digested sludge can be used as fertilizer for agricultural
applications. Pre-treatment of Kitchen Waste was done by alkali
method. Anaerobic digestion (AD) was carried out in mesophilic
temperature range of 30°C to 37°C with different fermentation
slurries of 8 % total solids. Digestion was carried for a retention
period of 60 days. The gas produced was collected by the
downward displacement of water and was subsequently measured
and analyzed. The overall results showed that blending of Kitchen
waste with cow dung and fungi culture (Aspergillus flavus) had
significant improvement on the biogas yield.
This paper is about the feasibility of the biogas plant from kitchen waste generated in KUET campus. There are 7 halls & 3 canteens in the campus. Every day approximately 1508.22 lbs. [field survey] kitchen wastes and 40000 gallons of water are produced in the campus. In this region (southern part) of the country there is no gas line due to excessive rivers. Wood is used as fuel in the dining hall & consequences are the greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation & global warming. Natural gas & firewood greatly cause greenhouse gas emissions. Besides these nonrenewable sources of energy are not sustainable means anymore. Biogas plant may an alternative source of energy on which people can depend on future. It will also reduce the waste in the campus. It can help fulfill the goal of zero waste in the campus, save the energy & reduce the global warming.
Technologies Involved in Biomass to Energy Conversion and its Utilization in ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses biomass conversion technologies used in India to generate energy from biomass. It begins with an introduction to biomass as a renewable energy source and India's growing installed capacity of renewable energy. It then describes the various types of biomass resources available in India, including wood/agricultural waste, solid waste, landfill gas, and biofuels. The major technologies currently used at large scale in India are discussed - co-firing of biomass with coal, gasification of biomass, and anaerobic fermentation to produce biogas. While biomass energy has benefits, issues associated with large-scale usage include potential environmental impacts if forest resources are overexploited and public health impacts if biomass
System design, sustainable production and water quality research for Recircul...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a student project to design a three-stage water filtration system for a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) to increase fish survival rates. The system includes a 1,000 liter culture tank stocked with 100 tilapia fish. Water flows through mechanical, biological, and UV filtration stages before being recirculated. The mechanical filter removes solid waste using various mesh screens and media. The biological filter uses biomedia like bio-ceramic rings to nitrify waste with the help of bacteria. Finally, the UV filter uses a quartz tube to disinfect water with UV light before recirculation. The design was optimized for factors like compactness, efficiency, cost-
This document summarizes an experimental study on generating biogas from kitchen waste and cow dung. The study found that (1) Kitchen waste produced 150.69% more biogas than cow dung alone, showing it is a more efficient substrate. (2) Biogas production initially increased for 3 days then decreased as acid concentration rose, lowering the pH. Adding water increased the pH and biogas production. (3) The pH decreased more rapidly for the kitchen waste setup, indicating it underwent hydrolysis and acidogenesis faster than the cow dung setup. In conclusion, the study found that kitchen waste is a better alternative substrate than cow dung alone for generating more biogas and producing a useful byproduct with better anaer
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In the recent edition, The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024, The Silicon Leaders magazine gladly features Dejan Štancer, President of the Global Chamber of Business Leaders (GCBL), along with other leaders.
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Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
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Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
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“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
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popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
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Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYCAny kyc Account
Use our simple KYC verification guide to make sure your Binance account is safe and compliant. Discover the fundamentals, appreciate the significance of KYC, and trade on one of the biggest cryptocurrency exchanges with confidence.
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This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
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These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
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Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
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Digester paper cost effectiveness
1. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
1
Introduction
The negative environmental externalities brought by backyard hog production in the
Philippines remain largely unabated. The economic viability of hog production seemed to
undermine the long term effects of poor waste disposal. Hog production in backyard scale
remains one of the sources of income of small farmers in the Philippines. Backyard hog
growers supply about 80 percent of meat and feed requirement of the country. These small
producers stay in business due to relatively attractive prices of pigs and cheap cost of
family labor in maintaining the livestock business (Delgado & Narrod, 2002). Despite the
huge number of hog growers and their contribution to food supply, the Department of
Agriculture has only accounted 100 small to medium hog growers who are using biogas
digester by yearend 2005 (Department of Agriculture, 2005). As an economic inquiry to
the low rate of utilization of biogas digester as a method of maximizing small-scale hog
production and addressing the environmental externalities of backyard hog production, this
paper will discuss the cost and benefits of installing a biogas digester for small scale hog
growers in the Philippines.
The Tubular Polyethylene Digester
The Tubular Polyethylene Digester (TEPD) uses polyethylene tubes to convert hog manure
into methane gas that is used for cooking. Moog et.al. (1997) reported that based on an
interview of 30 biogas digester users in the Philippines, they were able to save Pesos
160.00 per month on fuel. The capital they used in installing the biogas digesters were paid
back within 11 months. The respondents added that if they maintain a minimum of 16 pigs,
2. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
2
the gas produced by the digesters will be sufficient to supply the daily requirement for
cooking thrice a day for a family of 5 members. The TPED model used by these small hog
growers are usually developed by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of
Agriculture. This TEPD model usually generates 1m3 of methane gas, is simple, easy to
manage and costs about 5,000 – 6,000 pesos (Department of Science & Technology,
2003). The other emerging TEPD model is designed by Engineer Gerardo Baron, it can
generate as much as of 5m3 methane gas. Baron’s model uses 1.5 mm high density
polyethylene tubes that makes hotter flame and is suitable for 50-sow hog farm. It costs
about 25,000 and can last for 10 years under proper care and maintenance (Department of
Science & Technology, 2003). This cost benefit analysis will focus on Baron’s model of
TEPD.
The Costs
The four cost categories will include: (1) Materials and equipment; (2) Skilled labor; (3)
Unskilled labor; and (4) Operation and maintenance. Materials will include polyethylene
tubular film, ceramic tubes, PVC adapters, PVC pipes, PVC elbows, PVC cement, PVC
“T” rubber washers and tying and support materials. Equipment will include single burner
stoves and accessories and installation equipment. Skilled labor will include the technical
expertise of Gerry Baron and a skilled mason in mounting and installing the digester.
Unskilled labor will include at least one worker who will assist the skilled mason in lay-
outing, digging and mounting of the digester. Operation and maintenance costs will
include the daily input of 2-3 parts manure and one part water into the digester;
3. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
3
maintenance of shade to digester to shield it from sunlight that will exterminate the gas
producing bacteria; fencing of the digester to keep astray animals and unmindful by-
passers from damaging it and ensure that detergent and disinfectant chemicals do not
contaminate the water flowing into the digester (Bureau of Animal Industry, 2005; FAO
Animal Production and Health Papers, 1995). These costs are computed for a period of 10
years as presented by table 1:
Table 1.0 Projected Cost
5m3
Capacity Tubular Polyethylene Digester
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
Year Materials & Skilled Unskilled Operation & Total Cost
Equipment Labor Labor Maintenance
0.00 20000.00 5000.00 600.00 0.00 25600.00
1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18000.00 18000.00
2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19800.00 19800.00
3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21780.00 21780.00
4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23958.00 23958.00
5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26353.80 26353.80
6.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28989.18 28989.18
7.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 31888.10 31888.10
8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35076.91 35076.91
9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38584.60 38584.60
10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 42443.06 42443.06
Assumption:
C4: 1 man labor/day = P 200 x 3 days
C5: year 1 O&M: 1 man labor/day = P 50 x 30 days x 12 months
succeeding year of O&M = previous year O&M x 10% increase
The Benefits
The four benefit categories will include: (1) Availability of fuel for cooking; (2)
Maximization of manure and (3) Savings in medical expenses. Engineer Baron computed
4. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
4
that a 1m3 capacity digester is equivalent to an 11 kg Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) tank;
based on this calculation, the 5m capacity digester will give a corresponding benefit of 5
LPG tanks weighing 11 kg each per month. Maximization of manure will give a benefit
that will be monetized based on the prevailing price of organic fertilizer that cost about 500
pesos per 50 kg of manure as against the volume of manure that was used up in the
digester. Based on the Online Conversion website, 1 liter weighs 0.96 kg. Engineer Baron
computed that 1m3 capacity digester will need 5 liters of manure per day. This means that
5m3 capacity digester will need 25 liters of manure per day. Using this computation, 25
liters of manure will equivalently produce about 5 kg of manure per day and multiplying
this by 30 days will result into 150 kg of manure or 1,500 pesos per month. This is the
amount optimized by the hog raiser who is maintaining a 5m3 capacity digester. Nano
(2003) a municipal water Engineer in Aurora province computed costs of medication
brought about by waterborne disease and pollution at 5,583 pesos that is accumulating
every year at a rate of 24% in a period of 10 years. These benefits are presented in table 2:
5. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
5
Cost Benefit Analysis
The 50 sow capacity tubular polyethylene digester project showed a positive NPV, spread
throughout the period of 10 years discounted at a rate of 3%. It implies that the project is
viable economically. This result is presented by table 3:
Table 2.0 Projected Benefits
5m
3
Capacity Tubular Polyethylene Digester
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Year Fuel Maximization Savings Total
supply of manure medication Benefits
0 -
1 18,000 18,000 5,583 41,583.140
2 18,000 18,000 6,923 42,923.094
3 18,000 18,000 8,585 44,584.636
4 18,000 18,000 10,645 46,644.949
5 18,000 18,000 13,200 49,199.736
6 18,000 18,000 16,368 52,367.673
7 18,000 18,000 20,296 56,295.915
8 18,000 18,000 25,167 61,166.934
9 18,000 18,000 31,207 67,206.998
10 18,000 18,000 38,697 74,696.678
Assumption:
C2: 5m3
capacity digester gives 5x11kg LPG tank per month
C3: 1 liter of manure = 0.96 kg manure
C4: cost of medication = 5,583 x 24% incremental increase/year
6. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
6
Table 3.0 Projected Cost Benefit Analysis
5m
3
Capacity Tubular Polyethylene Digester
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cost 25,600 18,000 19,800 21,780 23,959 26,354 28,989 31,888 35,077 38,585 42,443
Benefit - 41,583 42,923 44,585 46,645 49,200 52,368 56,296 61,167 67,207 74,697
Net benefit (25,600) 23,583 23,123 22,805 22,686 22,846 23,378 24,408 26,090 28,622 32,254
Rate 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
Discount factor 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74
Net flow (25,600) 22,896 21,796 20,869 20,156 19,707 19,579 19,846 20,596 21,937 24,000
NPV 185,782
Sensitivity Analysis
With the assumption that potential medium scale hog growers’ purchasing capacity,
willingness to buy, buying preference and other factors remaining constant, the sensitivity
analysis for the project’s viability was computed based on 0%, 10% and 45% reduction in
total benefits. The computation yielded NPV results equal to +185,782; +140,730; and
-16,953 respectively.
7. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
7
Table 3.1 Projected Cost Benefit Analysis
5m
3
Capacity Tubular Polyethylene Digester
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cost 25,600 18,000 19,800 21,780 23,959 26,354 28,989 31,888 35,077 38,585 42,443
Benefit - 41,583 42,923 44,585 46,645 49,200 52,368 56,296 61,167 67,207 74,697
Less (10%) (4,158) (4,292) (4,458) (4,664) (4,920) (5,237) (5,630) (6,117) (6,721) (7,470)
Net benefit (25,600) 19,425 18,831 18,346 18,022 17,926 18,142 18,778 19,973 21,902 24,784
Rate 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
Discount factor 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74
Net flow (25,600) 18,859 17,750 16,789 16,012 15,463 15,193 15,268 15,767 16,786 18,442
NPV 140,730
Table 3.1 showed that when total benefits are reduced by 10% the NPV remains positive
and makes the project still worthwhile. At 45% rate of benefit reduction the NPV becomes
negative and makes the project not viable economically. The computation for the 45% rate
of benefit reduction is presented by table 3.2:
Table 3.2 Projected Cost Benefit Analysis
5m
3
Capacity Tubular Polyethylene Digester
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cost 25,600 18,000 19,800 21,780 23,959 26,354 28,989 31,888 35,077 38,585 42,443
Benefit - 41,583 42,923 44,585 46,645 49,200 52,368 56,296 61,167 67,207 74,697
Less (45%) (18,712) (19,315) (20,063) (20,990) (22,140) (23,565) (25,333) (27,525) (30,243) (33,614)
Net benefit (25,600) 4,871 3,808 2,742 1,696 706 (187) (925) (1,435) (1,621) (1,360)
Rate 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
Discount factor 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74
Net flow (25,600) 4,729 3,589 2,509 1,507 609 (157) (752) (1,133) (1,242) (1,012)
NPV (16,953)
8. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
8
The point whereat benefits can be lowered to its minimum positive range is between 40%
and 41%. Below this range the project will become economically undesirable. This
intersection is shown by graph 1.0 Sensitivity Analysis shown below:
Graph 1.0 Sensitivity Analysis
(40,000)
(20,000)
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
% reduction in benefits
NPV
The above sensitivity graph showed that at more or less at 41% reduction of benefits the
project becomes undesirable economically but the graph does not depict the buyers’
preference into account. To put the actual preference of 15 out of 100 randomly selected
hog growers that operate small to medium scale polyethylene digester, below is another
Sensitivity Analysis based on preferences in terms of sow-capacity:
9. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
9
Table 4.0 Sensitivity Analysis on Preference
Capacity Preference
Scenario Level by Rate
Range n=16
I under capacity 1-33 sow 69%
II base case 34-66 sow 13%
III over capacity 67-100 sow 19%
Table 4.0 showed that out of 16 randomly selected small to medium scale hog growers,
69% prefer to operate methane digesters that need less than or equal to 33 sow; 19% prefer
to operate digesters that require more than 67 sow; and lastly, only 13% prefer to operate
digesters within the range closer to the 50-sow level. The preferential option which is less
than the 50-sow level capacity implies that for the 100 registered digester operators in the
Philippines majority are small hog raisers. This further implies that, even though the 50-
sow level digester is economically viable, it is simply an overcapacity digester for their
hog raising business. For expansionary purposes, the 50 sow-level digester will be very
useful.
Conclusion
The positive NPV of the polyethylene digester does not immediately suggest that it will
have market. The sensitivity analysis on actual preference showed that, at this point in
time, the largest market segment for potential digester operators will only require less than
10. UGOCHUKWU E. AMANYEIWE
Page
ALAN O. IBALE
Tubular Poly-Ethylene Digester Project: A Cost Benefit Analysis
HS 422f: Cost Effectiveness
Professor Donald S. Shepard
10
33-sow level capacity. However, in the near future, this 50-sow level polyethylene digester
will be useful as small hog growers scale up their operations.
References
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http://www.gov.ph/news/printerfriendly.asp?i=13473
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