Differential association theory brian cunningham
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Edwin Sutherland proposed differential association theory in 1947, which argues that criminal behavior is learned through intimate personal groups and defines criminal behavior as a learning process that can affect anyone. The theory states that individuals learn criminal techniques, motives, rationalizations and attitudes from these groups. It also claims that whether legal codes are viewed favorably or unfavorably is learned. Critics argue that it does not fully explain law-abiding families with criminal children or spontaneous criminal acts. While not complete, differential association theory emphasizes the importance of social learning and influences on criminal behavior.
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Differential association theory brian cunningham
Edwin Sutherland proposed differential association theory in 1947, which states that criminal behavior is learned through intimate personal groups and defines legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. The theory has several principles, including that criminal behavior is learned through definitions, motives, and attitudes conveyed by important groups in a person's life. Critics argue it does not fully explain spontaneous or non-learned deviant acts and ignores biological and personality factors. While not a complete explanation, differential association theory brings attention to the importance of social learning and influences in the development of criminal behavior.
Social Process Theories
Social Process Theories include Social Learning Theory, Social Control Theory, and Labeling Theory. Social Learning Theory, proposed by Edwin Sutherland and expanded on by Albert Bandura and Ronald Akers, posits that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others and reinforced through differential association. Gerald Patterson's Social Interactional Theory focuses on the role of parenting in early childhood, finding that ineffective parenting practices like lack of supervision and inconsistent discipline can contribute to the development of antisocial behavior in children.
Social control theory with Philippines setting
1. Social Control Theory maintains that everyone has the potential to become criminals but most people are controlled by their bonds to society through attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
2. Travis Hirschi developed the theory in 1969, proposing that the absence of social bonds can lead to delinquency. He argued that delinquency is intrinsic to human nature and that conformity must be explained.
3. Hirschi's theory suggests that the weaker an individual's bonds are to social groups through the four elements, the more likely they are to engage in delinquent behavior.
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There are two main positions on the objectivity of ethics: moral objectivism and ethical relativism. Moral objectivism holds that there are absolute and universal moral standards that exist independently of what individuals or cultures believe. Ethical relativism claims that moral standards are relative to cultures or individuals and there are no way to judge one culture's morals against another's. Supporters of cultural relativism argue that empirical evidence shows morals differ across cultures, and each culture views its own morals as right. However, critics say cultural relativism leaves no way to assess other cultures or argue for moral progress.
Ethics
Ethics are a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior that form the basis of trust and cooperation between individuals. Morals refer to one's personal beliefs, while laws are regulations enforced by institutions that dictate what actions are legally permitted or prohibited. Together, ethics, morals and laws guide individuals and societies in determining appropriate conduct.
Motivation theoriesltppt
This presentation discusses and compares the biosocial theory and theory of arousal as theories of motivation. The biosocial theory examines the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in influencing behaviors. The theory of arousal proposes that arousal levels impact preparedness for action and that disorders of arousal can help explain violent behaviors. Both theories are evaluated in their effectiveness in explaining various behaviors such as antisocial behavior.
Learning theories
1. Learning theories propose that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction and communication with others, especially within intimate personal groups.
2. Differential association theory argues that criminal behavior is learned through associations with criminal others and is influenced by the meanings, techniques, motives, and attitudes learned from such associations.
3. Cultural and subcultural theories expanded on these ideas, suggesting that some social groups and cultures may value aggression and violence more than others due to factors like poverty and lack of opportunity.
Learning theories
Learning theories seek to explain what is learned and how learning takes place regarding criminal behavior. Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others and is influenced by the meanings given to criminal acts by those we associate with. Cultural and subcultural theories expanded on this, arguing that values and behaviors are influenced by one's culture or subculture. More recent theorists like Anderson have examined how living conditions in inner cities can influence codes of respect and violence.
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Differential association theory brian cunningham
Edwin Sutherland proposed differential association theory in 1947, which states that criminal behavior is learned through intimate personal groups and defines legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. The theory has several principles, including that criminal behavior is learned through definitions, motives, and attitudes conveyed by important groups in a person's life. Critics argue it does not fully explain spontaneous or non-learned deviant acts and ignores biological and personality factors. While not a complete explanation, differential association theory brings attention to the importance of social learning and influences in the development of criminal behavior.
Social Process Theories
Social Process Theories include Social Learning Theory, Social Control Theory, and Labeling Theory. Social Learning Theory, proposed by Edwin Sutherland and expanded on by Albert Bandura and Ronald Akers, posits that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others and reinforced through differential association. Gerald Patterson's Social Interactional Theory focuses on the role of parenting in early childhood, finding that ineffective parenting practices like lack of supervision and inconsistent discipline can contribute to the development of antisocial behavior in children.
Social control theory with Philippines setting
1. Social Control Theory maintains that everyone has the potential to become criminals but most people are controlled by their bonds to society through attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
2. Travis Hirschi developed the theory in 1969, proposing that the absence of social bonds can lead to delinquency. He argued that delinquency is intrinsic to human nature and that conformity must be explained.
3. Hirschi's theory suggests that the weaker an individual's bonds are to social groups through the four elements, the more likely they are to engage in delinquent behavior.
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There are two main positions on the objectivity of ethics: moral objectivism and ethical relativism. Moral objectivism holds that there are absolute and universal moral standards that exist independently of what individuals or cultures believe. Ethical relativism claims that moral standards are relative to cultures or individuals and there are no way to judge one culture's morals against another's. Supporters of cultural relativism argue that empirical evidence shows morals differ across cultures, and each culture views its own morals as right. However, critics say cultural relativism leaves no way to assess other cultures or argue for moral progress.
Ethics
Ethics are a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior that form the basis of trust and cooperation between individuals. Morals refer to one's personal beliefs, while laws are regulations enforced by institutions that dictate what actions are legally permitted or prohibited. Together, ethics, morals and laws guide individuals and societies in determining appropriate conduct.
Motivation theoriesltppt
This presentation discusses and compares the biosocial theory and theory of arousal as theories of motivation. The biosocial theory examines the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in influencing behaviors. The theory of arousal proposes that arousal levels impact preparedness for action and that disorders of arousal can help explain violent behaviors. Both theories are evaluated in their effectiveness in explaining various behaviors such as antisocial behavior.
Learning theories
1. Learning theories propose that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction and communication with others, especially within intimate personal groups.
2. Differential association theory argues that criminal behavior is learned through associations with criminal others and is influenced by the meanings, techniques, motives, and attitudes learned from such associations.
3. Cultural and subcultural theories expanded on these ideas, suggesting that some social groups and cultures may value aggression and violence more than others due to factors like poverty and lack of opportunity.
Learning theories
Learning theories seek to explain what is learned and how learning takes place regarding criminal behavior. Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others and is influenced by the meanings given to criminal acts by those we associate with. Cultural and subcultural theories expanded on this, arguing that values and behaviors are influenced by one's culture or subculture. More recent theorists like Anderson have examined how living conditions in inner cities can influence codes of respect and violence.
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There is a difference between right and wrong in human acts, though opinions on morality may differ. Ethics deals with establishing the morality of human acts based on a standard or norm. For an act to have moral bearing and for an individual to be responsible, the act must be performed voluntarily with full knowledge and consent. Voluntariness, or freedom of will, is key to ethics and determining morality as it is a prerequisite for human acts to have ethical and legal consequences.
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Social cognitive perspective
The social-cognitive perspective views personality as emerging from the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences. Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory proposes that behavior results from reciprocal determinism, where a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Social-cognitive psychologists study behavior in realistic and simulated situations as the best way to understand and predict how people will act in similar contexts.
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This document discusses three theories of ethics: utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. It analyzes the similarities and differences between the theories. While they differ in their approaches, all three theories are concerned with judging morality and ethics based on results. Utilitarianism focuses on producing the greatest good for the greatest number. Deontology holds that actions themselves can be inherently right or wrong regardless of their consequences. Virtue ethics centers on developing good character and moral excellence. The document also examines how these theories influence one's decision-making and behaviors in both personal and professional contexts.
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DMorabito_ADAA
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Differential association theory p. beavers
Edwin Sutherland developed the theory of differential association from the works of Shaw and McKay. The theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction with others. It explains that individuals are more likely to engage in criminal behavior if they are exposed to influences that are favorable toward violating the law, as opposed to influences that are unfavorable toward violating the law. The theory went through several iterations until Sutherland completed it in 1947, outlining nine propositions about how criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others.
“Differential association theory is a part of social learning theory which is...
Differential Association theory is a part of social learning theory which is based on the principle that an individual becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions learned that are favorable toward violating the law, compared to definitions that are unfavorable toward violating the law. Differential Association theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others.
“Differential association theory is a part of social learning theory which is...
Differential Association theory is a part of social learning theory which is based on the principle that an individual becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions learned that are favorable toward violating the law, compared to definitions that are unfavorable. It proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others.
Deviant behavior
Deviant behavior is any behavior that violates social norms. There are several sociological explanations for deviant behavior. Structural strain theory proposes that deviance results from an imbalance between cultural goals and the means to achieve them. Labeling theory argues that deviance is a social process defined by those in power, rather than inherent to individuals. Social control theory suggests deviance occurs when social bonds and conformity are weakened. Differential association theory views deviance as learned through interactions where criminal attitudes are learned.
10 ers. Although one can learn definitions favor- able to .docx
10
ers. Although one can learn definitions favor-
able to crime from law-abiding individuals,
one is most likely to learn such definitions
fiom delinquent friends or criminal family
A Theory of sociation members. with These delinquent studies typically others find is the that best as-
Differential predictor of crime, and that these delinquent others partly influence crime by leading the
individual to adopt beliefs conducive to
Association crime (see Agnew, 2000; Akers, 1998; Akers and Sellers, 2004; Waw, 2001 for summaries
of such studies).
Sutherland 's theory has also inspired
Edwin H. Sutherland dnd much additional theorizing in criminology.
Theorists have attempted to better describe
Donald R. Cressey the nature ofthose definitions favorable to vi-
olation of the law (see the next selection in
Chapter 11 by Sykes and Matza). They have
Before Sutherland developed his theory, attempted to better describe the processes by
crime was usually explained in t e r n ofmul- which we learn criminal behavior from oth-
tiple factors-like social class, broken homes, ers (see the description o f social learning the-
age, race, urban or rural location, and mental ory by Akers in Chapter 12). And they have
disorder. Sutherland developed his theory of drawn on Sutherland in an effort to explain
differential association in an effort to explain group differences in crime rates (see the Wolf-
why these various factors were related to gang and Ferracuti and Anderson selections
crime. In doing so, he hoped to organize and in this part). Sutherland's theory o f differen-
integrate the research on crime u p to that tial association, then, is one of the enduring
point, as well as to guide future research. classics in criminology (for excellent discus-
Sutherlandk theory is stated in the f o m o f sions ofthe current state o f differential asso-
nine propositions. He argues that criminal ciation theory, see Matsueda, 1988, and Waw,
behavior is learned by interacting with oth- 2001).
ers, especially intimate others. Criminals
learn both the techniques of committing
crime and the definitions favorable to crime References
from these others. The s k t h proposition> Agnew Robe*. '2000. "Sources of Mminality:
which f o r n the heart of the theory, states Strain and Subcultural Theories." In Joseph F.
that 'h person becomes delinquent because of Sheley (ed.), Criminology: A Contemporary ,
an excess of definitions favorable to law vio- Handbook, 3rd edition, pp. 349-371. Belmont,
lation over definitions unfavorable to viola- CA: Wadsworth.
tion oflaw."According to Sutherland, factors Akers, Ronald L. 1998. Social Learning and So-
such as social class, race, and broken homes cia1 Structure: A General Theory of Crime and
influence crime because they affect the likeli- Deviance. Boston: Northeastern University
hood that individuals willdssociate with oth- Press.
ers who present definitions favorable to Akers, Ronal.
term paper
This document provides an overview of learning and labeling theories of criminology. It discusses key theorists and concepts associated with each theory. For learning theories, it outlines differential association theory proposed by Sutherland and expanded on by Akers. It also discusses Anderson's subculture of violence perspective. For labeling theories, it discusses Lemert's primary and secondary deviance, Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming, and Sherman's defiance theory. The document then compares the two theories, noting areas of overlap and differences in their causal explanations for crime. It argues that learning theories provide a more comprehensive explanation of human behavior and crime. Finally, it discusses how learning theories could explain extreme violence among Mexican drug cartels.
Sutherland's differential association theory
Sutherland developed the theory of differential association to explain criminal behavior. The theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal acts and define such acts favorably. Criminal behavior results from being exposed to more definitions favorable to crime than unfavorable definitions. Sutherland argued that individuals learn criminal techniques, motives, and attitudes by associating with others involved in criminal behavior more than they associate with non-criminal groups. His theory departed from biological and individual theories of crime by emphasizing the social context and social learning aspects of criminal behavior.
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Similar to Differential association theory brian cunningham
Differential association theory p. beavers
Edwin Sutherland developed the theory of differential association from the works of Shaw and McKay. The theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction with others. It explains that individuals are more likely to engage in criminal behavior if they are exposed to influences that are favorable toward violating the law, as opposed to influences that are unfavorable toward violating the law. The theory went through several iterations until Sutherland completed it in 1947, outlining nine propositions about how criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others.
“Differential association theory is a part of social learning theory which is...
Differential Association theory is a part of social learning theory which is based on the principle that an individual becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions learned that are favorable toward violating the law, compared to definitions that are unfavorable toward violating the law. Differential Association theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others.
“Differential association theory is a part of social learning theory which is...
Differential Association theory is a part of social learning theory which is based on the principle that an individual becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions learned that are favorable toward violating the law, compared to definitions that are unfavorable. It proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others.
Deviant behavior
Deviant behavior is any behavior that violates social norms. There are several sociological explanations for deviant behavior. Structural strain theory proposes that deviance results from an imbalance between cultural goals and the means to achieve them. Labeling theory argues that deviance is a social process defined by those in power, rather than inherent to individuals. Social control theory suggests deviance occurs when social bonds and conformity are weakened. Differential association theory views deviance as learned through interactions where criminal attitudes are learned.
10 ers. Although one can learn definitions favor- able to .docx
10
ers. Although one can learn definitions favor-
able to crime from law-abiding individuals,
one is most likely to learn such definitions
fiom delinquent friends or criminal family
A Theory of sociation members. with These delinquent studies typically others find is the that best as-
Differential predictor of crime, and that these delinquent others partly influence crime by leading the
individual to adopt beliefs conducive to
Association crime (see Agnew, 2000; Akers, 1998; Akers and Sellers, 2004; Waw, 2001 for summaries
of such studies).
Sutherland 's theory has also inspired
Edwin H. Sutherland dnd much additional theorizing in criminology.
Theorists have attempted to better describe
Donald R. Cressey the nature ofthose definitions favorable to vi-
olation of the law (see the next selection in
Chapter 11 by Sykes and Matza). They have
Before Sutherland developed his theory, attempted to better describe the processes by
crime was usually explained in t e r n ofmul- which we learn criminal behavior from oth-
tiple factors-like social class, broken homes, ers (see the description o f social learning the-
age, race, urban or rural location, and mental ory by Akers in Chapter 12). And they have
disorder. Sutherland developed his theory of drawn on Sutherland in an effort to explain
differential association in an effort to explain group differences in crime rates (see the Wolf-
why these various factors were related to gang and Ferracuti and Anderson selections
crime. In doing so, he hoped to organize and in this part). Sutherland's theory o f differen-
integrate the research on crime u p to that tial association, then, is one of the enduring
point, as well as to guide future research. classics in criminology (for excellent discus-
Sutherlandk theory is stated in the f o m o f sions ofthe current state o f differential asso-
nine propositions. He argues that criminal ciation theory, see Matsueda, 1988, and Waw,
behavior is learned by interacting with oth- 2001).
ers, especially intimate others. Criminals
learn both the techniques of committing
crime and the definitions favorable to crime References
from these others. The s k t h proposition> Agnew Robe*. '2000. "Sources of Mminality:
which f o r n the heart of the theory, states Strain and Subcultural Theories." In Joseph F.
that 'h person becomes delinquent because of Sheley (ed.), Criminology: A Contemporary ,
an excess of definitions favorable to law vio- Handbook, 3rd edition, pp. 349-371. Belmont,
lation over definitions unfavorable to viola- CA: Wadsworth.
tion oflaw."According to Sutherland, factors Akers, Ronald L. 1998. Social Learning and So-
such as social class, race, and broken homes cia1 Structure: A General Theory of Crime and
influence crime because they affect the likeli- Deviance. Boston: Northeastern University
hood that individuals willdssociate with oth- Press.
ers who present definitions favorable to Akers, Ronal.
term paper
This document provides an overview of learning and labeling theories of criminology. It discusses key theorists and concepts associated with each theory. For learning theories, it outlines differential association theory proposed by Sutherland and expanded on by Akers. It also discusses Anderson's subculture of violence perspective. For labeling theories, it discusses Lemert's primary and secondary deviance, Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming, and Sherman's defiance theory. The document then compares the two theories, noting areas of overlap and differences in their causal explanations for crime. It argues that learning theories provide a more comprehensive explanation of human behavior and crime. Finally, it discusses how learning theories could explain extreme violence among Mexican drug cartels.
Sutherland's differential association theory
Sutherland developed the theory of differential association to explain criminal behavior. The theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal acts and define such acts favorably. Criminal behavior results from being exposed to more definitions favorable to crime than unfavorable definitions. Sutherland argued that individuals learn criminal techniques, motives, and attitudes by associating with others involved in criminal behavior more than they associate with non-criminal groups. His theory departed from biological and individual theories of crime by emphasizing the social context and social learning aspects of criminal behavior.
Sutherland's differential association theory
The document discusses Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory of criminology. Some key points:
1. Differential association theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal behavior or have definitions favorable to crime.
2. Criminal behavior emerges when one is exposed to more definitions favorable to crime than unfavorable through their personal associations and social groups.
3. Sutherland believed crime rates differed between social groups due to differences in their social organization and the associations formed within them.
Sociological Theories of Crime
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighborhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
The theory assumes that people, at birth have neither a motivation to commit crime nor to conform.
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This document summarizes three major theories of criminal behavior - biological, psychological, and sociological approaches. It also outlines six early general theories on the causes of crime: demonological theory, positivist theory, neoclassical theory, classical theory, conflict theory, and critical theory. The biological approach suggests criminal behavior results from flaws in biological makeup. The psychological approach examines abnormal mental processes and learning models. The sociological approach views criminality as socially constructed and influenced by social structures and cultural values.
Theories of Criminal Behavior and Rehabilitation Overview
Theories of Criminal Behavior and Rehabilitation OverviewDr. DawnElise Snipes ★AllCEUs★ Unlimited Counselor Training
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Examines theories that attempt to explain the motivation for criminal behavior in order to help reduce recidivism and relapse among people with and without addictions in the criminal justice systemDifferential Association Theory- Takina Morris
Edwin Sutherland developed differential association theory, which states that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions and exposure to criminal and anti-criminal groups. The theory proposes that individuals learn techniques of crime and motives by associating with others who engage in or reject criminal behavior. Sutherland argued that the more one interacts with those who condone criminal acts, the more likely they are to engage in crime themselves. He supported this with a case study of a thief, showing crime is learned through social circles. Sutherland also applied this theory to white-collar crime among respected professionals.
Crime Vs Deviant Behavior
- The document discusses crime versus deviant behavior, noting that crime is defined as an action that can be prosecuted by law, while deviant behavior does not conform to social norms and values.
- It notes that many people consider behaviors that are bad but not illegal to still be crimes, while others would categorize them as deviant behavior.
- The document goes on to say that it will inform the reader about the similarities and differences between crime and deviant behavior.
Bba L13 Dt Crime And Punishment
The document discusses crime and punishment. It defines crime as antisocial behavior that violates laws. It discusses several theories of crime including social, psychological, and environmental factors. It also discusses characteristics of crime such as social inequality and means of preventing crime such as probation, reformatory schools, and prisons. Theories of punishment discussed include retributive, preventive, and reformative approaches.
Presentation2
This document discusses the role of social work in criminology and correctional settings. It covers topics such as the definition of criminology, crime, and criminals. It also explores the various career opportunities for social workers in areas like probation, parole, police work, prisons, and more. The document outlines how different social work methods, like case work, group work, community organization, and social action can be applied in correctional institutions. It provides examples of how each method is used. Finally, it discusses the role of social work research and intervention in correctional administration and rehabilitation efforts.
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Differential association theory brian cunningham
- 1. Differential Association Theory Edwin H. Sutherland
- 2. Differential Association In 1947 Edwin Sutherland proposed: Crime is a learning process that could affect any individual in any culture.
- 3. Differential Association Main Principles Main Principles Criminal behavior is learned from intimate personal groups. The learning includes techniques for committing crimes, motives, rationalizations and attitudes. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. A person becomes delinquent because of an access of definitions favorable to breaking the law.
- 4. Principles Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity. The process of learning criminal behavior is the same as in any other learning process. Criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those needs and values since noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.
- 5. Learned behavior Good and Bad Good and Bad
- 6. Not Just Taught By Family
- 7. White Collar Crime is also learned behavior
- 8. The ones who know teach
- 9. Differential Association Critics It does not explain a law abiding family having a child who falls into a life of crime. The theory lacks the ability to explain acts of deviance that aren’t learned and/or are spontaneous. The influence of drugs on an individual’s psychological and physiological condition could contribute to an individual’s deviant behavior (Burgess & Akers, 1968) It ignores the role of personality or the role of biological and psychological factors in crime (Paul Tappan, 1947).
- 10. Differential Association: The complete answer? Sutherland was one of the most astute critics of the Differential Association Theory. He conceded: Not everyone in contact with criminality becomes a criminal. He recognized his theory did not take into account various personality factors.
- 11. Differential Association: A large piece of the criminal puzzle Differential Association is not the complete answer but it does bring attention to: The importance of social factors The similarity between the process of learning criminal behavior and that of learning lawful behavior The fact that criminality cannot be explained entirely in terms of personality maladjustments. The answer lies in the choice of the people we associate with and who we look up to as role models.
- 12. References: Lilly, R., Cullen, T. & Ball, Richard. (2011) Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences, Sage Publications, Inc. Burgess, R. & Akers, R.(1966). A Differential Association- Reinforcement Theory of Criminal Behavior. Social Problems, 14: 363-383. Tappan, P., (1947). Short Notes on Differential Association Theory of Crime, retrieved on line from http://www.preservearticles.com/2012050131531/short-notes-on- differential-association-theory-of-crime.html