DIG2015_SOM_final_OlaniyiJinadu_DewakarSuresh_AfshinDaryoush
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This document describes the design and implementation of a self-oscillating mixer circuit. It begins by optimizing the design to oscillate at 10 GHz and adding mixing functionality. Experimental data is obtained from a fabricated push-pull amplifier and self-oscillating mixer using FR4 specifications. The design is then optimized to increase gain and output power while reducing noise. Phase locking and PLL operations are added to the self-oscillating mixer to create an injection locking PLL self-oscillating mixer. Simulation results show the differential amplifier achieving over 3dB of gain and the band-stop filter resonating at 5GHz with insertion gain and loss as desired.
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This document describes a design for a dual gain control system for a helical feed parabolic reflector antenna. The system uses 5 stepper motors - 4 to control the position of sectors of the parabolic reflector to vary its diameter and gain, and 1 to control the position of the helical feed to vary its number of turns and gain. The microcontroller-based system allows entering the number of steps for each motor from a keypad to control the antenna gains. Simulation results show the antenna gain can be varied +/- 10% by adjusting the reflector diameter or helical feed position.
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3rd qrtr p comm sc part 1
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Chapter 3 am receivers
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The operational amplifier is one of the most useful and important component of analog electronics. They are widely used in popular electronics. Their primary limitation is that they are not especially fast. The typical performance degrades rapidly for frequencies greater than about 1 MHz, although some models are designed specifically to handle higher frequencies. The primary use of op-amps in amplifier and related circuits is closely connected to the concept of negative feedback. The operational amplifier has high gain, high input impedance and low output impedance. Here the operational amplifier designed by using CMOS VLSI technology having low power consumption and high gain.
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best technique which reduces leakage power through the ground. This technique is implemented using sleep
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The document discusses the components and operation of AM and FM radio receivers. It explains that radio receivers extract the original audio signal from the modulated high frequency signal received by the antenna. Both AM and FM receivers use the superheterodyne principle, mixing the received signal with a local oscillator signal to produce an intermediate frequency signal that is then amplified and demodulated to recover the audio content. Key components include the antenna, RF amplifier, mixer, local oscillator, IF amplifier, detector and audio amplifier.
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As technology scales into the nanometer regime leakage current, active power, delay and area are becoming important metric for the analysis and design of complex circuits. The main concern in mobile and battery based systems are leakage current and power dissipation. A transistor resizing approach for 10 transistor single bit full adder cells is used to determine optimal sleep transistor size which reduces power dissipation and leakage current. A submicron level 10-transistor single bit full adder cell is considered to achieve low leakage current, reduced power dissipation and high speed. In this paper initially 10T full adder cell is designed with submicron technique and later this is employed to design an ALU adder unit. The modified ALU is simulated and synthesized successfully on cadence 180nm technology.
3rd qrtr p comm sc part 1
The document summarizes key concepts in radio wave propagation including:
- Electromagnetic waves consist of electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of travel.
- Factors that impact signal strength include transmit power, antenna gains, free space path loss, and environmental effects like reflection, refraction, and diffraction off objects.
- Reflection occurs when a wave hits a boundary between two media, while refraction changes the direction of a wave passing between different propagation media. Diffraction redistributes energy when a wave passes near an edge.
Phase locked loop techniques for fm demodulation and modulation
This document discusses the design and implementation of a phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency modulation (FM) demodulator. The key components of the demodulator are the PLL block and an optimum time-varying filter block. The PLL block contains three sub-blocks: a phase-frequency detector, loop filter, and voltage-controlled oscillator. Circuit diagrams and equations for these components are presented. Additionally, a bandpass filter is designed and integrated with the PLL block to improve FM signal quality by recovering the demodulated signal. Simulation results showed the demodulator successfully recovered the FM signal.
AM Receivers
1. TRF receivers had all RF stages simultaneously tuned to the received frequency before detection. This made tracking between stages difficult and resulted in wider bandwidths at higher frequencies.
2. Superheterodyne receivers mix the received signal with a local oscillator signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, which is then amplified. This allows easier tracking between stages and keeps the bandwidth constant regardless of frequency.
3. Integrating entire radio receivers onto a single chip is limited by the bandwidth of electronic components, which is narrower than that of optical components. All-optical networks using technologies like optical pulse generation and modulation could enable much higher speed networks.
Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift keying signals.
Frequency shift keying (fsk) mode of digital signal information transfer switches between two predetermined frequencies of the carrier wave, either by modulating one sine wave oscillator or by switching between two oscillators.The need for a receiver to decode an fsk signal along the transmitting medium from a digital source code within about 5 kilometer radius for security monitoring of environment informed this work. The design of a receiver circuit at a frequency of 500 kHzfor an input frequency shift keying (fsk) signal from a transmitter is presented. The receiver is to receive an RF signal, amplify it, filter it to remove unwanted signals, and recover the desired base band information. It consists of an amplifier, tuned circuitsand mixers which filters the base-band information. A comparator circuit is incorporated, to detect the digital signal received. The output from the comparators is the digital equivalent of the coded signals sent by the transmitter circuit, and transferred to a microcontroller circuit, to act as a coded signal representing information from the transmitting end. The bode-plot response of the receiver to the incoming signals using a FET tuned circuit, shows that only frequencies above 470kHz, and below 495kHz are allowed to pass through the network with a resonant frequency of 483.553 kHz and a gain of 27.734dB, while others are totally attenuated. The reliability of the designed receiver circuit was evaluated for a 1 year continuous operating period and was found to be 74.7%.Area of application of this work include electronic policing of a defined environment with good success
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This document summarizes the design and implementation of an AM radio receiver circuit with an automatic gain control (AGC) unit. It includes:
- A block diagram of the full circuit including an antenna, tuned filter, peak detector, AGC unit, RF amplifier, audio amplifier, and loudspeaker.
- Descriptions of each circuit block, including simulations of the tuned filter, peak detector, RF amplifier, and audio amplifier.
- Issues encountered in implementing the peak detector, AGC unit, and audio amplifier circuits experimentally that differed from simulations.
- An overview of the experimental setup and limitations encountered with certain circuit elements like the peak detector time constant and heating in the audio amplifier transistors.
DESIGN OF LOW POWER PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL) USING 45NM VLSI TECHNOLOGY
Power has become one of the most important paradigms of design convergence for multi gigahertz communication systems such as optical data links, wireless products, microprocessor & ASIC/SOC designs. POWER consumption has become a bottleneck in microprocessor design. The core of a microprocessor, which includes the largest power density on the microprocessor. In an effort to reduce the power consumption of the circuit, the supply voltage can be reduced leading to reduction of dynamic and static power consumption. Lowering the supply voltage, however, also reduces the performance of the circuit, which is usually unacceptable. One way to overcome this limitation, available in some application domains, is to replicate the circuit block whose supply voltage is being reduced in order to maintain the same throughput .This paper introduces a design aspects for low power phase locked loop using VLSI technology. This phase locked loop is designed using latest 45nm process technology parameters, which in turn offers high speed performance at low power. The main novelty related to the 45nm technology such as the high-k gate oxide ,metal-gate and very low-k interconnect dielectric described. VLSI Technology includes process design, trends, chip fabrication, real circuit parameters, circuit design, electrical characteristics, configuration building blocks, switching circuitry, translation onto silicon, CAD, practical experience in layout design
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This document describes the design and implementation of a controlled gain parabolic antenna. The system uses a microcontroller connected to an interface to control four stepper motors that adjust the position of four sectors of a parabolic reflector. This allows electronic control over the diameter of the reflector and thus the gain of the antenna. The document outlines the system components, hardware and software design, and algorithm for controlling the stepper motors to adjust each sector based on input from a keypad. In summary, the system provides programmatic control over a parabolic antenna's gain by allowing electronic adjustment of the reflector's diameter through four stepper motors.
E-Mode LNA
This document describes the design of an enhancement mode GaAs PHEMT LNA with a linearity-controllable and phase-matched mitigated bypass switch, as well as a differential active mixer. The LNA operates in three modes - high linearity, low linearity, and bypass - to optimize performance based on signal strength. A novel phase shift element in the bypass switch maintains phase matching between LNA modes. The low-power differential mixer incorporates an active balun and buffer amplifier. Measurements show the LNA and mixer meet specifications for wireless applications.
Tracking in receivers
This document discusses tracking in receivers. It describes that tracking is the process where the local oscillator frequency follows the signal frequency to maintain the correct intermediate frequency. It explains two types of tracking: two-point tracking using a padder or trimmer capacitor, and three-point tracking which combines both. The purpose of tracking is to minimize any error between the local oscillator and signal frequencies.
Chapter 3 am receivers
1) This document discusses different types of AM receivers including their components and characteristics. It covers AM demodulators such as envelope detectors and product detectors used to extract the audio signal from the AM carrier wave.
2) Key receiver parameters that determine performance are discussed such as selectivity, sensitivity, bandwidth improvement factor, dynamic range, fidelity and insertion loss. Selectivity refers to a receiver's ability to reject unwanted signals, while sensitivity is the minimum signal it can detect.
3) Bandwidth improvement factor reduces noise by decreasing the ratio of RF bandwidth to IF bandwidth. Dynamic range is the range between minimum and maximum usable input signals before distortion occurs.
Phase shifter presentation
The document discusses different types of phase shifters, including ferrite and semiconductor phase shifters. Ferrite phase shifters work by changing the permeability of ferrite material with a magnetic field, thus changing the guided wavelength and phase delay. Semiconductor phase shifters include switched line, loaded line, and switched path designs using PIN diodes or FETs. Digital phase shifters provide precise phase shifts in discrete increments. Phase shifters have applications in communication systems, radar systems, and industrial instrumentation due to their ability to electronically control the phase of RF signals.
Intra-Band Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna using RF MEMS Technology
This document presents a design for an intra-band frequency reconfigurable antenna using RF MEMS technology. It describes the use of RF MEMS switches to allow reconfiguration of the antenna's frequency and radiation pattern by changing the length of a stub attached to the patch. Simulation results show the antenna can shift frequency within the S-band by varying the stub length. The antenna was fabricated using a PCB substrate and MEMS switches, and measurement results validated the frequency reconfiguration capability while maintaining radiation pattern.
Frequency synthesizers
There are two types of frequency generators: free running generators whose output is tuned continuously mechanically or electrically, and frequency synthesizers. Frequency synthesizers use a reference clock and frequency synthesis techniques to derive a wide frequency range in steps from an oscillator output. There are two methods of frequency synthesis: direct synthesis which directly derives the output frequency from the reference using dividers, multipliers, mixers and filters; and indirect synthesis which uses a voltage controlled oscillator controlled by a phase detector feedback loop including a programmable divider. Frequency synthesizers have advantages over free running generators of arbitrarily selectable, stable and accurate frequencies. Their applications include use as local oscillators in receivers and for accurately detecting frequencies from remote transmitters.
IRJET- Grid Connected Third Harmonic Injection PWM in a Multilevel Invert...
This document discusses a grid connected system that uses a three phase DC-AC inverter to convert regulated DC power from renewable sources into AC power suitable for connection to the grid. It uses third harmonic injected pulse width modulation (THIPWM) techniques to reduce harmonic distortion and total harmonic distortion (THD). A P+ multi resonant controller is used to compensate voltage harmonics and synchronize the inverter voltage with the grid voltage. Simulation results validate the developed model and show that THIPWM increases the inverter efficiency while the proportional resonant controller reduces harmonic distortion. The document also discusses the design of selective harmonic compensators to compensate the 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonics and reduce THD to below 5% as required by
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Phase locked loop techniques for fm demodulation and modulation
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DESIGN OF LOW POWER PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL) USING 45NM VLSI TECHNOLOGY
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This document provides an overview of noise in amplitude modulation systems. It discusses the noise calculation and signal-to-noise ratio for various AM systems, including double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC), single sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC), and AM with envelope detection. It describes the components and operation of a basic AM receiver, including RF amplification, mixing, intermediate frequency filtering and amplification, and demodulation. It also explains the advantages of the superheterodyne receiver principle for gain, filtering, and multiplexing of different carrier frequencies.
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Satelite transponder (IRNSS) can using this Power amplifier.
India also can used this power amplifier in our own GPS system.
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This document summarizes a research paper that presents the design of a novel 5-stage Inductor-less Current Controlled Oscillator (ICCO) using 180nm CMOS technology. The ICCO achieves a peak oscillation frequency of 6.0 GHz with a low phase noise of -115.67 dBc/Hz at a 1MHz offset. This is accomplished through the use of active inductors to replace passive inductors, improving performance while reducing complexity and cost. Simulation results show the ICCO achieves a tuning range of 2.89 GHz. Compared to prior work, the proposed ICCO offers superior phase noise and frequency performance in a smaller layout size.
Ref am
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique that encodes information like an audio signal onto a carrier wave by varying the amplitude of the carrier wave. The key aspects of AM include the modulation index which determines the variation of the carrier amplitude, double sideband transmission where the modulated signal has components at the sum and difference frequencies of the carrier and modulating signals, and envelope detection receivers which recover the audio signal by detecting the envelope of the AM signal. Practical AM systems are implemented using circuits like RF amplifiers, mixers, filters and audio amplifiers in both transmitters and receivers.
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The document provides an introduction and history of Doordarshan, India's public service broadcaster. It discusses Doordarshan's beginnings in 1959 with experimental broadcasts in Delhi and expansion to other cities. By the 1980s, popular programs like the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata had millions of viewers. Currently, Doordarshan operates 19 television channels across India reaching over 90% of the population. The rest of the document discusses the technical details and components of Doordarshan's low power TV transmitters.
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1. The radio frequency signal passes through a tuner circuit and then to a mixer-oscillator stage where it is combined with a local oscillator signal to produce an intermediate frequency signal of 470kHz.
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DIG2015_SOM_final_OlaniyiJinadu_DewakarSuresh_AfshinDaryoush
- 1. Optimize design to observe high gain oscillation at 10 GHz Implement the mixing operation to the oscillator to make it a self- oscillating mixer Fabricate and obtain experimental data of the push-pull amplifier and self-oscillating mixer using FR4 substrate specifications Correlate between the simulations and the experimental data Optimize design to increase the gain and output power signal while reducing the noise at other frequencies even more Implement the phase locking (PL) and phase locked loop(PLL) operations to the self-oscillating mixer to create an injection locking phase-locked loop self-oscillating mixer Olaniyi Jinadu, Dewakar Madapuci Kanday, Prof. Afshin Daryoush Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA Advantages of Self-Oscillating Mixers A Push-pull Self Oscillating Mixer Design Based On Foundry Services Circuit schematic using Agilent ADS Potential for oscillation at 5 GHz and Harmonic Content Introduction Conclusion Microwave local oscillators (LO) are used for frequency translation from baseband/intermediate frequency (IF) to radio frequency (RF) signals using mixers. The concept of self-oscillating mixers (SOM) is very attractive to achieve high dynamic range and conversion efficiency in mixers by combining both oscillation conditions in circuits and nonlinear mixing. Self-oscillating mixer eliminates the need for a buffer amplifier that has to be used after conventional mixers. Demonstrated the design and implementation of both differential amplifier and differential oscillator Band-stop filter was modeled at resonance frequency of 5 GHz The performance of the differential oscillator (gain) was observed as the oscillator should oscillate at 10 GHz with a gain of at least 3 dB Si-Ge/Si HBT device parameters from IBM and Si CMOS technology from TSMC are considered to implement the SOM at 10 GHz for mixing with IF/RF signals. The foundry parameters are employed to plot transistor DC I- V device and design load lines for appropriate operation point. The push-pull amplifier is designed for operation in class AB as a building block of oscillator. The source current of push-pull amplifier is used for mixing of IF and LO signals to generate RF. Design Procedure Pick best operation point for low noise and gain Design a differential amplifier Add resonant circuit and build positive feedback oscillator Tune oscillation frequency Provide IF/RF for self-oscillation mixing The self-oscillating mixer is a combination of both the oscillating and mixing circuit functions required in independent blocks of an oscillator and mixer. A push-pull circuit topology will result in a lower power consumption oscillator and more efficient mixing functions. Using an external frequency reference or using a self injection locking, frequency of the local oscillator is stabilized The stabilized source of 10GHz is used for realization of clock reference in distributed systems. In order to make the oscillator portion frequency and phase stabilized, self forced oscillation (e.g. dual self-injection locked and phase locked loops) can be used Push-Pull Self-Oscillating Oscillator Differential Operation: Vin2 – Vin1 = V1 A resonant circuit at 5GHz is designed using a band-stop filter and provides positive feedback between based and collector separate transistor pairs to build oscillator at 5GHz and use 2nd harmonic generation at 10GHz Future Design Modifications Amplifier Gain: Output Power (dB) – Input Power (dB) Oscillator circuit schematic using Agilent ADS Oscillator Gain at oscillation frequency Band-stop filter schematic for 5GHz Insertion gain at 5 GHz with insertion loss at 10GHz Differential Amplifier: ADS Modeling Differential Amplifier Circuit RF in RFout